1
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Uzan GS, Günay Ç, Kurul SH, Yiş U. Double Trouble: A Case of DYT-TOR1A Diagnosed in the Postoperative Period. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2023; 26:578-580. [PMID: 37970319 PMCID: PMC10645274 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_39_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Sarıkaya Uzan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Çağatay Günay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Semra Hız Kurul
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Uluç Yiş
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
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2
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Frederick K, Patel RC. Luteolin protects DYT- PRKRA cells from apoptosis by suppressing PKR activation. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1118725. [PMID: 36874028 PMCID: PMC9974672 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1118725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
DYT-PRKRA is a movement disorder caused by mutations in the PRKRA gene, which encodes for PACT, the protein activator of interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase PKR. PACT brings about PKR's catalytic activation by a direct binding in response to stress signals and activated PKR phosphorylates the translation initiation factor eIF2α. Phosphorylation of eIF2α is the central regulatory event that is part of the integrated stress response (ISR), an evolutionarily conserved intracellular signaling network essential for adapting to environmental stresses to maintain healthy cells. A dysregulation of either the level or the duration of eIF2α phosphorylation in response to stress signals causes the normally pro-survival ISR to become pro-apoptotic. Our research has established that the PRKRA mutations reported to cause DYT-PRKRA lead to enhanced PACT-PKR interactions causing a dysregulation of ISR and an increased sensitivity to apoptosis. We have previously identified luteolin, a plant flavonoid, as an inhibitor of the PACT-PKR interaction using high-throughput screening of chemical libraries. Our results presented in this study indicate that luteolin is markedly effective in disrupting the pathological PACT-PKR interactions to protect DYT-PRKRA cells against apoptosis, thus suggesting a therapeutic option for using luteolin to treat DYT-PRKRA and possibly other diseases resulting from enhanced PACT-PKR interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Frederick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Rekha C Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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3
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El Atiallah I, Bonsi P, Tassone A, Martella G, Biella G, Castagno AN, Pisani A, Ponterio G. Synaptic Dysfunction in Dystonia: Update From Experimental Models. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:2310-2322. [PMID: 37464831 PMCID: PMC10556390 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230718100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystonia, the third most common movement disorder, refers to a heterogeneous group of neurological diseases characterized by involuntary, sustained or intermittent muscle contractions resulting in repetitive twisting movements and abnormal postures. In the last few years, several studies on animal models helped expand our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying dystonia. These findings have reinforced the notion that the synaptic alterations found mainly in the basal ganglia and cerebellum, including the abnormal neurotransmitters signalling, receptor trafficking and synaptic plasticity, are a common hallmark of different forms of dystonia. In this review, we focus on the major contribution provided by rodent models of DYT-TOR1A, DYT-THAP1, DYT-GNAL, DYT/ PARK-GCH1, DYT/PARK-TH and DYT-SGCE dystonia, which reveal that an abnormal motor network and synaptic dysfunction represent key elements in the pathophysiology of dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilham El Atiallah
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Bonsi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Tassone
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Martella
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Gerardo Biella
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio N. Castagno
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Mondino, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Mondino, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Ponterio
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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4
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Di Fonzo A, Albanese A, Jinnah HH. The apparent paradox of phenotypic diversity and shared mechanisms across dystonia syndromes. Curr Opin Neurol 2022; 35:502-509. [PMID: 35856917 PMCID: PMC9309988 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We describe here how such mechanisms shared by different genetic forms can give rise to motor performance dysfunctions with a clinical aspect of dystonia. RECENT FINDINGS The continuing discoveries of genetic causes for dystonia syndromes are transforming our view of these disorders. They share unexpectedly common underlying mechanisms, including dysregulation in neurotransmitter signaling, gene transcription, and quality control machinery. The field has further expanded to include forms recently associated with endolysosomal dysfunction. SUMMARY The discovery of biological pathways shared between different monogenic dystonias is an important conceptual advance in the understanding of the underlying mechanisms, with a significant impact on the pathophysiological understanding of clinical phenomenology. The functional relationship between dystonia genes could revolutionize current dystonia classification systems, classifying patients with different monogenic forms based on common pathways. The most promising effect of these advances is on future mechanism-based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Di Fonzo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Albanese
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Hyder H. Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics, and Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, 30322, USA
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5
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Li J, Kim S, Pappas SS, Dauer WT. CNS critical periods: implications for dystonia and other neurodevelopmental disorders. JCI Insight 2021; 6:142483. [PMID: 33616084 PMCID: PMC7934928 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.142483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical periods are discrete developmental stages when the nervous system is especially sensitive to stimuli that facilitate circuit maturation. The distinctive landscapes assumed by the developing CNS create analogous periods of susceptibility to pathogenic insults and responsiveness to therapy. Here, we review critical periods in nervous system development and disease, with an emphasis on the neurodevelopmental disorder DYT1 dystonia. We highlight clinical and laboratory observations supporting the existence of a critical period during which the DYT1 mutation is uniquely harmful, and the implications for future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Li
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sumin Kim
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Samuel S Pappas
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute.,Department of Neurology, and
| | - William T Dauer
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute.,Department of Neurology, and.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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6
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Melis C, Beauvais G, Muntean BS, Cirnaru MD, Otrimski G, Creus-Muncunill J, Martemyanov KA, Gonzalez-Alegre P, Ehrlich ME. Striatal Dopamine Induced ERK Phosphorylation Is Altered in Mouse Models of Monogenic Dystonia. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1147-1157. [PMID: 33458877 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Similar to some monogenic forms of dystonia, levodopa-induced dyskinesia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder with abnormal nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurotransmission. Molecularly, it is characterized by hyper-induction of phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase in response to dopamine in medium spiny neurons of the direct pathway. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine if mouse models of monogenic dystonia exhibit molecular features of levodopa-induced dyskinesia. METHODS Western blotting and quantitative immunofluorescence was used to assay baseline and/or dopamine-induced levels of the phosphorylated kinase in the striatum in mouse models of DYT1, DYT6, and DYT25 expressing a reporter in dopamine D1 receptor-expressing projection neurons. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) immunoassay and adenylyl cyclase activity assays were also performed. RESULTS In DYT1 and DYT6 models, blocking dopamine reuptake with cocaine leads to enhanced extracellular signal-related kinase phosphorylation in dorsomedial striatal medium spiny neurons in the direct pathway, which is abolished by pretreatment with the N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist MK-801. Phosphorylation is decreased in a model of DYT25. Levels of basal and stimulated cAMP and adenylyl cyclase activity were normal in the DYT1 and DYT6 mice and decreased in the DYT25 mice. Oxotremorine induced increased abnormal movements in the DYT1 knock-in mice. CONCLUSIONS The increased dopamine induction of extracellular signal-related kinase phosphorylation in 2 genetic types of dystonia, similar to what occurs in levodopa-induced dyskinesia, and its decrease in a third, suggests that abnormal signal transduction in response to dopamine in the postsynaptic nigrostriatal pathway might be a point of convergence for dystonia and other hyperkinetic movement disorders, potentially offering common therapeutic targets. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Melis
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Genevieve Beauvais
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian S Muntean
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Maria-Daniela Cirnaru
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Garrett Otrimski
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jordi Creus-Muncunill
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kirill A Martemyanov
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neurology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michelle E Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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7
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Vidailhet M, Méneret A, Roze E. Dystonia: genetics, phenomenology, and pathophysiology. Lancet Neurol 2020; 19:881-882. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Tsuboi T, Cif L, Coubes P, Ostrem JL, Romero DA, Miyagi Y, Lozano AM, De Vloo P, Haq I, Meng F, Sharma N, Ozelius LJ, Wagle Shukla A, Cauraugh JH, Foote KD, Okun MS. Secondary Worsening Following DYT1 Dystonia Deep Brain Stimulation: A Multi-country Cohort. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:242. [PMID: 32670041 PMCID: PMC7330126 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To reveal clinical characteristics of suboptimal responses to deep brain stimulation (DBS) in a multi-country DYT1 dystonia cohort. Methods: In this multi-country multi-center retrospective study, we analyzed the clinical data of DYT1 patients who experienced suboptimal responses to DBS defined as <30% improvement in dystonia scales at the last follow-up compared with baseline. We used a literature-driven historical cohort of 112 DYT1 patients for comparison. Results: Approximately 8% of our study cohort (11 out of 132) experienced suboptimal responses to DBS. Compared with the historical cohort, the multi-country cohort with suboptimal responses had a significantly younger age at onset (mean, 7.0 vs. 8.4 years; p = 0.025) and younger age at DBS (mean, 12.0 vs. 18.6 years; p = 0.019). Additionally, cranial involvement was more common in the multi-country cohort (before DBS, 64% vs. 45%, p = 0.074; before or after DBS, 91% vs. 47%, p = 0.001). Mean motor improvement at the last follow-up from baseline were 0% and 66% for the multi-country and historical cohorts, respectively. All 11 patients of the multi-country cohort had generalization of dystonia within 2.5 years after disease onset. All patients experienced dystonia improvement of >30% postoperatively; however, secondary worsening of dystonia commenced between 6 months and 3 years following DBS. The improvement at the last follow-up was less than 30% despite optimally-placed leads, a trial of multiple programming settings, and additional DBS surgeries in all patients. The on-/off-stimulation comparison at the long-term follow-up demonstrated beneficial effects of DBS despite missing the threshold of 30% improvement over baseline. Conclusion: Approximately 8% of patients represent a more aggressive phenotype of DYT1 dystonia characterized by younger age at onset, faster disease progression, and cranial involvement, which seems to be associated with long-term suboptimal responses to DBS (e.g., secondary worsening). This information could be useful for both clinicians and patients in clinical decision making and patient counseling before and following DBS implantations. Patients with this phenotype may have different neuroplasticity, neurogenetics, or possibly distinct neurophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tsuboi
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Laura Cif
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Coubes
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jill L Ostrem
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Danilo A Romero
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yasushi Miyagi
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Fukuoka Mirai Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Andres M Lozano
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital Krembil Neuroscience Center, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Philippe De Vloo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Neurosurgery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ihtsham Haq
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Fangang Meng
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nutan Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Laurie J Ozelius
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Aparna Wagle Shukla
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - James H Cauraugh
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kelly D Foote
- Department of Neurosurgery, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Michael S Okun
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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9
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Panda PK, Sharawat IK. COL6A3 mutation associated early-onset isolated dystonia (DYT)-27: Report of a new case and review of published literature. Brain Dev 2020; 42:329-335. [PMID: 32037012 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Still, the genetic basis of a large number of cases of early-onset isolated dystonia continues to be a mystery. In recent years, many new candidate genes are being identified as putative pathogenic factors in children with isolated dystonia due to the easy availability of whole-exome sequencing. Recently biallelic mutations in the COL6A3 gene were identified as a cause of rare dystonia (DYT)-27 syndrome. Till date, only six cases of DYT27 have been reported in the literature. METHODS We report a new case of COL6A3 mutation associated early-onset isolated dystonia-DYT27. We did a review of the previously published cases of DYT27. Citations were identified through PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Google scholar searches using the search terms (including variations), "Dystonia-27 or DYT27" or/and "COL6A3 mutation associated early-onset isolated dystonia", combined with study filters for original research, case reports and case series. RESULTS Next-generation sequencing in the index patient revealed two pathogenic compound heterozygous loss of function mutations in exon 10 and exon 12 of the COL6A3 gene coding for the alpha(α)3(VI) chain of type VI collagen. Together with the presented case, seven cases (five males) were available for analysis. The median age at onset was 22 years (range: 6-61). Dystonic symptoms were started from hands in five and from the neck in the remaining two patients. Five patients had favorable outcomes with trihexyphenidyl and botulinum toxin while tetrabenazine and levodopa were ineffective. CONCLUSIONS Although it is a new entity that is only recently discovered, in future years many more new cases suffering from this particular entity are likely to be reported and the already heterogeneous clinical spectrum is likely to be further widespread in years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Kumar Panda
- Pediatric Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand 249203, India
| | - Indar Kumar Sharawat
- Pediatric Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand 249203, India.
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10
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article provides a summary of the state of the art in the diagnosis, classification, etiologies, and treatment of dystonia. RECENT FINDINGS Although many different clinical manifestations of dystonia have been recognized for decades, it is only in the past 5 years that a broadly accepted approach has emerged for classifying them into specific subgroups. The new classification system aids clinical recognition and diagnosis by focusing on key clinical features that help distinguish the many subtypes. In the past few years, major advances have been made in the discovery of new genes as well as advances in our understanding of the biological processes involved. These advances have led to major changes in strategies for diagnosis of the inherited dystonias. An emerging trend is to move away from heavy reliance on the phenotype to target diagnostic testing toward a broader approach that involves large gene panels or whole exome sequencing. SUMMARY The dystonias are a large family of phenotypically and etiologically diverse disorders. The diagnosis of these disorders depends on clinical recognition of characteristic clinical features. Symptomatic treatments are useful for all forms of dystonia and include oral medications, botulinum toxins, and surgical procedures. Determination of etiology is becoming increasingly important because the number of disorders is growing and more specific and sometimes disease-modifying therapies now exist.
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11
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Jinnah H, Sun YV. Dystonia genes and their biological pathways. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 129:159-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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12
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Gill NK, Ly C, Kim PH, Saunders CA, Fong LG, Young SG, Luxton GWG, Rowat AC. DYT1 Dystonia Patient-Derived Fibroblasts Have Increased Deformability and Susceptibility to Damage by Mechanical Forces. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:103. [PMID: 31294022 PMCID: PMC6606767 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DYT1 dystonia is a neurological movement disorder that is caused by a loss-of-function mutation in the DYT1/TOR1A gene, which encodes torsinA, a conserved luminal ATPases-associated with various cellular activities (AAA+) protein. TorsinA is required for the assembly of functional linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complexes, and consequently the mechanical integration of the nucleus and the cytoskeleton. Despite the potential implications of altered mechanobiology in dystonia pathogenesis, the role of torsinA in regulating cellular mechanical phenotype, or mechanotype, in DYT1 dystonia remains unknown. Here, we define the deformability of mouse fibroblasts lacking functional torsinA as well as human fibroblasts isolated from DYT1 dystonia patients. We find that the deletion of torsinA or the expression of torsinA containing the DYT1 dystonia-causing ΔE302/303 (ΔE) mutation results in more deformable cells. We observe a similar increased deformability of mouse fibroblasts that lack lamina-associated polypeptide 1 (LAP1), which interacts with and stimulates the ATPase activity of torsinA in vitro, as well as with the absence of the LINC complex proteins, Sad1/UNC-84 1 (SUN1) and SUN2, lamin A/C, or lamin B1. Consistent with these findings, we also determine that DYT1 dystonia patient-derived fibroblasts are more compliant than fibroblasts isolated from unafflicted individuals. DYT1 dystonia patient-derived fibroblasts also exhibit increased nuclear strain and decreased viability following mechanical stretch. Taken together, our results establish the foundation for future mechanistic studies of the role of cellular mechanotype and LINC-dependent nuclear-cytoskeletal coupling in regulating cell survival following exposure to mechanical stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjot Kaur Gill
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chau Ly
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Paul H Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Cosmo A Saunders
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Loren G Fong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - G W Gant Luxton
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Amy C Rowat
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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13
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Pirio Richardson S, Jinnah HA. New approaches to discovering drugs that treat dystonia. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:893-900. [PMID: 31159587 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1623785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Dystonia consists of involuntary movements, abnormal posturing, and pain. In adults, dystonia presents in a particular region of the body and causes significant disability due to pain as well as impairment in activities of daily living and employment. The current gold standard treatment, botulinum toxin (BoNT), has limitations - painful, frequent injections due to 'wearing off' of treatment effect; expense; and expected side effects like swallowing difficulty and weakness. There is a clear therapeutic gap in our current treatment options for dystonia and also a clear need for an effective novel treatment. Testing any novel treatment is complicated because most adults with focal dystonia are treated with BoNT. Areas covered: This review focuses on establishing the need for novel therapeutics. It also suggests potential leads from preclinical studies; and, discusses the issue of clinical trial readiness in the dystonia field. Expert opinion: Identifying a novel therapeutic intervention for dystonia patients faces two major challenges. The first is acknowledging the therapeutic gap that currently exists. Second, shifting some of our research aims in dystonia to clinical trial readiness is imperative if we are to be ready to test novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Pirio Richardson
- a Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque , NM , USA.,b Neurology Service, New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - H A Jinnah
- c Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics & Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia
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