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Brodtmann A, Hilal S. Bridging the Gap in Small Vessel Disease Research: Perivascular Spaces in the Clinical Space? Neurology 2024; 102:e209379. [PMID: 38626367 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Brodtmann
- From the Central Clinical School (A.B.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; and Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.H.), National University of Singapore and National University Health System
| | - Saima Hilal
- From the Central Clinical School (A.B.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; and Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.H.), National University of Singapore and National University Health System
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Brown G, De Jesus S. Bridging the Gap: Local Field Potentials Offer a Peek Into the Brain of a Person With Parkinson Disease. Neurology 2024; 102:e209283. [PMID: 38513164 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinically available deep brain recordings in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) offer insights into disease mechanisms and create a pathway for personalized treatment strategies. This case illustrates the transformative potential of recordings of neuronal firing in the form of local field potentials (LFPs) by detailing a patient's clinical trajectory for 6 months after deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery to treat their PD symptoms. LFPs, obtained easily in clinic with a tablet interface to measure and track brain rhythms across the disease course, enriched the patient's clinical picture. Specifically, strong beta peaks were captured at initial programming, and, as the beta peaks diminished over the course of optimizing settings, symptoms improved. These signals may also reveal insights into the neural dynamics of PD such as hypersynchrony in basal ganglia circuitry. Furthermore, the ability to record chronically may unlock new understanding of neuronal dysfunction in PD, possibly enabling future adaptive DBS. In conclusion, identification, tracking, and modulation of LFPs correlated with subjective and objective clinical improvement in the case presented. The use of neurophysiologic signals in the future may lead to therapeutic innovations for our patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Brown
- From the Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Sol De Jesus
- From the Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
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3
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Ghanem K, Saltoun K, Suvrathan A, Draganski B, Bzdok D. Longitudinal microstructural changes in 18 amygdala nuclei resonate with cortical circuits and phenomics. Commun Biol 2024; 7:477. [PMID: 38637627 PMCID: PMC11026520 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The amygdala nuclei modulate distributed neural circuits that most likely evolved to respond to environmental threats and opportunities. So far, the specific role of unique amygdala nuclei in the context processing of salient environmental cues lacks adequate characterization across neural systems and over time. Here, we present amygdala nuclei morphometry and behavioral findings from longitudinal population data (>1400 subjects, age range 40-69 years, sampled 2-3 years apart): the UK Biobank offers exceptionally rich phenotyping along with brain morphology scans. This allows us to quantify how 18 microanatomical amygdala subregions undergo plastic changes in tandem with coupled neural systems and delineating their associated phenome-wide profiles. In the context of population change, the basal, lateral, accessory basal, and paralaminar nuclei change in lockstep with the prefrontal cortex, a region that subserves planning and decision-making. The central, medial and cortical nuclei are structurally coupled with the insular and anterior-cingulate nodes of the salience network, in addition to the MT/V5, basal ganglia, and putamen, areas proposed to represent internal bodily states and mediate attention to environmental cues. The central nucleus and anterior amygdaloid area are longitudinally tied with the inferior parietal lobule, known for a role in bodily awareness and social attention. These population-level amygdala-brain plasticity regimes in turn are linked with unique collections of phenotypes, ranging from social status and employment to sleep habits and risk taking. The obtained structural plasticity findings motivate hypotheses about the specific functions of distinct amygdala nuclei in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam Ghanem
- The Neuro - Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
- Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Karin Saltoun
- The Neuro - Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aparna Suvrathan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience (BRaIN) Research Program, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bogdan Draganski
- LREN, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Neurology Department, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Danilo Bzdok
- The Neuro - Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
- Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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4
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Cregg JM, Sidhu SK, Leiras R, Kiehn O. Basal ganglia-spinal cord pathway that commands locomotor gait asymmetries in mice. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:716-727. [PMID: 38347200 PMCID: PMC11001584 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The basal ganglia are essential for executing motor actions. How the basal ganglia engage spinal motor networks has remained elusive. Medullary Chx10 gigantocellular (Gi) neurons are required for turning gait programs, suggesting that turning gaits organized by the basal ganglia are executed via this descending pathway. Performing deep brainstem recordings of Chx10 Gi Ca2+ activity in adult mice, we show that striatal projection neurons initiate turning gaits via a dominant crossed pathway to Chx10 Gi neurons on the contralateral side. Using intersectional viral tracing and cell-type-specific modulation, we uncover the principal basal ganglia-spinal cord pathway for locomotor asymmetries in mice: basal ganglia → pontine reticular nucleus, oral part (PnO) → Chx10 Gi → spinal cord. Modulating the restricted PnO → Chx10 Gi pathway restores turning competence upon striatal damage, suggesting that dysfunction of this pathway may contribute to debilitating turning deficits observed in Parkinson's disease. Our results reveal the stratified circuit architecture underlying a critical motor program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M Cregg
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Simrandeep K Sidhu
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roberto Leiras
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Kiehn
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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5
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Jiang X, Yang J, Wang Z, Jia J, Wang G. Functional interaction of abnormal beta and gamma oscillations on bradykinesia in parkinsonian rats. Brain Res Bull 2024; 209:110911. [PMID: 38432496 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Bradykinesia, a debilitating symptom characterized by impaired movement initiation and reduced speed in Parkinson's disease (PD), is associated with abnormal oscillatory activity in the motor cortex-basal ganglia circuit. We investigated the interplay between abnormal beta and gamma oscillations in relation to bradykinesia in parkinsonian rats. Our findings showed reduced movement activities in parkinsonian rats, accompanied by enhanced high beta oscillations in the motor cortex, which are closely associated with movement transitional difficulties. Additionally, gamma oscillations correlated with movement velocity in control rats but not in parkinsonian rats. We observed selective coupling between high beta oscillation phase and gamma oscillation amplitude in PD, as well as cortical high beta-broadband gamma phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) negatively influencing locomotor activities in control and PD rats. These findings suggest a collaborative role of cortical beta and gamma oscillations in facilitating movement execution, with beta oscillations being linked to movement initiation and gamma oscillations associated with movement speed. Importantly, the aberrant alterations of these oscillations are closely related to the development of bradykinesia. Furthermore, PAC hold promise as a biomarker for comprehensive assessment of movement performance in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of physiology and pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zirui Wang
- Department of physiology and pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jun Jia
- Department of physiology and pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Gang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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6
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El Hajj R, Al Sagheer T, Ballout N. Optogenetics in chronic neurodegenerative diseases, controlling the brain with light: A systematic review. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25321. [PMID: 38588013 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive disorders characterized by synaptic loss and neuronal death. Optogenetics combines optical and genetic methods to control the activity of specific cell types. The efficacy of this approach in neurodegenerative diseases has been investigated in many reviews, however, none of them tackled it systematically. Our study aimed to review systematically the findings of optogenetics and its potential applications in animal models of chronic neurodegenerative diseases and compare it with deep brain stimulation and designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs techniques. The search strategy was performed based on the PRISMA guidelines and the risk of bias was assessed following the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation tool. A total of 247 articles were found, of which 53 were suitable for the qualitative analysis. Our data revealed that optogenetic manipulation of distinct neurons in the brain is efficient in rescuing memory impairment, alleviating neuroinflammation, and reducing plaque pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Similarly, this technique shows an advanced understanding of the contribution of various neurons involved in the basal ganglia pathways with Parkinson's disease motor symptoms and pathology. However, the optogenetic application using animal models of Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis was limited. Optogenetics is a promising technique that enhanced our knowledge in the research of neurodegenerative diseases and addressed potential therapeutic solutions for managing these diseases' symptoms and delaying their progression. Nevertheless, advanced investigations should be considered to improve optogenetic tools' efficacy and safety to pave the way for their translatability to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojine El Hajj
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Tareq Al Sagheer
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nissrine Ballout
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Cai J, Zeng X, Huang X, Dong H, Liu J, Lin J, Xie M, Wei X. Relationship of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio with cerebral small vessel disease and its common imaging markers. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1228. [PMID: 38578037 PMCID: PMC10996379 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is associated with poor prognosis in ischemic stroke. However, the role of NLR in cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is controversial. Herein, we evaluated the value of NLR in identifying CSVD and its relationship with the common imaging markers of CSVD. METHODS A total of 667 patients were enrolled in this study, including 368 in the CSVD group and 299 in the non-CSVD group. Clinical, laboratory, and imaging data were collected. The relationship of NLR with CSVD and common imaging markers of CSVD were analyzed with univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The predictive value of NLR was assessed with the receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS NLR (odds ratio [OR] = 1.929, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.599-2.327, p < .001) was an independent risk factor for CSVD. NLR was also independently associated with moderate to severe white matter hyperintensity (WMH) (OR = 2.136, 95% CI = 1.768-2.580, p < .001), moderate to severe periventricular WMH (OR = 2.138, 95% CI = 1.771-2.579, p < .001), and moderate to severe deep WMH (OR = 1.654, 95% CI = 1.438-1.902, p < .001), moderately to severely enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) (OR = 1.248, 95% CI = 1.110-1.402, p < .001), moderately to severely EPVS in the basal ganglia (OR = 1.136, 95% CI = 1.012-1.275, p = .030), and moderately to severely EPVS in the centrum semiovale (OR = 1.140, 95% CI = 1.027-1.266, p = .014). However, NLR was not statistically significantly associated with lacune. The optimal cutoff point of NLR in predicting CSVD was 2.47, with sensitivity and specificity of 84.2% and 66.9%, respectively (p < .01). The diagnostic effect was maximized when NLR was combined with other risk factors. CONCLUSIONS NLR is an independent risk factor for CSVD and is independently associated with common imaging markers of CSVD. NLR may serve as a valid and convenient biomarker for assessing CSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Cai
- Department of NeurologyThe First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical UniversityFujianChina
| | - Xiaoyi Zeng
- Department of NeurologyThe First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical UniversityFujianChina
| | - Xiaojin Huang
- Department of NeurologyThe First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical UniversityFujianChina
| | - Hansheng Dong
- Department of NeurologyThe First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical UniversityFujianChina
| | - Junyi Liu
- Department of NeurologyThe First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical UniversityFujianChina
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of NeurologyThe First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical UniversityFujianChina
| | - Meirong Xie
- Department of NeurologyThe First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical UniversityFujianChina
| | - Xiaolan Wei
- Department of NeurologyThe First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical UniversityFujianChina
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Li Y, Wu J, Hua X, Zheng M, Xu J. The promotion-like effect of the M1-STN hyperdirect pathway induced by ccPAS enhanced balance performances: From the perspective of brain connectivity. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14710. [PMID: 38615363 PMCID: PMC11016345 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS The present study aimed to explore the effect of cortico-cortical paired-associative stimulation (ccPAS) in modulating hyperdirect pathway and its influence on balance performance. METHODS Forty healthy participants were randomly allocated to the active ccPAS group (n = 20) or the sham ccPAS group (n = 20). The primary motor cortex and subthalamic nucleus were stimulated sequentially with ccPAS. Unlike the active ccPAS group, one wing of coil was tilted to form a 90° angle with scalp of stimulation locations for the sham ccPAS group. Magnetic resonance imaging, functional reach test (FRT), timed up and go (TUG) test, and limit of stability (LOS) test were performed, and correlation between them was also analyzed. RESULTS Three participants in the sham ccPAS group were excluded because of poor quality of NIfTI images. The active group had strengthened hyperdirect pathway, increased functional connectivity (FC) between orbital part of frontal cortex and bilateral precuneus, and decreased FC among basal ganglia (all p < 0.05). Regional network properties of triangular and orbital parts of IFG, middle cingulate cortex, and hippocampus increased. The active group performed better in FRT and LOS (all p < 0.05). FRT positively correlated with FC of the hyperdirect pathway (r = 0.439, p = 0.007) and FCs between orbital part of frontal cortex and bilateral precuneus (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The ccPAS enhanced balance performance by promotion-like plasticity mechanisms through the hyperdirect pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Lin Li
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent RehabilitationMinistry of EducationShanghaiChina
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jia‐Jia Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xu‐Yun Hua
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Mou‐Xiong Zheng
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jian‐Guang Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent RehabilitationMinistry of EducationShanghaiChina
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
- School of Rehabilitation ScienceShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
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Kitchenham L, MacLellan A, Paletta P, Patel A, Choleris E, Mason G. Do housing-induced changes in brain activity cause stereotypic behaviours in laboratory mice? Behav Brain Res 2024; 462:114862. [PMID: 38216059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Abnormal repetitive stereotypic behaviours (SBs) (e.g. pacing, body-rocking) are common in animals with poor welfare (e.g. socially isolated/in barren housing). But how (or even whether) poor housing alters animals' brains to induce SBs remains uncertain. To date, there is little evidence for environmental effects on the brain that also correlate with individual SB performance. Using female mice from two strains (SB-prone DBA/2s; SB-resistant C57/BL/6s), displaying two forms of SB (route-tracing; bar-mouthing), we investigated how housing (conventional laboratory conditions vs. well-resourced 'enriched' cages) affects long-term neuronal activity as assessed via cytochrome oxidase histochemistry in 13 regions of interest (across cortex, striatum, basal ganglia and thalamus). Conventional housing reduced activity in the cortex and striatum. However, DBA mice had no cortical or striatal differences from C57 mice (just greater basal ganglia output activity, independent of housing). Neural correlates for individual levels of bar-mouthing (positive correlations in the substantia nigra and thalamus) were also independent of housing; while route-tracing levels had no clear neural correlates at all. Thus conventional laboratory housing can suppress cortico-striatal activity, but such changes are unrelated to SB (since not mirrored by congruent individual and strain differences). Furthermore, the neural correlates of SB at individual and strain levels seem to reflect underlying predispositions, not housing-mediated changes. To aid further work, hypothesis-generating model fit analyses highlighted this unexplained housing effect, and also suggested several regions of interest across cortex, striatum, thalamus and substantia nigra for future investigation (ideally with improved power to reduce risks of Type II error).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Kitchenham
- Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare/Dept. of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aileen MacLellan
- Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare/Dept. of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Canadian Council on Animal Care; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; University of Ottawa, Dept. of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
| | - Pietro Paletta
- Dept. of Psychology, Neuroscience and Applied Cognitive Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashutosh Patel
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elena Choleris
- Dept. of Psychology, Neuroscience and Applied Cognitive Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Georgia Mason
- Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare/Dept. of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Polyakova Z, Hatanaka N, Chiken S, Nambu A. Subthalamic Activity for Motor Execution and Cancelation in Monkeys. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1911222024. [PMID: 38290848 PMCID: PMC10957207 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1911-22.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) receives cortical inputs via the hyperdirect and indirect pathways, projects to the output nuclei of the basal ganglia, and plays a critical role in the control of voluntary movements and movement disorders. STN neurons change their activity during execution of movements, while recent studies emphasize STN activity specific to cancelation of movements. To address the relationship between execution and cancelation functions, we examined STN activity in two Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata, both sexes) who performed a goal-directed reaching task with a delay that included Go, Cancel, and NoGo trials. We first examined responses to the stimulation of the forelimb regions in the primary motor cortex and/or supplementary motor area. STN neurons with motor cortical inputs were found in the dorsal somatomotor region of the STN. All these STN neurons showed activity changes in Go trials, suggesting their involvement in execution of movements. Part of them exhibited activity changes in Cancel trials and sustained activity during delay periods, suggesting their involvement in cancelation of planed movements and preparation of movements, respectively. The STN neurons rarely showed activity changes in NoGo trials. Go- and Cancel-related activity was selective to the direction of movements, and the selectivity was higher in Cancel trials than in Go trials. Changes in Go- and Cancel-related activity occurred early enough to initiate and cancel movements, respectively. These results suggest that the dorsal somatomotor region of the STN, which receives motor cortical inputs, is involved in preparation and execution of movements and cancelation of planned movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlata Polyakova
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Center for Human Nature, Artificial Intelligence, and Neuroscience, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hatanaka
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Satomi Chiken
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nambu
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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Araújo A, Duarte IC, Sousa T, Oliveira J, Pereira AT, Macedo A, Castelo-Branco M. Neural inhibition as implemented by an actor-critic model involves the human dorsal striatum and ventral tegmental area. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6363. [PMID: 38493169 PMCID: PMC10944470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Inhibition is implicated across virtually all human experiences. As a trade-off of being very efficient, this executive function is also prone to many errors. Rodent and computational studies show that midbrain regions play crucial roles during errors by sending dopaminergic learning signals to the basal ganglia for behavioural adjustment. However, the parallels between animal and human neural anatomy and function are not determined. We scanned human adults while they performed an fMRI inhibitory task requiring trial-and-error learning. Guided by an actor-critic model, our results implicate the dorsal striatum and the ventral tegmental area as the actor and the critic, respectively. Using a multilevel and dimensional approach, we also demonstrate a link between midbrain and striatum circuit activity, inhibitory performance, and self-reported autistic and obsessive-compulsive subclinical traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Araújo
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Psychiatry, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Catarina Duarte
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Sousa
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Oliveira
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Telma Pereira
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Macedo
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Psychiatry, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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12
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Gos A, Steiner J, Trübner K, Ungewickell J, Mawrin C, Karnecki K, Kaliszan M, Gos T. Inverse pattern of GABAergic system impairment in the external versus internal globus pallidus in male heroin addicts. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024; 274:445-452. [PMID: 37507486 PMCID: PMC10914887 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01656-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Opioid addiction is a global problem that has been exacerbated in the USA and Europe by the COVID-19 pandemic. The globus pallidus (GP) plays a prominent neurobiological role in the regulation of behaviour as an output station of the striato-pallidal system. GABAergic large projection neurons are the main neuronal type in the external (EGP) and internal (IGP) parts of the GP, where addiction-specific molecular and functional abnormalities occur. In these neurons, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) with isoforms GAD 65 and 67 is a key enzyme in GABA synthesis, and experimental studies suggest GAD dysregulation in the GP of heroin addicts. Our study, which was performed on paraffin-embedded brains from the Magdeburg Brain Bank, aimed to investigate abnormalities in the GABAergic function of large GP neurons by densitometric evaluation of their GAD 65/67-immunostained thick dendrites. The study revealed a bilaterally decreased fibres density in the EGP paralleled by the increase in the IGP in 11 male heroin addicts versus 11 healthy controls (significant U-test P values). The analysis of confounding variables found no interference of age, brain volume, and duration of formalin fixation with the results. Our findings suggest a dysregulation of GABAergic activity in the GP of heroin addicts, which is consistent with experimental data from animal models and plays potentially a role in the disturbed function of basal ganglia circuit in opioid addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gos
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kurt Trübner
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jonas Ungewickell
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christian Mawrin
- Department of Neuropathology, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Karol Karnecki
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Ul. Dębowa 23, 80-204, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Kaliszan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Ul. Dębowa 23, 80-204, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Gos
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Ul. Dębowa 23, 80-204, Gdańsk, Poland.
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13
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Gauto A, Bellantonio E, Pedernera-Bradichansky P, Cafiero P, Rodriguez E, Massaro P. Childhood-onset Huntignton´s disease. A rare presentation. Rev Neurol 2024; 78:135-138. [PMID: 38416505 DOI: 10.33588/rn.7805.2024039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Huntington's disease (HD) is a rare autosomal dominant disease caused by the expansion of CAG triplets in the gene that encodes huntingtin. There are earlier symptoms' onset in offspring due to the phenomenon of anticipation. The clinical features of childhood-onset HD, before age 10 years, differs from adult-onset form. It is characterized by motor impairment, behavioral difficulties and delay or regression in areas of development; while chorea is rarely seen. In this case we describe clinical aspects of a patient with childhood-onset Huntington's disease. CASE REPORT A 5-year-old girl with a family history of HD and typical development up to 3 years of age. She progressively acquired language impairment with skills that were below her age in expressive and receptive areas, without deficits in pragmatic and social skills. Regarding motor skills, she manifested instability at walking and standing, with rigidity, dystonia and choreic movements. Atrophy of the basal ganglia was evident on MRI, EEG was normal, and molecular confirmation of CAG triplet revealed repeat length of 51 copies. CONCLUSION Childhood-onset HD differs from adult-form´s clinical manifestations. It should be considered in patients with progressive motor and cognitive impairment. Due to family inheritance, it is important to carefully examine family history and take it into account even without relatives affected, considering the anticipation phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gauto
- Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan, CABA, Argentina
| | - E Bellantonio
- Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan, CABA, Argentina
| | | | - P Cafiero
- Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan, CABA, Argentina
| | - E Rodriguez
- Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan, CABA, Argentina
| | - P Massaro
- Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan, CABA, Argentina
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14
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Pandit R, Hamki O, Gaddamanugu S. Cerebellar, Hippocampal, and Basal Nuclei Transient Edema With Restricted Diffusion (CHANTER) Syndrome: Radiologic Features and Findings. Korean J Radiol 2024; 25:314-318. [PMID: 38413115 PMCID: PMC10912496 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2023.1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Renu Pandit
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Omar Hamki
- Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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15
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Eguibar JR, Cortes C, Hernandez VH, Lopez-Juarez A, Piazza V, Carmona D, Kleinert-Altamirano A, Morales-Campos B, Salceda E, Roncagliolo M. 4-aminopyridine improves evoked potentials and ambulation in the taiep rat: A model of hypomyelination with atrophy of basal ganglia and cerebellum. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298208. [PMID: 38427650 PMCID: PMC10906851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The taiep rat is a tubulin mutant with an early hypomyelination followed by progressive demyelination of the central nervous system due to a point mutation in the Tubb4a gene. It shows clinical, radiological, and pathological signs like those of the human leukodystrophy hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H-ABC). Taiep rats had tremor, ataxia, immobility episodes, epilepsy, and paralysis; the acronym of these signs given the name to this autosomal recessive trait. The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in adult taiep rats and in a patient suffering from H-ABC. Additionally, we evaluated the effects of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) on sensory responses and locomotion and finally, we compared myelin loss in the spinal cord of adult taiep and wild type (WT) rats using immunostaining. Our results showed delayed SSEPs in the upper and the absence of them in the lower extremities in a human patient. In taiep rats SSEPs had a delayed second negative evoked responses and were more susceptible to delayed responses with iterative stimulation with respect to WT. MEPs were produced by bipolar stimulation of the primary motor cortex generating a direct wave in WT rats followed by several indirect waves, but taiep rats had fused MEPs. Importantly, taiep SSEPs improved after systemic administration of 4-AP, a potassium channel blocker, and this drug induced an increase in the horizontal displacement measured in a novelty-induced locomotor test. In taiep subjects have a significant decrease in the immunostaining of myelin in the anterior and ventral funiculi of the lumbar spinal cord with respect to WT rats. In conclusion, evoked potentials are useful to evaluate myelin alterations in a leukodystrophy, which improved after systemic administration of 4-AP. Our results have a translational value because our findings have implications in future medical trials for H-ABC patients or with other leukodystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R. Eguibar
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología de la Conducta y Control Motor, Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue, México
- Dirección General de Desarrollo Internacional, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue, México
| | - Carmen Cortes
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología de la Conducta y Control Motor, Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue, México
| | - Victor H. Hernandez
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química, Electrónica y Biomédica, División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Gto, México
| | - Alejandra Lopez-Juarez
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química, Electrónica y Biomédica, División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Gto, México
| | - Valeria Piazza
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C., León, Gto, México
| | - Diego Carmona
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química, Electrónica y Biomédica, División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Gto, México
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C., León, Gto, México
| | | | - Blanca Morales-Campos
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, Pue, México
| | - Emilio Salceda
- Revista Elementos, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue, México
| | - Manuel Roncagliolo
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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16
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Kouli A, Spindler LRB, Fryer TD, Hong YT, Malpetti M, Aigbirhio FI, White SR, Camacho M, O’Brien JT, Williams-Gray CH. Neuroinflammation is linked to dementia risk in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2024; 147:923-935. [PMID: 37757857 PMCID: PMC10907093 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of dementia is a devastating aspect of Parkinson's disease (PD), affecting nearly half of patients within 10 years post-diagnosis. For effective therapies to prevent and slow progression to PD dementia (PDD), the key mechanisms that determine why some people with PD develop early dementia, while others remain cognitively unaffected, need to be understood. Neuroinflammation and tau protein accumulation have been demonstrated in post-mortem PD brains, and in many other neurodegenerative disorders leading to dementia. However, whether these processes mediate dementia risk early on in the PD disease course is not established. To this end, we used PET neuroimaging with 11C-PK11195 to index neuroinflammation and 18F-AV-1451 for misfolded tau in early PD patients, stratified according to dementia risk in our 'Neuroinflammation and Tau Accumulation in Parkinson's Disease Dementia' (NET-PDD) study. The NET-PDD study longitudinally assesses newly-diagnosed PD patients in two subgroups at low and high dementia risk (stratified based on pentagon copying, semantic fluency, MAPT genotype), with comparison to age- and sex-matched controls. Non-displaceable binding potential (BPND) in 43 brain regions (Hammers' parcellation) was compared between groups (pairwise t-tests), and associations between BPND of the tracers tested (linear-mixed-effect models). We hypothesized that people with higher dementia risk have greater inflammation and/or tau accumulation in advance of significant cognitive decline. We found significantly elevated neuroinflammation (11C-PK11195 BPND) in multiple subcortical and restricted cortical regions in the high dementia risk group compared with controls, while in the low-risk group this was limited to two cortical areas. The high dementia risk group also showed significantly greater neuroinflammation than the low-risk group concentrated on subcortical and basal ganglia regions. Neuroinflammation in most of these regions was associated with worse cognitive performance (Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-III score). Overall neuroinflammation burden also correlated with serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In contrast, increases in 18F-AV-1451 (tau) BPND in PD versus controls were restricted to subcortical regions where off-target binding is typically seen, with no relationship to cognition found. Whole-brain 18F-AV-1451 burden correlated with serum phosphorylated tau181 levels. Although there was minimal regional tau accumulation in PD, regional neuroinflammation and tau burden correlated in PD participants, with the strongest association in the high dementia risk group, suggesting possible co-localization of these pathologies. In conclusion, our findings suggest that significant regional neuroinflammation in early PD might underpin higher risk for PDD development, indicating neuroinflammation as a putative early modifiable aetiopathological disease factor to prevent or slow dementia development using immunomodulatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Kouli
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Lennart R B Spindler
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Tim D Fryer
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Young T Hong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Maura Malpetti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Franklin I Aigbirhio
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Simon R White
- Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Marta Camacho
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - John T O’Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
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17
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Cerebellar projections to the substantia nigra modulate basal ganglia dopamine levels. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:399-400. [PMID: 38297081 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
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18
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Camerino I, Ferreira J, Vonk JM, Kessels RPC, de Leeuw FE, Roelofs A, Copland D, Piai V. Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Word Production Abilities in Dysfunction of the Basal Ganglia: Stroke, Small Vessel Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Huntington's Disease. Neuropsychol Rev 2024; 34:1-26. [PMID: 36564612 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-022-09570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinical populations with basal ganglia pathologies may present with language production impairments, which are often described in combination with comprehension measures or attributed to motor, memory, or processing-speed problems. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we studied word production in four (vascular and non-vascular) pathologies of the basal ganglia: stroke affecting the basal ganglia, small vessel disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. We compared scores of these clinical populations with those of matched cognitively unimpaired adults on four well-established production tasks, namely picture naming, category fluency, letter fluency, and past-tense verb inflection. We conducted a systematic search in PubMed and PsycINFO with terms for basal ganglia structures, basal ganglia disorders and language production tasks. A total of 114 studies were included, containing results for one or more of the tasks of interest. For each pathology and task combination, effect sizes (Hedges' g) were extracted comparing patient versus control groups. For all four populations, performance was consistently worse than that of cognitively unimpaired adults across the four language production tasks (p-values < 0.010). Given that performance in picture naming and verb inflection across all pathologies was quantified in terms of accuracy, our results suggest that production impairments cannot be fully explained by motor or processing-speed deficits. Our review shows that while language production difficulties in these clinical populations are not negligible, more evidence is necessary to determine the exact mechanism that leads to these deficits and whether this mechanism is the same across different pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Camerino
- Donders Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - João Ferreira
- Donders Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jet M Vonk
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roy P C Kessels
- Donders Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, The Netherlands
- Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank-Erik de Leeuw
- Department of Neurology, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ardi Roelofs
- Donders Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David Copland
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Aphasia Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Vitória Piai
- Donders Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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19
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Cerri DH, Albaugh DL, Walton LR, Katz B, Wang TW, Chao THH, Zhang W, Nonneman RJ, Jiang J, Lee SH, Etkin A, Hall CN, Stuber GD, Shih YYI. Distinct neurochemical influences on fMRI response polarity in the striatum. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1916. [PMID: 38429266 PMCID: PMC10907631 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The striatum, known as the input nucleus of the basal ganglia, is extensively studied for its diverse behavioral roles. However, the relationship between its neuronal and vascular activity, vital for interpreting functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals, has not received comprehensive examination within the striatum. Here, we demonstrate that optogenetic stimulation of dorsal striatal neurons or their afferents from various cortical and subcortical regions induces negative striatal fMRI responses in rats, manifesting as vasoconstriction. These responses occur even with heightened striatal neuronal activity, confirmed by electrophysiology and fiber-photometry. In parallel, midbrain dopaminergic neuron optogenetic modulation, coupled with electrochemical measurements, establishes a link between striatal vasodilation and dopamine release. Intriguingly, in vivo intra-striatal pharmacological manipulations during optogenetic stimulation highlight a critical role of opioidergic signaling in generating striatal vasoconstriction. This observation is substantiated by detecting striatal vasoconstriction in brain slices after synthetic opioid application. In humans, manipulations aimed at increasing striatal neuronal activity likewise elicit negative striatal fMRI responses. Our results emphasize the necessity of considering vasoactive neurotransmission alongside neuronal activity when interpreting fMRI signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenic H Cerri
- Center for Animal MRI, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daniel L Albaugh
- Center for Animal MRI, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lindsay R Walton
- Center for Animal MRI, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brittany Katz
- Center for Animal MRI, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tzu-Wen Wang
- Center for Animal MRI, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tzu-Hao Harry Chao
- Center for Animal MRI, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Weiting Zhang
- Center for Animal MRI, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Randal J Nonneman
- Center for Animal MRI, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Center for Animal MRI, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amit Etkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Alto Neuroscience, Los Altos, CA, USA
| | - Catherine N Hall
- Sussex Neuroscience, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Garret D Stuber
- Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yen-Yu Ian Shih
- Center for Animal MRI, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Neurology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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20
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Mudra Rakshasa-Loots A, Naidoo S, Hamana T, Fanqa B, van Wyhe KS, Lindani F, van der Kouwe AJW, Glashoff R, Kruger S, Robertson F, Cox SR, Meintjes EM, Laughton B. Multi-modal analysis of inflammation as a potential mediator of depressive symptoms in young people with HIV: The GOLD depression study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298787. [PMID: 38386679 PMCID: PMC10883559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
People living with HIV are at three times greater risk for depressive symptoms. Inflammation is a notable predictor of depression, and people with HIV exhibit chronic inflammation despite antiretroviral therapy. We hypothesised that inflammatory biomarkers may mediate the association between HIV status and depressive symptoms. Participants (N = 60, 53% girls, median [interquartile range (IQR)] age 15.5 [15.0, 16.0] years, 70% living with HIV, of whom 90.5% were virally-suppressed) completed the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). We measured choline and myo-inositol in basal ganglia, midfrontal gray matter, and peritrigonal white matter using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and 16 inflammatory proteins in blood serum using ELISA and Luminex™ multiplex immunoassays. Using structural equation mediation modelling, we calculated standardised indirect effect estimates with 95% confidence intervals. Median [IQR] total PHQ-9 score was 3 [0, 7]. HIV status was significantly associated with total PHQ-9 score (B = 3.32, p = 0.022). Participants with HIV showed a higher choline-to-creatine ratio in the basal ganglia than those without HIV (β = 0.86, pFDR = 0.035). In blood serum, participants with HIV showed higher monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, β = 0.59, pFDR = 0.040), higher chitinase-3 like-1 (YKL-40, β = 0.73, pFDR = 0.032), and lower interleukin-1beta (IL-1β, β = -0.67, pFDR = 0.047) than those without HIV. There were no significant associations of any biomarkers with total PHQ-9 score. None of the indirect effects were significant, mediating <13.1% of the association. Findings remained consistent when accounting for age, gender, and time between neuroimaging and PHQ-9 administration. Using a robust analytical approach in a community-based sample, we have shown that participants living with HIV reported greater depressive symptoms than those without HIV, but we did not find that neuroimaging and blood biomarkers of inflammation significantly mediated this association. Further studies with participants experiencing severe depression may help to elucidate the links between HIV, inflammation, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arish Mudra Rakshasa-Loots
- Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu (FAMCRU), Tygerberg Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Edinburgh Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Shalena Naidoo
- Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu (FAMCRU), Tygerberg Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thandi Hamana
- Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu (FAMCRU), Tygerberg Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Busiswa Fanqa
- Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu (FAMCRU), Tygerberg Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kaylee S. van Wyhe
- Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu (FAMCRU), Tygerberg Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- ACSENT Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Filicity Lindani
- Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu (FAMCRU), Tygerberg Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre J. W. van der Kouwe
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Richard Glashoff
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Tygerberg Business Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sharon Kruger
- Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu (FAMCRU), Tygerberg Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frances Robertson
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Cape Universities Body Imaging Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Simon R. Cox
- Lothian Birth Cohorts group, Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ernesta M. Meintjes
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Cape Universities Body Imaging Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Barbara Laughton
- Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu (FAMCRU), Tygerberg Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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21
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Cuk A, Bezdan T, Jovanovic L, Antonijevic M, Stankovic M, Simic V, Zivkovic M, Bacanin N. Tuning attention based long-short term memory neural networks for Parkinson's disease detection using modified metaheuristics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4309. [PMID: 38383690 PMCID: PMC10881563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressively debilitating neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the dopaminergic system in the basal ganglia, impacting millions of individuals globally. The clinical manifestations of the disease include resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. Diagnosis relies mainly on clinical evaluation, lacking reliable diagnostic tests and being inherently imprecise and subjective. Early detection of PD is crucial for initiating treatments that, while unable to cure the chronic condition, can enhance the life quality of patients and alleviate symptoms. This study explores the potential of utilizing long-short term memory neural networks (LSTM) with attention mechanisms to detect Parkinson's disease based on dual-task walking test data. Given that the performance of networks is significantly inductance by architecture and training parameter choices, a modified version of the recently introduced crayfish optimization algorithm (COA) is proposed, specifically tailored to the requirements of this investigation. The proposed optimizer is assessed on a publicly accessible real-world clinical gait in Parkinson's disease dataset, and the results demonstrate its promise, achieving an accuracy of 87.4187 % for the best-constructed models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksa Cuk
- Singidunum University, Danijelova 32, Belgrade, 11010, Serbia
| | - Timea Bezdan
- Singidunum University, Danijelova 32, Belgrade, 11010, Serbia
| | - Luka Jovanovic
- Singidunum University, Danijelova 32, Belgrade, 11010, Serbia
| | | | - Milos Stankovic
- Singidunum University, Danijelova 32, Belgrade, 11010, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Simic
- Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 305, Belgrade, 11010, Serbia
- College of Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City, 320315, Taiwan
- College of Informatics, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Nebojsa Bacanin
- Singidunum University, Danijelova 32, Belgrade, 11010, Serbia.
- MEU Research Unit, Middle East University, Amman, Jordan.
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, 71800, Nilai, Malaysia.
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22
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Sánchez-Moncada I, Concha L, Merchant H. Pre-supplementary Motor Cortex Mediates Learning Transfer from Perceptual to Motor Timing. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e3191202023. [PMID: 38123361 PMCID: PMC10883661 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3191-20.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
When we intensively train a timing skill, such as learning to play the piano, we not only produce brain changes associated with task-specific learning but also improve our performance in other temporal behaviors that depend on these tuned neural resources. Since the neural basis of time learning and generalization is still unknown, we measured the changes in neural activity associated with the transfer of learning from perceptual to motor timing in a large sample of subjects (n = 65; 39 women). We found that intense training in an interval discrimination task increased the acuity of time perception in a group of subjects that also exhibited learning transfer, expressed as a reduction in inter-tap interval variability during an internally driven periodic motor task. In addition, we found subjects with no learning and/or generalization effects. Notably, functional imaging showed an increase in pre-supplementary motor area and caudate-putamen activity between the post- and pre-training sessions of the tapping task. This increase was specific to the subjects that generalized their timing acuity from the perceptual to the motor context. These results emphasize the central role of the cortico-basal ganglia circuit in the generalization of timing abilities between tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Concha
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Querétaro 76230, México
- International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound (BRAMS), Montreal, Québec H2V 2S9, Canada
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23
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Huang Y, Luo W, Cheng X, Sun X, Wang Y, Shu Y, Lu Z, Hu X, Qiu W, Kermode A, Zhong X. Clinical and imaging features of patients with late-onset myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2024; 82:105405. [PMID: 38194895 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.105405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an age-dependent change in the clinical phenotype of Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). However, the clinical features of late-onset MOGAD have not been well described. METHODS Clinical data of 110 MOGAD patients, including 21 late-onset patients with onset age greater than or equal to 50 years old were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS Compared to pediatric- and younger adult-onset ones, late-onset MOGAD patients experienced milder disease onset (p < 0.001), more monophasic course (p < 0.001), fewer relapses (p = 0.007), less cerebrospinal fluid leukocytosis (p = 0.021), less longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (onset p = 0.026, whole course p = 0.028), fewer lesions in basal ganglia (whole course p = 0.012), thalamus (whole course p = 0.040) and cerebellum (whole course p = 0.028). However, they had more cerebral symptoms (p = 0.021 onset and whole course), more lesions in white matter (onset p = 0.005, whole course p < 0.001) and periventricular area (onset p = 0.026), along with longer and delayed therapeutic intervention (p < 0.001). The main differences in clinical characteristics between late-onset patients with and without these brain involvements might be comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS Late-onset MOGAD are more likely to experience delayed diagnosis. Brain involvement may be modulated by comorbidities of the elderly, which alter the clinical manifestations of late-onset MOGAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuge Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqing Shu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengqi Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueqiang Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Allan Kermode
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
| | - Xiaonan Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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24
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Switzer AR, Graff-Radford J, Gunter JL, Elder BD, Jones DT, Huston J, Jack CR, Cogswell PM. Patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus have fewer enlarged perivascular spaces in the centrum semiovale compared to cognitively unimpaired individuals. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2024; 237:108123. [PMID: 38262154 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2024.108123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Enlarged perivascular spaces (ePVS) may be an indicator of glymphatic dysfunction. Limited studies have evaluated the role of ePVS in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). We aimed to characterize the distribution and number of ePVS in iNPH compared to controls. METHODS Thirty-eight patients with iNPH and a pre-shunt MRI were identified through clinical practice. Age- and sex-matched controls who had negative MRIs screening for intracranial metastases were identified through a medical record linkage system. The number of ePVS were counted in the basal nuclei (BN) and centrum semiovale (CS) using the Wardlaw method blinded to clinical diagnosis. Imaging features of disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus (DESH), callosal angle, Fazekas white matter hyperintensity (WMH) grade, and the presence of microbleeds and lacunes were also evaluated. RESULTS Both iNPH patients and controls had a mean age of 74 ± 7 years and were 34% female with equal distributions of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, stroke, and history of smoking. There were fewer ePVS in the CS of patients with iNPH compared to controls (12.66 vs. 20.39, p < 0.001) but the same in the BN (8.95 vs. 11.11, p = 0.08). This remained significant in models accounting for vascular risk factors (p = 0.002) and MRI features of DESH and WMH grade (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Fewer centrum semiovale ePVS may be a biomarker for iNPH. This pattern may be caused by mechanical obstruction due to upward displacement of the brain leading to reduced glymphatic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Switzer
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | | | - Benjamin D Elder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA; Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - David T Jones
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - John Huston
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Clifford R Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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25
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Cavallo A, Neumann WJ. Dopaminergic reinforcement in the motor system: Implications for Parkinson's disease and deep brain stimulation. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:457-472. [PMID: 38178558 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Millions of people suffer from dopamine-related disorders spanning disturbances in movement, cognition and emotion. These changes are often attributed to changes in striatal dopamine function. Thus, understanding how dopamine signalling in the striatum and basal ganglia shapes human behaviour is fundamental to advancing the treatment of affected patients. Dopaminergic neurons innervate large-scale brain networks, and accordingly, many different roles for dopamine signals have been proposed, such as invigoration of movement and tracking of reward contingencies. The canonical circuit architecture of cortico-striatal loops sparks the question, of whether dopamine signals in the basal ganglia serve an overarching computational principle. Such a holistic understanding of dopamine functioning could provide new insights into symptom generation in psychiatry to neurology. Here, we review the perspective that dopamine could bidirectionally control neural population dynamics, increasing or decreasing their strength and likelihood to reoccur in the future, a process previously termed neural reinforcement. We outline how the basal ganglia pathways could drive strengthening and weakening of circuit dynamics and discuss the implication of this hypothesis on the understanding of motor signs of Parkinson's disease (PD), the most frequent dopaminergic disorder. We propose that loss of dopamine in PD may lead to a pathological brain state where repetition of neural activity leads to weakening and instability, possibly explanatory for the fact that movement in PD deteriorates with repetition. Finally, we speculate on how therapeutic interventions such as deep brain stimulation may be able to reinstate reinforcement signals and thereby improve treatment strategies for PD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cavallo
- Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolf-Julian Neumann
- Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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26
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Guilhemsang L, Mallet NP. Arkypallidal neurons in basal ganglia circuits: Unveiling novel pallidostriatal loops? Curr Opin Neurobiol 2024; 84:102814. [PMID: 38016260 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Just over a decade ago, a novel GABAergic input originating from a subpopulation of external globus pallidus neurons known as Arkypallidal and projecting exclusively to the striatum was unveiled. At the single-cell level, these pallidostriatal Arkypallidal projections represent one of the largest extrinsic sources of GABA known to innervate the dorsal striatum. This discovery has sparked new questions regarding their role in striatal information processing, the circuit that recruit these neurons, and their influence on behaviour, especially in the context of action selection vs. inhibition. In this review, we will present the different anatomo-functional organization of Arkypallidal neurons as compared to classic Prototypic neurons, including their unique molecular properties and what is known about their specific input/output synaptic organization. We will further describe recent findings that demonstrate one mode of action of Arkypallidal neurons, which is to convey feedback inhibition to the striatum, and how this mechanism is differentially modulated by both striatal projection pathways. Lastly, we will delve into speculations on their mechanistic contribution to striatal action execution or inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Guilhemsang
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas P Mallet
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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27
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Blanco-Pozo M, Akam T, Walton ME. Dopamine-independent effect of rewards on choices through hidden-state inference. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:286-297. [PMID: 38216649 PMCID: PMC10849965 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Dopamine is implicated in adaptive behavior through reward prediction error (RPE) signals that update value estimates. There is also accumulating evidence that animals in structured environments can use inference processes to facilitate behavioral flexibility. However, it is unclear how these two accounts of reward-guided decision-making should be integrated. Using a two-step task for mice, we show that dopamine reports RPEs using value information inferred from task structure knowledge, alongside information about reward rate and movement. Nonetheless, although rewards strongly influenced choices and dopamine activity, neither activating nor inhibiting dopamine neurons at trial outcome affected future choice. These data were recapitulated by a neural network model where cortex learned to track hidden task states by predicting observations, while basal ganglia learned values and actions via RPEs. This shows that the influence of rewards on choices can stem from dopamine-independent information they convey about the world's state, not the dopaminergic RPEs they produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Blanco-Pozo
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
| | - Thomas Akam
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
| | - Mark E Walton
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
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28
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Rodriguez-Sabate C, Gonzalez A, Perez-Darias JC, Morales I, Sole-Sabater M, Rodriguez M. Causality methods to study the functional connectivity in brain networks: the basal ganglia - thalamus causal interactions. Brain Imaging Behav 2024; 18:1-18. [PMID: 37823962 PMCID: PMC10844145 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-023-00803-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
This study uses methods recently developed to study the complex evolution of atmospheric phenomena which have some similarities with the dynamics of the human brain. In both cases, it is possible to record the activity of particular centers (geographic regions or brain nuclei) but not to make an experimental modification of their state. The study of "causality", which is necessary to understand the dynamics of these complex systems and to develop robust models that can predict their evolution, is hampered by the experimental restrictions imposed by the nature of both systems. The study was performed with data obtained in the thalamus and basal ganglia of awake humans executing different tasks. This work studies the linear, non-linear and more complex relationships of these thalamic centers with the cortex and main BG nuclei, using three complementary techniques: the partial correlation regression method, the Gaussian process regression/distance correlation and a model-free method based on nearest-neighbor that computes the conditional mutual information. These causality methods indicated that the basal ganglia present a different functional relationship with the anterior-ventral (motor), intralaminar and medio-dorsal thalamic centers, and that more than 60% of these thalamus-basal ganglia relationships present a non-linear dynamic (35 of the 57 relationships found). These functional interactions were observed for basal ganglia nuclei with direct structural connections with the thalamus (primary somatosensory and motor cortex, striatum, internal globus pallidum and substantia nigra pars reticulata), but also for basal ganglia without structural connections with the thalamus (external globus pallidum and subthalamic nucleus). The motor tasks induced rapid modifications of the thalamus-basal ganglia interactions. These findings provide new perspectives of the thalamus - BG interactions, many of which may be supported by indirect functional relationships and not by direct excitatory/inhibitory interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Rodriguez-Sabate
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Albano Gonzalez
- Department of Physics, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | | | - Ingrid Morales
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Sole-Sabater
- Department of Neurology, La Candelaria University Hospital, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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29
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Cenci MA, Kumar A. Cells, pathways, and models in dyskinesia research. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2024; 84:102833. [PMID: 38184982 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) is the most common form of hyperkinetic movement disorder resulting from altered information processing in the cortico-basal ganglia network. We here review recent advances clarifying the altered interplay between striatal output pathways in this movement disorder. We also review studies revealing structural and synaptic changes to the striatal microcircuitry and altered cortico-striatal activity dynamics in LID. We furthermore highlight the recent progress made in understanding the involvement of cerebellar and brain stem nuclei. These recent developments illustrate that dyskinesia research continues to provide key insights into cellular and circuit-level plasticity within the cortico-basal ganglia network and its interconnected brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Arvind Kumar
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. https://twitter.com/arvin_neuro
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30
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Favila N, Gurney K, Overton PG. Role of the basal ganglia in innate and learned behavioural sequences. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:35-55. [PMID: 37437141 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Integrating individual actions into coherent, organised behavioural units, a process called chunking, is a fundamental, evolutionarily conserved process that renders actions automatic. In vertebrates, evidence points to the basal ganglia - a complex network believed to be involved in action selection - as a key component of action sequence encoding, although the underlying mechanisms are only just beginning to be understood. Central pattern generators control many innate automatic behavioural sequences that form some of the most basic behaviours in an animal's repertoire, and in vertebrates, brainstem and spinal pattern generators are under the control of higher order structures such as the basal ganglia. Evidence suggests that the basal ganglia play a crucial role in the concatenation of simpler behaviours into more complex chunks, in the context of innate behavioural sequences such as chain grooming in rats, as well as sequences in which innate capabilities and learning interact such as birdsong, and sequences that are learned from scratch, such as lever press sequences in operant behaviour. It has been proposed that the role of the striatum, the largest input structure of the basal ganglia, might lie in selecting and allowing the relevant central pattern generators to gain access to the motor system in the correct order, while inhibiting other behaviours. As behaviours become more complex and flexible, the pattern generators seem to become more dependent on descending signals. Indeed, during learning, the striatum itself may adopt the functional characteristics of a higher order pattern generator, facilitated at the microcircuit level by striatal neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Favila
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kevin Gurney
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 2LT, UK
| | - Paul G Overton
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 2LT, UK
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31
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Spinelli EG, Ghirelli A, Basaia S, Canu E, Castelnovo V, Cividini C, Russo T, Schito P, Falzone YM, Riva N, Filippi M, Agosta F. Structural and Functional Brain Network Connectivity at Different King's Stages in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Neurology 2024; 102:e207946. [PMID: 38165325 PMCID: PMC10962907 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There is currently no validated disease-stage biomarker for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The identification of quantitative and reproducible markers of disease stratification in ALS is fundamental for study design definition and inclusion of homogenous patient cohorts into clinical trials. Our aim was to assess the rearrangements of structural and functional brain connectivity underlying the clinical stages of ALS, to suggest objective, reproducible measures provided by MRI connectomics mirroring disease staging. METHODS In this observational study, patients with ALS and healthy controls (HCs) underwent clinical evaluation and brain MRI on a 3T scanner. Patients were classified into 4 groups, according to the King's staging system. Structural and functional brain connectivity matrices were obtained using diffusion tensor and resting-state fMRI data, respectively. Whole-brain network-based statistics (NBS) analysis and comparisons of intraregional and inter-regional connectivity values using analysis of covariance models were performed between groups. Correlations between MRI and clinical/cognitive measures were tested using Pearson coefficient. RESULTS One hundred four patients with ALS and 61 age-matched and sex-matched HCs were included. NBS and regional connectivity analyses demonstrated a progressive decrease of intranetwork and internetwork structural connectivity of sensorimotor regions at increasing ALS stages in our cohort, compared with HCs. By contrast, functional connectivity showed divergent patterns between King's stages 3 (increase in basal ganglia and temporal circuits [p = 0.04 and p = 0.05, respectively]) and 4 (frontotemporal decrease [p = 0.03]), suggesting a complex interplay between opposite phenomena in late stages of the disease. Intraregional sensorimotor structural connectivity was correlated with ALS Functional Rating Scale-revised (ALSFRS-r) score (r = 0.31, p < 0.001) and upper motor neuron burden (r = -0.25, p = 0.01). Inter-regional frontal-sensorimotor structural connectivity was also correlated with ALSFRS-r (r = 0.24, p = 0.02). No correlations with cognitive measures were found. DISCUSSION MRI of the brain allows to demonstrate and quantify increasing disruption of structural connectivity involving the sensorimotor networks in ALS, mirroring disease stages. Frontotemporal functional disconnection seems to characterize only advanced disease phases. Our findings support the utility of MRI connectomics to stratify patients and stage brain pathology in ALS in a reproducible way, which may mirror clinical progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo G Spinelli
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., E.C., V.C., C.C., M.F., F.A.), Division of Neuroscience, and Neurology Unit (E.G.S., A.G., T.R., P.S., Y.M.F., M.F., F.A.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., T.R., M.F., F.A.); Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alma Ghirelli
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., E.C., V.C., C.C., M.F., F.A.), Division of Neuroscience, and Neurology Unit (E.G.S., A.G., T.R., P.S., Y.M.F., M.F., F.A.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., T.R., M.F., F.A.); Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Basaia
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., E.C., V.C., C.C., M.F., F.A.), Division of Neuroscience, and Neurology Unit (E.G.S., A.G., T.R., P.S., Y.M.F., M.F., F.A.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., T.R., M.F., F.A.); Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Canu
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., E.C., V.C., C.C., M.F., F.A.), Division of Neuroscience, and Neurology Unit (E.G.S., A.G., T.R., P.S., Y.M.F., M.F., F.A.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., T.R., M.F., F.A.); Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Castelnovo
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., E.C., V.C., C.C., M.F., F.A.), Division of Neuroscience, and Neurology Unit (E.G.S., A.G., T.R., P.S., Y.M.F., M.F., F.A.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., T.R., M.F., F.A.); Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Camilla Cividini
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., E.C., V.C., C.C., M.F., F.A.), Division of Neuroscience, and Neurology Unit (E.G.S., A.G., T.R., P.S., Y.M.F., M.F., F.A.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., T.R., M.F., F.A.); Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Russo
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., E.C., V.C., C.C., M.F., F.A.), Division of Neuroscience, and Neurology Unit (E.G.S., A.G., T.R., P.S., Y.M.F., M.F., F.A.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., T.R., M.F., F.A.); Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paride Schito
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., E.C., V.C., C.C., M.F., F.A.), Division of Neuroscience, and Neurology Unit (E.G.S., A.G., T.R., P.S., Y.M.F., M.F., F.A.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., T.R., M.F., F.A.); Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Yuri M Falzone
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., E.C., V.C., C.C., M.F., F.A.), Division of Neuroscience, and Neurology Unit (E.G.S., A.G., T.R., P.S., Y.M.F., M.F., F.A.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., T.R., M.F., F.A.); Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nilo Riva
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., E.C., V.C., C.C., M.F., F.A.), Division of Neuroscience, and Neurology Unit (E.G.S., A.G., T.R., P.S., Y.M.F., M.F., F.A.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., T.R., M.F., F.A.); Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., E.C., V.C., C.C., M.F., F.A.), Division of Neuroscience, and Neurology Unit (E.G.S., A.G., T.R., P.S., Y.M.F., M.F., F.A.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., T.R., M.F., F.A.); Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Agosta
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., E.C., V.C., C.C., M.F., F.A.), Division of Neuroscience, and Neurology Unit (E.G.S., A.G., T.R., P.S., Y.M.F., M.F., F.A.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., T.R., M.F., F.A.); Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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McLoughlin C, Lowery M. Impact of Network Topology on Neural Synchrony in a Model of the Subthalamic Nucleus-Globus Pallidus Circuit. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2024; 32:282-292. [PMID: 38145524 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2023.3346456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Synchronous neural oscillations within the beta frequency range are observed across the parkinsonian basal ganglia network, including within the subthalamic nucleus (STN) - globus pallidus (GPe) subcircuit. The emergence of pathological synchrony in Parkinson's disease is often attributed to changes in neural properties or connection strength, and less often to the network topology, i.e. the structural arrangement of connections between neurons. This study investigates the relationship between network structure and neural synchrony in a model of the STN-GPe circuit comprised of conductance-based spiking neurons. Changes in net synaptic input were controlled for through a synaptic scaling rule, which facilitated separation of the effects of network structure from net synaptic input. Five topologies were examined as structures for the STN-GPe circuit: Watts-Strogatz, preferential attachment, spatial, stochastic block, k-regular random. Beta band synchrony generally increased as the number of connections increased, however the exact relationship was topology specific. Varying the wiring pattern while maintaining a constant number of connections caused network synchrony to be enhanced or suppressed, demonstrating the ability of purely structural changes to alter synchrony. This relationship was well-captured by the algebraic connectivity of the network, the second smallest eigenvalue of the network's Laplacian matrix. The structure-synchrony relationship was further investigated in a network model designed to emulate the action selection role of the STN-GPe circuit. It was found that increasing the number of connections and/or the overlap of action selection channels could lead to a rapid transition to synchrony, which was also predicted by the algebraic connectivity.
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Saban W, Pinheiro-Chagas P, Borra S, Ivry RB. Distinct Contributions of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia to Arithmetic Procedures. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1482222023. [PMID: 37973376 PMCID: PMC10866191 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1482-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans exhibit complex mathematical skills attributed to the exceptional enlargement of neocortical regions throughout evolution. In the current work, we initiated a novel exploration of the ancient subcortical neural network essential for mathematical cognition. Using a neuropsychological approach, we report that degeneration of two subcortical structures, the cerebellum and basal ganglia, impairs performance in symbolic arithmetic. We identify distinct computational impairments in male and female participants with cerebellar degeneration (CD) or Parkinson's disease (PD). The CD group exhibited a disproportionate cost when the arithmetic sum increased, suggesting that the cerebellum is critical for iterative procedures required for calculations. The PD group showed a disproportionate cost for equations with increasing addends, suggesting that the basal ganglia are critical for chaining multiple operations. In Experiment 2, the two patient groups exhibited intact practice gains for repeated equations at odds with an alternative hypothesis that these impairments were related to memory retrieval. Notably, we discuss how the counting and chaining operations relate to cerebellar and basal ganglia function in other task domains (e.g., motor processes). Overall, we provide a novel perspective on how the cerebellum and basal ganglia contribute to symbolic arithmetic. Our studies demonstrate the constraints on the computational role of two subcortical regions in higher cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Saban
- Center for Accessible Neuropsychology, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Pedro Pinheiro-Chagas
- UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Sravya Borra
- Center for Accessible Neuropsychology, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1650
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Agarwal H, Rathore H. BGRL: Basal Ganglia inspired Reinforcement Learning based framework for deep brain stimulators. Artif Intell Med 2024; 147:102736. [PMID: 38184360 DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2023.102736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is an implantable medical device used for electrical stimulation to treat neurological disorders. Traditional DBS devices provide fixed frequency pulses, but personalized adjustment of stimulation parameters is crucial for optimal treatment. This paper introduces a Basal Ganglia inspired Reinforcement Learning (BGRL) approach, incorporating a closed-loop feedback mechanism to suppress neural synchrony during neurological fluctuations. The BGRL approach leverages the resemblance between the Basal Ganglia region of brain by incorporating the actor-critic architecture of reinforcement learning (RL). Simulation results demonstrate that BGRL significantly reduces synchronous electrical pulses compared to other standard RL algorithms. BGRL algorithm outperforms existing RL methods in terms of suppression capability and energy consumption, validated through comparisons using ensemble oscillators. Results shown in the paper demonstrate BGRL suppressed the synchronous electrical pulses across three signaling regimes namely regular, chaotic and bursting by 40%, 146% and 40% respectively as compared to soft actor-critic model. BGRL shows promise in effectively suppressing neural synchrony in DBS therapy, providing an efficient alternative to open-loop methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Agarwal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, India.
| | - Heena Rathore
- Department of Computer Science at Texas State University, USA.
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Schwartze M, Kotz SA. Time-travel to "A review and proposal for a model of sensory predictability in auditory language perception". Cortex 2024; 170:53-56. [PMID: 38101972 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Since its inception 60 years ago, the mission of Cortex has been to foster a better understanding of cognition and the relationship between the nervous system, behavior in general, and mental processes in particular. Almost 15 years ago, we submitted "a review and proposal" along these lines to the journal, in which we sought to integrate two components that are not often discussed together, namely the basal ganglia and syntactic language functions (Kotz et al., 2009). One of the main motivations was to find potential explanations for two relatively straightforward earlier empirical observations: (i) electroencephalographic event-related potential responses (EEG/ERPs) known to be sensitive markers of syntactic violations in auditory language processing were found to be absent in persons with focal basal ganglia lesions (Friederici et al., 1999; Frisch et al., 2003; Kotz et al., 2003), and (ii) temporally regular rhythmic tone sequences presented before language stimuli were found to compensate for this effect (Kotz et al., 2005; Kotz & Gunter, 2015; Kotz & Schmidt-Kassow, 2015). The critical question was how to reconcile these specific components, the basal ganglia typically associated with motor behavior and language-related syntactic processes, under one hood to foster a better understanding of how the basal ganglia system contributes to auditory language processing. This core question was the starting point for further own research and trying to solve it, unsurprisingly, led to many more questions and rather few answers. It also changed perspectives and established collaborative efforts, sometimes in unsuspected ways and directions. In light of the journal's anniversary, we therefore want to take this exciting opportunity for some time travel, looking back at our original conception while linking it to more recent considerations, thereby providing some insights that might be useful for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schwartze
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
| | - Sonja A Kotz
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Abdel-Hamid MS, Abdel-Salam GMH, Abdel-Ghafar SF, Zaki MS. Delineating the phenotype of PNPLA8-related mitochondriopathies. Clin Genet 2024; 105:92-98. [PMID: 37671596 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in PNPLA8 have been described either with congenital onset displaying congenital microcephaly, early onset epileptic encephalopathy and early lethality or childhood neurodegeneration with progressive microcephaly. Moreover, a phenotype comprising adulthood onset cerebellar ataxia and peripheral neuropathy was also reported. To our knowledge, only six patients with biallelic variants in PNPLA8 have been reported so far. Here, we report the clinical and molecular characterizations of three additional patients in whom exome sequencing identified a loss of function variant (c.1231C>T, p.Arg411Ter) in Family I and a missense variant (c.1559T>A, p.Val520Asp) in Family II in PNPLA8. Patient 1 presented with the congenital form of the disease while Patients 2 and 3 showed progressive microcephaly, infantile onset seizures, progressive cortical atrophy, white matter loss, bilateral degeneration of basal ganglia, and cystic encephalomalacia. Therefore, our results add the infantile onset as a new distinct phenotype of the disease and suggest that the site of the variant rather than its type is strongly correlated with the disease onset. In addition, these conditions demonstrate some overlapping features representing a spectrum with clinical features always aligning with different age of onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Abdel-Hamid
- Medical Molecular Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada M H Abdel-Salam
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherif F Abdel-Ghafar
- Medical Molecular Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Zou D, Chen X, Chen S, Zhang P, Lu Y. Impact of Endoscopic Surgery Versus Robot CAS-R-2 Assisted with Stereotactic Drainage on Prognosis of Basal Ganglia Hypertensive Intracerebral Hemorrhage. World Neurosurg 2024; 181:e589-e596. [PMID: 37898270 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of endoscopic surgery (ES) versus robot CAS-R-2 assisted with stereotactic drainage on prognosis of basal ganglia hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH). METHODS This retrospective observational study included patients who underwent ES or robot CAS-R-2 assisted with stereotactic drainage for basal ganglia HICH in Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital between June 2017 and May 2022. The outcomes were 6-month mortality and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score. RESULTS A total of 94 patients were included; 68 (age 51.26 ± 9.18 years, 17 women) of them underwent ES, while the other 26 (age 56.50 ± 12.91, 11 women) underwent robot CAS-R-2. The 6-month mortality rates were similar (P > 0.05) between the patients who underwent ES (6 of 68, 8.82%) and robot CAS-R-2 (2 of 26,7.69%), while the rate of good prognosis in the ES group was significantly higher compared with that in the robot CAS-R-2 group (P = 0.024). Univariate logistic analysis found that endoscopic surgery, age, and hematoma volume were associated with poor prognosis at 6 months. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that, after adjusted for the preoperative hematoma volume and age, endoscopy surgery (relative risk 0.21, 95% CI 0.06-0.68, P = 0.009) was associated with good prognosis at 6 months follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Compared with robot CAS-R-2 assisted with stereotactic drainage, ES might have higher rate of good prognosis at 6-month follow-up for basal ganglia HICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuping Chen
- Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Pengqi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youming Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Meng JC, Shen MQ, Lu YL, Feng HX, Chen XY, Xu DQ, Wu GH, Cheng QZ, Wang LH, Gui Q. Correlation of glymphatic system abnormalities with Parkinson's disease progression: a clinical study based on non-invasive fMRI. J Neurol 2024; 271:457-471. [PMID: 37755462 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glymphatic system is reportedly involved in Parkinson's disease (PD). Based on previous studies, we aimed to confirm the correlation between the glymphatic system and PD progression by combining two imaging parameters, diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS), and enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS). METHODS Fifty-one PD patients and fifty healthy control (HC) were included. Based on the Hoehn-Yahr scale, the PD group was divided into early-stage and medium-to late-stage. All PD patients were scored using the Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS). We assessed the DTI-ALPS indices in the bilateral hemispheres and EPVS numbers in bilateral centrum semiovale (CSO), basal ganglia (BG), and midbrain. RESULTS The DTI-ALPS indices were significantly lower bilaterally in PD patients than in the HC group, and EPVS numbers in any of the bilateral CSO, BG, and midbrain were significantly higher, especially for the medium- to late-stage group and the BG region. In PD patients, the DTI-ALPS index was significantly negatively correlated with age, while the BG-EPVS numbers were significantly positively correlated with age. Furthermore, the DTI-ALPS index was negatively correlated with UPDRS II and III scores, while the BG-EPVS numbers were positively correlated with UPDRS II and III scores. Similarly, the correlation was more pronounced in the medium- to late-stage group. CONCLUSION The DTI-ALPS index and EPVS numbers (especially in the BG region) are closely related to age and PD progression and can serve as non-invasive assessments for glymphatic dysfunction and its interventions in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Cai Meng
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming-Qiang Shen
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital), Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Li Lu
- Department of Radiology, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University(Suzhou Municipal Hospital), Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong-Xuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital), Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin-Yi Chen
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Da-Qiang Xu
- Department of Radiology, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University(Suzhou Municipal Hospital), Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guan-Hui Wu
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital), Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing-Zhang Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital), Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin-Hui Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Gui
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital), Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu, China.
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Pardo-Valencia J, Fernández-García C, Alonso-Frech F, Foffani G. Oscillatory vs. non-oscillatory subthalamic beta activity in Parkinson's disease. J Physiol 2024; 602:373-395. [PMID: 38084073 DOI: 10.1113/jp284768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by exaggerated beta activity (13-35 Hz) in cortico-basal ganglia motor loops. Beta activity includes both periodic fluctuations (i.e. oscillatory activity) and aperiodic fluctuations reflecting spiking activity and excitation/inhibition balance (i.e. non-oscillatory activity). However, the relative contribution, dopamine dependency and clinical correlations of oscillatory vs. non-oscillatory beta activity remain unclear. We recorded, modelled and analysed subthalamic local field potentials in parkinsonian patients at rest while off or on medication. Autoregressive modelling with additive 1/f noise clarified the relationships between measures of beta activity in the time domain (i.e. amplitude and duration of beta bursts) or in the frequency domain (i.e. power and sharpness of the spectral peak) and oscillatory vs. non-oscillatory activity: burst duration and spectral sharpness are specifically sensitive to oscillatory activity, whereas burst amplitude and spectral power are ambiguously sensitive to both oscillatory and non-oscillatory activity. Our experimental data confirmed the model predictions and assumptions. We subsequently analysed the effect of levodopa, obtaining strong-to-extreme Bayesian evidence that oscillatory beta activity is reduced in patients on vs. off medication, with moderate evidence for absence of modulation of the non-oscillatory component. Finally, specifically the oscillatory component of beta activity correlated with the rate of motor progression of the disease. Methodologically, these results provide an integrative understanding of beta-based biomarkers relevant for adaptive deep brain stimulation. Biologically, they suggest that primarily the oscillatory component of subthalamic beta activity is dopamine dependent and may play a role not only in the pathophysiology but also in the progression of Parkinson's disease. KEY POINTS: Beta activity in Parkinson's disease includes both true periodic fluctuations (i.e. oscillatory activity) and aperiodic fluctuations reflecting spiking activity and synaptic balance (i.e. non-oscillatory activity). The relative contribution, dopamine dependency and clinical correlations of oscillatory vs. non-oscillatory beta activity remain unclear. Burst duration and spectral sharpness are specifically sensitive to oscillatory activity, while burst amplitude and spectral power are ambiguously sensitive to both oscillatory and non-oscillatory activity. Only the oscillatory component of subthalamic beta activity is dopamine-dependent. Stronger beta oscillatory activity correlates with faster motor progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Pardo-Valencia
- HM CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla Fernández-García
- HM CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Alonso-Frech
- HM CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neurology, San Carlos Research Health Intitute (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guglielmo Foffani
- HM CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
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Ordás CM, Alonso-Frech F. The neural basis of somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold as a paradigm for time processing in the sub-second range: An updated review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 156:105486. [PMID: 38040074 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The temporal aspect of somesthesia is a feature of any somatosensory process and a pre-requisite for the elaboration of proper behavior. Time processing in the milliseconds range is crucial for most of behaviors in everyday life. The somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold (STDT) is the ability to perceive two successive stimuli as separate in time, and deals with time processing in this temporal range. Herein, we focus on the physiology of STDT, on a background of the anatomophysiology of somesthesia and the neurobiological substrates of timing. METHODS A review of the literature through PubMed & Cochrane databases until March 2023 was performed with inclusion and exclusion criteria following PRISMA recommendations. RESULTS 1151 abstracts were identified. 4 duplicate records were discarded before screening. 957 abstracts were excluded because of redundancy, less relevant content or not English-written. 4 were added after revision. Eventually, 194 articles were included. CONCLUSIONS STDT encoding relies on intracortical inhibitory S1 function and is modulated by the basal ganglia-thalamic-cortical interplay through circuits involving the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway and probably the superior colliculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Ordás
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fernando Alonso-Frech
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
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Bakay H, Ulasoglu-Yildiz C, Kurt E, Demiralp T, Tükel R. Hyperconnecitivity between dorsal attention and frontoparietal networks predicts treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2024; 337:111763. [PMID: 38056116 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) presented with repetitive obsessions and/or compulsions were associated with disrupted resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC). To investigate the pharmacological treatment effect on rs-FC changes in OCD patients we conducted the seed-to-voxel FC analyses using dorsal attention network (DAN), default mode network (DMN), salience network (SN) and frontoparietal network (FPN) and basal ganglia seeds. Twenty-two healthy subjects and twenty-four unmedicated OCD patients underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Patients were rescanned after 12 weeks of escitalopram treatment. We found increased FC both within the DAN and between the DAN and the FPN which was ameliorated after medication and correlated significantly with the clinical improvement in obsession scores. We also observed an anticorrelation between the left caudate and the supplementary motor area in unmedicated OCD patients which also normalized with treatment. Results further showed treatment related normalization of orbitofrontal cortex hyperconnectivity with DMN and hypoconnectivity with DAN whereas aberrant FC between the SN and visual areas appears to be a medication effect. We suggest that DAN to FPN hyperconnectivity which is positively correlated with clinical improvement in obsession scores at pre-treatment stage in present study has a potential for being a neuroimaging marker to predict the treatment response in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Bakay
- Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Cigdem Ulasoglu-Yildiz
- Hulusi Behçet Life Sciences Research Laboratory, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Kurt
- Hulusi Behçet Life Sciences Research Laboratory, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tamer Demiralp
- Hulusi Behçet Life Sciences Research Laboratory, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Physiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Raşit Tükel
- Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Bhorat I, Buchmann E, Frank K, Soma-Pillay P, Nicolaou E, Pistorius L, Smuts I. Response to 'Commentary on the published position statement regarding the pathogenesis of fetal basal ganglia- thalamic hypoxic-ischaemic injury' (Anthony et al.). S Afr Med J 2023; 114:10-12. [PMID: 38525610 DOI: 10.7196/samj.2024.v114i1.1844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I Bhorat
- Subdepartment of Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - E Buchmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - K Frank
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - P Soma-Pillay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - E Nicolaou
- Division of Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - L Pistorius
- Division of Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - I Smuts
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Hu L, Katz ES, Stamoulis C. Modulatory effects of fMRI acquisition time of day, week and year on adolescent functional connectomes across spatial scales: Implications for inference. Neuroimage 2023; 284:120459. [PMID: 37977408 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic, hormonal, autonomic and physiological rhythms may have a significant impact on cerebral hemodynamics and intrinsic brain synchronization measured with fMRI (the resting-state connectome). The impact of their characteristic time scales (hourly, circadian, seasonal), and consequently scan timing effects, on brain topology in inherently heterogeneous developing connectomes remains elusive. In a cohort of 4102 early adolescents with resting-state fMRI (median age = 120.0 months; 53.1 % females) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, this study investigated associations between scan time-of-day, time-of-week (school day vs weekend) and time-of-year (school year vs summer vacation) and topological properties of resting-state connectomes at multiple spatial scales. On average, participants were scanned around 2 pm, primarily during school days (60.9 %), and during the school year (74.6 %). Scan time-of-day was negatively correlated with multiple whole-brain, network-specific and regional topological properties (with the exception of a positive correlation with modularity), primarily of visual, dorsal attention, salience, frontoparietal control networks, and the basal ganglia. Being scanned during the weekend (vs a school day) was correlated with topological differences in the hippocampus and temporoparietal networks. Being scanned during the summer vacation (vs the school year) was consistently positively associated with multiple topological properties of bilateral visual, and to a lesser extent somatomotor, dorsal attention and temporoparietal networks. Time parameter interactions suggested that being scanned during the weekend and summer vacation enhanced the positive effects of being scanned in the morning. Time-of-day effects were overall small but spatially extensive, and time-of-week and time-of-year effects varied from small to large (Cohen's f ≤ 0.1, Cohen's d<0.82, p < 0.05). Together, these parameters were also positively correlated with temporal fMRI signal variability but only in the left hemisphere. Finally, confounding effects of scan time parameters on relationships between connectome properties and cognitive task performance were assessed using the ABCD neurocognitive battery. Although most relationships were unaffected by scan time parameters, their combined inclusion eliminated associations between properties of visual and somatomotor networks and performance in the Matrix Reasoning and Pattern Comparison Processing Speed tasks. Thus, scan time of day, week and year may impact measurements of adolescent brain's functional circuits, and should be accounted for in studies on their associations with cognitive performance, in order to reduce the probability of incorrect inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eliot S Katz
- Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Catherine Stamoulis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Mackenzie G, Summers D, Mackenzie J, Knight R. Diagnostic accuracy of diffusion-weighted imaging in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neuroradiology 2023; 65:1715-1727. [PMID: 37831099 PMCID: PMC10654212 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-023-03230-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study sought to investigate the diagnostic sensitivity of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), a prion disease with significant public health implications on account of its transmissibility. The importance of this research stemmed from the first neuropathologically confirmed vCJD case in a PRNP heterozygous individual in 2016, which displayed DWI features typical of sporadic CJD (sCJD). The case was classified as 'probable' sCJD in life, predominantly based on these imaging findings. While DWI has proven valuable in diagnosing sCJD, its utility in vCJD diagnosis remains unclear. METHODS DWI and Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images from probable and definite vCJD cases referred to the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit (NCJDRSU) were independently analysed by an expert neuroradiologist. Scans were reviewed within a mixed cohort of CJD cases including definite sCJD and non-CJD controls. RESULTS FLAIR sequences demonstrated greater sensitivity in identifying the pulvinar sign in vCJD compared to DWI (73% vs 41%, p-value <0.001). Basal ganglia hyperintensities were more prevalent in DWI (84%) than FLAIR (64%), and cortical hyperintensities were exclusive to DWI (24%). The pulvinar sign showed a specificity of 98% for vCJD and was rare in sCJD. CONCLUSION DWI showed reduced sensitivity compared to FLAIR imaging in detecting the pulvinar sign in vCJD. Conversely, DWI can more distinctively identify basal ganglia and cortical hyperintensities, thus leading to imaging patterns more characteristic of sCJD. Therefore, DWI should be cautiously interpreted in vCJD diagnosis, with axial FLAIR potentially providing a more precise evaluation of the pulvinar sign.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mackenzie
- National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - D Summers
- Department of Neuroradiology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Mackenzie
- National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R Knight
- National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Fontana HJ, Mazzucco J, Lescano S. The anterior perforated substance (APS) revisited: Commented anatomical and imagenological views. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3029. [PMID: 38010896 PMCID: PMC10726791 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since 2002, when we published our article about the anterior perforated substance (APS), the knowledge about the region has grown enormously. OBJECTIVE To make a better description of the anatomy of the zone with new dissection material added to the previous, to sustain the anatomical analysis of the MRI employing the SPACE sequence, interacting with our imagenology colleagues. Especially, we aim to identify and topographically localize by MRI the principal structures in APS-substantia innominata (SI). METHOD The presentation follows various steps: (1) location and boundaries of the zone and its neighboring areas; (2) schematic description of the region with simple outlines; (3) cursory revision of the SI and its three systems; (4) serial images of the dissections of the zone and its vessels, illustrated and completed when possible, by MRI images of a voluntary experimental subject (ES). RESULTS With this method, we could expose most of the structures of the region anatomically and imagenologically. DISCUSSION The zone can be approached for dissection with magnification and the habitual microsurgical instruments with satisfactory results. We think that fibers in this region should be followed by other anatomical methods in addition to tractography. The principal structures of ventral striopallidum and extended amygdala (EA) can be identified with the SPACE sequence. The amygdala and the basal ganglion of Meynert (BGM) are easily confused because of their similar signal. Anatomical clues can orient the clinician about the different clusters of the BGM in MRI. CONCLUSIONS The dissection requires a previous knowledge of the zone and a good amount of patience. The APS is a little space where concentrate essential vessels for the telencephalon, "en passage" or perforating, and neural structures of relevant functional import. From anatomical and MRI points of view, both neural and vascular structures follow a harmonious and topographically describable plan. The SPACE MRI sequence has proved to be a useful tool for identifying different structures in this area as the striatopallidal and EA. Anatomical knowledge of the fibers helps in the search of clusters of the basal ganglion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Mazzucco
- Instituto ARGUS de Diagnóstico por ImágenesBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Sebastián Lescano
- ARGUS Diagnóstico por Imágenes CNS imagenologistBuenos AiresArgentina
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Hirsch F, Wohlschlaeger A. Subcortical influences on the topology of cortical networks align with functional processing hierarchies. Neuroimage 2023; 283:120417. [PMID: 37866758 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
fMRI of the human brain reveals spatiotemporal patterns of functional connectivity (FC), forming distinct cortical networks. Lately, subcortical contributions to these configurations are receiving renewed interest, but investigations rarely focus explicitly on their effects on cortico-cortical FC. Here, we employ a straightforward multivariable approach and graph-theoretic tools to assess subcortical impact on topological features of cortical networks. Given recent evidence showing that structures like the thalamus and basal ganglia integrate input from multiple networks, we expect increased segregation between cortical networks after removal of subcortical effects on their FC patterns. We analyze resting state data of young and healthy participants (male and female; N = 100) from the human connectome project. We find that overall, the cortical network architecture becomes less segregated, and more integrated, when subcortical influences are accounted for. Underlying these global effects are the following trends: 'Transmodal' systems become more integrated with the rest of the network, while 'unimodal' networks show the opposite effect. For single nodes this hierarchical organization is reflected by a close correspondence with the spatial layout of the principal gradient of FC (Margulies et al., 2016). Lastly, we show that the limbic system is significantly less coherent with subcortical influences removed. The findings are validated in a (split-sample) replication dataset. Our results provide new insight regarding the interplay between subcortex and cortical networks, by putting the integrative impact of subcortex in the context of macroscale patterns of cortical organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Hirsch
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum R.d.Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany.
| | - Afra Wohlschlaeger
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum R.d.Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
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Wang H, Zhan X, Xu J, Yu M, Guo Z, Zhou G, Ren J, Zhang R, Liu W. Disrupted topologic efficiency of brain functional connectome in de novo Parkinson's disease with depression. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:4371-4383. [PMID: 37857484 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence supports that depression in Parkinson's disease (PD) depends on disruptions in specific neural networks rather than regional dysfunction. According to the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data, the study attempted to decipher the alterations in the topological properties of brain networks in de novo depression in PD (DPD). The study also explored the neural network basis for depressive symptoms in PD. We recruited 20 DPD, 37 non-depressed PD and 41 healthy controls (HC). The Graph theory and network-based statistical methods helped analyse the topological properties of brain functional networks and anomalous subnetworks across these groups. The relationship between altered properties and depression severity was also investigated. DPD revealed significantly reduced nodal efficiency in the left superior temporal gyrus. Additionally, DPD decreased five hubs, primarily located in the temporal-occipital cortex, and increased seven hubs, mainly distributed in the limbic cortico-basal ganglia circuit. The betweenness centrality of the left Medio Ventral Occipital Cortex was positively associated with depressive scores in DPD. In contrast to HC, DPD had a multi-connected subnetwork with significantly lower connectivity, primarily distributed in the visual, somatomotor, dorsal attention and default networks. Regional topological disruptions in the temporal-occipital region are critical in the DPD neurological mechanism. It might suggest a potential network biomarker among newly diagnosed DPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Neurology, Lianyungang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianxia Xu
- Department of Neurology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiying Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gaiyan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingru Ren
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ronggui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Guzulaitis R, Palmer LM. A thalamocortical pathway controlling impulsive behavior. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:1018-1024. [PMID: 37778915 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Planning and anticipating motor actions enables movements to be quickly and accurately executed. However, if anticipation is not properly controlled, it can lead to premature impulsive actions. Impulsive behavior is defined as actions that are poorly conceived and are often risky and inappropriate. Historically, impulsive behavior was thought to be primarily controlled by the frontal cortex and basal ganglia. More recently, two additional brain regions, the ventromedial (VM) thalamus and the anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM), have been shown to have an important role in mice. Here, we explore this newly discovered role of the thalamocortical pathway and suggest cellular mechanisms that may be involved in driving the cortical activity that contributes to impulsive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucy M Palmer
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Lima MMS, Targa ADS, Dos Santos Lima GZ, Cavarsan CF, Torterolo P. Macro and micro-sleep dysfunctions as translational biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. Int Rev Neurobiol 2023; 174:187-209. [PMID: 38341229 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent among patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and often appear from the early-phase disease or prodromal stages. In this chapter, we will discuss the current evidence addressing the links between sleep dysfunctions in PD, focusing most closely on those data from animal and mathematical/computational models, as well as in human-based studies that explore the electrophysiological and molecular mechanisms by which PD and sleep may be intertwined, whether as predictors or consequences of the disease. It is possible to clearly state that leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) is significantly related to alterations in sleep architecture, particularly affecting rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM sleep, thus impacting sleep quality. Also, decreases in gamma power, observed after dopaminergic lesions, correlates negatively with the degree of injury, which brings other levels of understanding the impacts of the disease. Besides, abnormal synchronized oscillations among basal ganglia nuclei can be detrimental for information processing considering both motor and sleep-related processes. Altogether, despite clear advances in the field, it is still difficult to definitely establish a comprehensive understanding of causality among all the sleep dysfunctions with the disease itself. Although, certainly, the search for biomarkers is helping in shortening this road towards a better and faster diagnosis, as well as looking for more efficient treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo M S Lima
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Adriano D S Targa
- CIBER of Respiratory diseases (CIBERES), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Translational Research in Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova-Santa Maria, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Gustavo Z Dos Santos Lima
- Science and Technology School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Clarissa F Cavarsan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Pablo Torterolo
- Laboratory of Sleep Neurobiology, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Kaas J, Stepniewska I. The basal ganglia are a target for sensorimotor domains in posterior parietal, premotor, and motor cortex in primates. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 83:102783. [PMID: 37734361 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Our research focused on defining and characterizing parieto-frontal circuits for specific actions in primates. Part of the posterior parietal cortex is divided into eight or more domains where electrical stimulation evokes a meaningful complex movement. Domains in the posterior parietal cortex compete with each other over excitatory connections that activate inhibitory neurons, while selectively activating functionally matched domains in the premotor cortex and motor cortex. Thus, the selection process involves competition and cooperation between domains over three different regions of cortex. In addition, projections from functionally matched domains in motor regions converge in the matrix of the striatum, whereas projections from different functionally unmatched domains are separate. Thus, the projections of action-specific domains include the basal ganglia, where actions can be permitted or blocked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Kaas
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 301 Wilson Hall, Nashville TN 37240, USA.
| | - Iwona Stepniewska
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 301 Wilson Hall, Nashville TN 37240, USA
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