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Akisaka T. Platinum replicas of broken-open osteoclasts imaged by transmission electron microscopy. J Oral Biosci 2021; 63:307-318. [PMID: 34628004 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preserving the cellular structure at the highest possible resolution is a prerequisite for morphological studies to deepen our understanding of cellular functions. A revival of interest in rapid-freezing methods combined with breaking-open techniques has taken place with the development of effective and informative approaches in platinum replica electron microscopy, thus providing new approaches to address unresolved issues in cell biology. HIGHLIGHT The images produced with platinum replicas revealed 3D structures of the cell interior: (1) cell membranes associated with highly organized cytoskeletons, including podosomes or geodomes, (2) heterogeneous clathrin assemblies and membrane skeletons on the inner side of the membrane, and (3) organization of the cytoskeleton after detergent extraction. CONCLUSION In this review, I will focus on the platinum replica method after brokenopen cells have been broken open with mechanical shearing or detergent extraction. Often forgotten nowadays is the use of platinum replicas with stereomicroscopic observations for transmission electron microscopy study; these "old-fashioned" imaging techniques, combined with the breaking-open technique represent a highly informative approach to deepen our understanding of the organization of the cell interior. These are still being pursued to answer outstanding biological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshitaka Akisaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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2
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Poole JJA, Mostaço-Guidolin LB. Optical Microscopy and the Extracellular Matrix Structure: A Review. Cells 2021; 10:1760. [PMID: 34359929 PMCID: PMC8308089 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological tissues are not uniquely composed of cells. A substantial part of their volume is extracellular space, which is primarily filled by an intricate network of macromolecules constituting the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM serves as the scaffolding for tissues and organs throughout the body, playing an essential role in their structural and functional integrity. Understanding the intimate interaction between the cells and their structural microenvironment is central to our understanding of the factors driving the formation of normal versus remodelled tissue, including the processes involved in chronic fibrotic diseases. The visualization of the ECM is a key factor to track such changes successfully. This review is focused on presenting several optical imaging microscopy modalities used to characterize different ECM components. In this review, we describe and provide examples of applications of a vast gamut of microscopy techniques, such as widefield fluorescence, total internal reflection fluorescence, laser scanning confocal microscopy, multipoint/slit confocal microscopy, two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), second and third harmonic generation (SHG, THG), coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), structured illumination microscopy (SIM), stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED), ground-state depletion microscopy (GSD), and photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM/fPALM), as well as their main advantages, limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J A Poole
- Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Design, Carleton University 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Leila B Mostaço-Guidolin
- Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Design, Carleton University 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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3
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Abstract
Multichannel imaging is used as a readout of relative localization of two or more components and is often the first step in investigating functional ensembles in cells. However, the localization volume of diffraction-limited light microscopy (approx. 200 nm by 500 nm) can accommodate hundred of proteins, calling for increased resolution for these types of analyses. Here, we present a protocol for 4-channel imaging using structured illumination microscopy (SIM), which increases resolution by a factor of two. We use adherent, fixed cells to identify the localization of adhesion proteins using immunofluorescence and fluorescent proteins. We discuss how labeling with the necessary brightness is achieved and how data has to be processed for colocalization analysis.
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Shah PNM, Stanifer ML, Höhn K, Engel U, Haselmann U, Bartenschlager R, Kräusslich HG, Krijnse-Locker J, Boulant S. Genome packaging of reovirus is mediated by the scaffolding property of the microtubule network. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [PMID: 28672089 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reovirus replication occurs in the cytoplasm of the host cell, in virally induced mini-organelles called virus factories. On the basis of the serotype of the virus, the virus factories can manifest as filamentous (type 1 Lang strain) or globular structures (type 3 Dearing strain). The filamentous factories morphology is dependent on the microtubule cytoskeleton; however, the exact function of the microtubule network in virus replication remains unknown. Using a combination of fluorescent microscopy, electron microscopy, and tomography of high-pressure frozen and freeze-substituted cells, we determined the ultrastructural organisation of reovirus factories. Cells infected with the reovirus microtubule-dependent strain display paracrystalline arrays of progeny virions resulting from their tiered organisation around microtubule filaments. On the contrary, in cells infected with the microtubule-independent strain, progeny virions lacked organisation. Conversely to the microtubule-dependent strain, around half of the viral particles present in these viral factories did not contain genomes (genome-less particles). Complementarily, interference with the microtubule filaments in cells infected with the microtubule-dependent strain resulted in a significant increase of genome-less particle number. This decrease of genome packaging efficiency could be rescued by rerouting viral factories on the actin cytoskeleton. These findings demonstrate that the scaffolding properties of the microtubule, and not biochemical nature of tubulin, are critical determinants for reovirus efficient genome packaging. This work establishes, for the first time, a functional correlation between ultrastructural organisation of reovirus factories with genome packaging efficiency and provides novel information on how viruses coordinate assembly of progeny particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav N M Shah
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks and DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Megan L Stanifer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks and DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Höhn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Engel
- Nikon Imaging Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uta Haselmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Kräusslich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jacomine Krijnse-Locker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Ultrapole, Ultrastructural Bio-imaging, Center for Innovation and Technological Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks and DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
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Slater PG, Hayrapetian L, Lowery LA. Xenopus laevis as a model system to study cytoskeletal dynamics during axon pathfinding. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 28095612 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The model system, Xenopus laevis, has been used in innumerable research studies and has contributed to the understanding of multiple cytoskeletal components, including actin, microtubules, and neurofilaments, during axon pathfinding. Xenopus developmental stages have been widely characterized, and the Xenopus genome has been sequenced, allowing gene expression modifications through exogenous molecules. Xenopus cell cultures are ideal for long periods of live imaging because they are easily obtained and maintained, and they do not require special culture conditions. In addition, Xenopus have relatively large growth cones, compared to other vertebrates, thus providing a suitable system for imaging cytoskeletal components. Therefore, X. laevis is an ideal model organism in which to study cytoskeletal dynamics during axon pathfinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula G Slater
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
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Demmerle J, Innocent C, North AJ, Ball G, Müller M, Miron E, Matsuda A, Dobbie IM, Markaki Y, Schermelleh L. Strategic and practical guidelines for successful structured illumination microscopy. Nat Protoc 2017; 12:988-1010. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Skau CT, Waterman CM. Specification of Architecture and Function of Actin Structures by Actin Nucleation Factors. Annu Rev Biophys 2016; 44:285-310. [PMID: 26098516 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-060414-034308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is essential for diverse processes in mammalian cells; these processes range from establishing cell polarity to powering cell migration to driving cytokinesis to positioning intracellular organelles. How these many functions are carried out in a spatiotemporally regulated manner in a single cytoplasm has been the subject of much study in the cytoskeleton field. Recent work has identified a host of actin nucleation factors that can build architecturally diverse actin structures. The biochemical properties of these factors, coupled with their cellular location, likely define the functional properties of actin structures. In this article, we describe how recent advances in cell biology and biochemistry have begun to elucidate the role of individual actin nucleation factors in generating distinct cellular structures. We also consider how the localization and orientation of actin nucleation factors, in addition to their kinetic properties, are critical to their ability to build a functional actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen T Skau
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; ,
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Simiczyjew A, Mazur AJ, Ampe C, Malicka-Błaszkiewicz M, van Troys M, Nowak D. Active invadopodia of mesenchymally migrating cancer cells contain both β and γ cytoplasmic actin isoforms. Exp Cell Res 2015; 339:206-19. [PMID: 26548725 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Invadopodia are actin-rich protrusions formed by mesenchymally migrating cancer cells. They are mainly composed of actin, actin-associated proteins, integrins and proteins of signaling machineries. These protrusions display focalized proteolytic activity towards the extracellular matrix. It is well known that polymerized (F-)actin is present in these structures, but the nature of the actin isoform has not been studied before. We here show that both cytoplasmic actin isoforms, β- and γ-actin, are present in the invadopodia of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells cultured on a 2D-surface, where they colocalize with the invadopodial marker cortactin. Invadopodial structures formed by the cells in a 3D-collagen matrix also contain β- and γ-actin. We demonstrate this using isoform-specific antibodies and expression of fluorescently-tagged actin isoforms. Additionally, using simultaneous expression of differentially tagged β- and γ-actin in cells, we show that the actin isoforms are present together in a single invadopodium. Cells with an increased level of β- or γ-actin, display a similar increase in the number and size of invadopodia in comparison to control cells. Moreover, increasing the level of either actin isoforms also increases invasion velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Simiczyjew
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Antonina Joanna Mazur
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Christophe Ampe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria Malicka-Błaszkiewicz
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marleen van Troys
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dorota Nowak
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
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SIMcheck: a Toolbox for Successful Super-resolution Structured Illumination Microscopy. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15915. [PMID: 26525406 PMCID: PMC4648340 DOI: 10.1038/srep15915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM) is a versatile and accessible method for super-resolution fluorescence imaging, but generating high-quality data is challenging, particularly for non-specialist users. We present SIMcheck, a suite of ImageJ plugins enabling users to identify and avoid common problems with 3D-SIM data, and assess resolution and data quality through objective control parameters. Additionally, SIMcheck provides advanced calibration tools and utilities for common image processing tasks. This open-source software is applicable to all commercial and custom platforms, and will promote routine application of super-resolution SIM imaging in cell biology.
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