1
|
Nutritional and pharmacological importance of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.): A review. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09717. [PMID: 35800714 PMCID: PMC9253158 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) is a wild herbaceous perennial blooming plant that is commonly known as stinging nettle. It’s a common, multi-purpose crop that’s sometimes overlooked. Europe, Asia, North Africa, and North America are all home to stinging nettle. It is a plant that’s edible and has nutritional and medicinal properties. Young leaves can be used to make curries, herb soups, and sour soups. The root of the stinging nettle is used to treat mictional difficulties associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia, while the leaves are used to treat arthritis, rheumatism, and allergic rhinitis. Its leaves are abundant in fiber, minerals, vitamins, and antioxidant compounds like polyphenols and carotenoids, as well as antioxidant compounds like polyphenols and carotenoids. Stinging nettle has antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-infectious, hypotensive, and antiulcer characteristics, as well as the ability to prevent cardiovascular disease, in all parts of the plant (leaves, stems, roots, and seeds). Stinging nettle improves fish reproductive performance, making it a cost-effective aquaculture plant. Fertilizer and insecticides can be made from the plants. This review examines the nutritional and pharmacological aspects of stinging nettle, as well as its possible health advantages. Scientists, farmers, and academicians interested in stinging nettle collecting, cultivation, research, and development would find this review useful.
Collapse
|
2
|
Milosevic B, Omerovic I, Savic Z, Andjusic L, Milanovic V, Ciric S. Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) in broiler nutrition. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1963645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Milosevic
- Faculty Of Agriculture Kosovska Mitrovica, University Of Pristina, Pristina, Serbia
| | - I. Omerovic
- State University Of Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, Serbia
| | - Z. Savic
- Faculty Of Agriculture Kosovska Mitrovica, University Of Pristina, Pristina, Serbia
| | - L. Andjusic
- Faculty Of Agriculture Kosovska Mitrovica, University Of Pristina, Pristina, Serbia
| | - V. Milanovic
- Faculty Of Agriculture Kosovska Mitrovica, University Of Pristina, Pristina, Serbia
| | - S. Ciric
- Faculty Of Agriculture Kosovska Mitrovica, University Of Pristina, Pristina, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khajuria AK, Manhas RK, Kumar H, Bisht NS. Ethnobotanical study of traditionally used medicinal plants of Pauri district of Uttarakhand, India. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 276:114204. [PMID: 34000367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants is important part of primary health care system in almost every society, especially the far-flung areas. These areas, one of the last storehouses of traditional knowledge are under the constant threat of losing this valuable information as it moves from one generation to another through word of mouth. Modernization, migration, education, and changing socio-economic status of people also affect the perpetuality of traditional knowledge. Therefore, time-to-time updation of information regarding the ethnomedicinal plants must be carried out so that any addition to the traditional knowledge is recorded and further phytochemical and pharmacological studies may be conducted for developing new drugs. AIM OF THE STUDY The study aimed at documenting the traditional knowledge and practices about the medicinal plants used by the inhabitants of Pauri district of Uttarakhand. Besides, the study strives to identify plants for future phytochemical and pharmacological studies. MATERIAL AND METHODS The information was collected through semi-structured questionnaire from 98 informants distributed in 15 villages of Pauri. The data was analyzed for use-reports (UR), frequency of citation (FC) and informant consensus factor (FIC). RESULTS In the present study, total 236 species belonging to 80 families and 188 genera were found to treat 82 ailments. Asteraceae (23 species), Rosaceae (16 species) and Lamiaceae (13 species) were the most represented families. Correlation and regression analysis between the local flora and present study reveals that Poaceae, Fabaceae, and Asteraceae were the main outlier species having more representatives in local flora than medicinally important species. Herbs (57.2%) were the most frequently used life forms, and leaves (24.5%) the most commonly utilized plant parts. All the plants were collected from the natural resources and none of them was under cultivation. Nearly 76% of the total drugs were administered orally. The informants divulged 1556 use-reports. The most utilized species based on frequency of citation were Urtica dioica L. (44), Bergenia ciliata Haworth (38), Viola canescens Wall. (38), Rhododendron arboretum Smith (32), and Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (30). All the disorders were grouped into 13 ailment categories based on ICPC-2 classification. The main ailment categories as per Informant Consensus Factor (FIC) were digestive (FIC, 0.83), urological (FIC, 0.83) and cardiovascular (FIC, 0.81) disorders. A comparative analysis between the present and other local and regional studies show that as many as 13 species were new record for the state of Uttarakhand. CONCLUSION The inhabitants of Pauri have good knowledge of medicinal plants. Although the therapeutic value of most of the preferred medicinal plants has already been validated, some medicinal plants lack proper scientific validation. We recommend further phytochemical investigations and pharmacological validations of Begonia picta Smith, Citrus pseudolimon Tanka, Cotoneaster rotundifolia Wall., Heracleum canescens Lindl., Parochetus communis Buch-Ham., Pittosporum napaulense DC., and Plantago erosa Wall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Khajuria
- Department of Botany, HNB Garhwal University, Campus Pauri, Pauri Garhwal, 246001, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - R K Manhas
- Department of Botany, Government Degree College, Basohli, 184201, Jammu & Kashmir, India.
| | - Harish Kumar
- Department of Botany, HNB Garhwal University, Campus Pauri, Pauri Garhwal, 246001, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - N S Bisht
- Department of Botany, HNB Garhwal University, Campus Pauri, Pauri Garhwal, 246001, Uttarakhand, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Uyar A, Doğan A, Yaman T, Keleş ÖF, Yener Z, Çelik İ, Alkan EE. The Protective Role of Urtica dioica Seed Extract Against Azoxymethane-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Rats. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:306-319. [PMID: 33560145 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1881568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective role of Urtica dioica seed (UDS) extract against azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Thirty-two male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: Control, AOM, AOM + UDS, and UDS. The AOM and AOM + UDS groups were induced by AOM (15 mg/kg body weight) subcutaneously once a week for 10 weeks. AOM + UDS and UDS groups additionally received fed with pellets included 30 ml/kg UDS extract. At the end of the trial, blood and colon tissue samples were taken from the rats following necropsy. The gross and histopathological findings revealed that the administration of UDS extract significantly decreased lesions including aberrant cript foci, adenoma, and adenocarcinoma formation both numerically and dimensionally. Immunohistochemically, slight CEA and COX-2, strong Caspase-3 immune-expressions were detected in the group AOM + UDS compared to AOM group. Biochemical examinations indicated that a markedly increase in the malondialdehyde and fluctuated antioxidant defense system constituents levels such as reduced glutathione, glutathione s-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase were restored in AOM + UDS group. These results reveal that the UDS may act as a chemopreventive dietary agent, inducing apoptosis, resulting in a significant reduction of colon carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Uyar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Abdulahad Doğan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Turan Yaman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Ömer Faruk Keleş
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Zabit Yener
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - İsmail Çelik
- Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Elif Ebru Alkan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kargozar R, Salari R, Jarahi L, Yousefi M, Pourhoseini SA, Sahebkar-Khorasani M, Azizi H. Urtica dioica in comparison with placebo and acupuncture: A new possibility for menopausal hot flashes: A randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Med 2019; 44:166-173. [PMID: 31126551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of Urtica dioica in comparison with placebo, acupuncture and combined therapy on hot flashes and quality of life in postmenopausal women. METHODS In a double-blinded randomized controlled trial, patients were treated for 7 weeks then followed up 4 weeks. Seventy-two postmenopausal women who reported at least 20 hot flashes attacks per week were randomly allocated into one of the 4 groups of Urtica dioica 450 mg/day and acupuncture 11 sessions (A), acupuncture and placebo (B), sham acupuncture and Urtica dioica (C), and sham acupuncture and placebo (D). The primary outcomes were the change in hot flashes score from baseline to the end of treatment and follow up; and the change in the quality of life (MENQOL) from baseline to the end of treatment. Secondary outcomes included changes in FSH, LH, and ESTRADIOL levels from baseline to the end of treatment. The trial was conducted from October 2017 to July 2018 in Acupuncture clinic of a teaching hospital in Iran. RESULTS A total of 72 women 45-60 years old were enrolled, and 68 were included in the analyses. The median (IQR) hot flashes score decreased in the A group by 20.2 (31.7) and 21.1 (25.1), B group by 19 (18) and 17.3 (27), C group by 14.6 (25.4) and 20.8 (13), and D group by 1.6 (11.6) and 1 (13.3) at the end of treatment and follow up (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001); no significant difference between A, B and C groups. The mean (SD) of MENQOL score decreased in the A group by 42.6 (21.1), B group by 40.7 (29.8), C group by 37.8 (26.8) and D group by 9.8 (14.3) at the end of treatment (P = 0.001); no significant difference between A, B and C groups. CONCLUSIONS Urtica dioica can decrease menopausal hot flashes and increase the quality of life of postmenopausal women better than placebo-sham control but same as acupuncture. The combination of Urtica dioica and acupuncture did not add to the effects of those therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahele Kargozar
- School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Roshanak Salari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Lida Jarahi
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Yousefi
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Azam Pourhoseini
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Hoda Azizi
- Department of Chinese and Complementary Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Samih M, Ahami AOT. Effects of Nettle on Locomotor Activity and Anxiety Behavior in Male Wistar Rats After Pesticide Intoxication. Pak J Biol Sci 2019; 22:196-200. [PMID: 31930821 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2019.196.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The nettle is an herbaceous plant belonging to the family of Urticaceae that has been used for centuries against a variety of diseases. Thanks to its high content of nutriments and bioactive compounds. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the curative effect of nettle decoction on dimethoate-induced changes in locomotors activity and anxiety reaction in male rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS This experiment was conducted in two stages with 60 healthy male rats that were divided into three groups of 20 rats A, B and C. In the first phase, the treatment groups B and C received dimethoate dissolved in corn oil by gavage at a dose of 100 mg kg-1 b.wt., for 5 weeks. During the same period, the control group A received corn oil. Locomotors activity was controlled by the Open Field (OF), anxiogenic behavior was verified by the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM). For the second phase the group A had kept its control position, the group B was maintained without any treatment to remind the extent of intoxication and was served as second control. Group C received a nettle decoction of 2 mL 100 mg-1 b.wt., for 30 days. RESULTS The result showed that at the open field level, dimethoate decreased significantly both of the total number of squares crossed by intoxicated rats and the number of elevations. At the EPM level, dimethoate decreased both of the time spent in open arms and the number of entries into the open arms. These results reveal that dimethoate affects the anxiety and mobility of intoxicated rats. On the other hand, the use of nettle decoction as a treatment significantly improved the anxiety level and motor activity of poisoned rats. CONCLUSION Dimethoate has an anxiogenic effect on intoxicated rats, as well as a remarkable decrease in their locomotor activity. The use of nettle decoction as a treatment has significantly improved dimethoate induced behavioral and motor disorders.
Collapse
|
7
|
Pulling the sting out of nettle systematics - A comprehensive phylogeny of the genus Urtica L. (Urticaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 102:9-19. [PMID: 27211697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The genus Urtica L. is subcosmopolitan, found on all continents (except Antarctica) and most extratropical islands and ranges from Alaska to Patagonia, Spitzbergen to the Cape and Camtschatka to the subantarctic islands. However, throughout its geographical range morphologically nearly indistinguishable species are found alongside morphologically quite disparate species, with the overall diversity of morphological characters extremely limited. The systematics of Urtica have puzzled scientists for the past 200years and no single comprehensive attempt at understanding infrageneric relationships has been published in the past, nor are species delimitations unequivocally established. We here provide the first comprehensive phylogeny of the genus including 61 of the 63 species recognized, represented by 144 ingroup accessions and 14 outgroup taxa. The markers ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, psbA-trnH intergenic spacer, trnL-trnF and trnS-trnG are used. The phylogeny is well resolved. The eastern Asian Zhengyia shennongensis T. Deng, D.G. Zhang & H. Sun is retrieved as sister to Urtica. Within Urtica, a clade comprising the western Eurasian species U. pilulifera L. and U. neubaueri Chrtek is sister to all other species of the genus. The phylogenetic analyses retrieve numerous well-supported clades, suggesting previously unsuspected relationships and implying that classically used taxonomic characters such as leaf morphology and growth habit are highly homoplasious. Species delimitation is problematical, and several accessions assigned to Urtica dioica L. (as subspecies) are retrieved in widely different places in the phylogeny. The genus seems to have undergone numerous dispersal-establishment events both between continents and onto different islands. Three recent species radiations are inferred, one in America centered in the Andes, one in New Zealand, and one in northern Eurasia which includes Urtica dioica s.str. sensu Henning et al. (2014). The present study provides the basis of a critical re-examination of species limits and taxonomy, but also of the dispersal ecology of this widespread plant group and an in-depth study of the three clades with recent radiations.
Collapse
|
8
|
Uyar A, Yener Z, Dogan A. Protective effects ofUrtica dioicaseed extract in aflatoxicosis: histopathological and biochemical findings. Br Poult Sci 2016; 57:235-45. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2015.1129664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
9
|
Joshi BC, Prakash A, Kalia AN. Hepatoprotective potential of antioxidant potent fraction from Urtica dioica Linn. (whole plant) in CCl 4 challenged rats. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:1101-1110. [PMID: 28962451 PMCID: PMC5598394 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to isolate hepatoprotective component from Urtica dioica Linn. (whole plant) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in-vitro (HepG2 cells) and in-vivo (rats) model. Antioxidant activity of hydro alcoholic extract and its fractions petroleum ether fraction (PEF), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), n-butanol fraction (NBF) and aqueous fraction (AF) were determined by DPPH and NO radicals scavenging assay. Fractions were subjected to in-vitro HepG2 cell line study. Further, the most potent fraction (EAF) was subjected to in-vivo hepatoprotective potential against CCl4 challenged rats. The in-vivo hepatoprotective active fraction was chromatographed on silica column to isolate the bioactive constituent(s). Structure elucidation was done by using various spectrophotometric techniques like UV, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and MS spectroscopy. Ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) of hydro-alcoholic extract of U. dioica possessed the potent antioxidant activity viz. DPPH (IC50 78.99 ± 0.17 μg/ml) and NO (IC50101.39 ± 0.30 μg/ml). The in-vitro HepG2 cell line study showed that the EAF prevented the cell damage. The EAF significantly attenuated the increased liver enzymes activities in serum and oxidative parameters in tissue of CCl4-induced rats, suggesting hepatoprotective and anti-oxidant action respectively. Column chromatography of most potent antioxidant fraction (EAF) lead to the isolation of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy cinnamic acid (ferulic acid) which is responsible for its hepatoprotective potential. Hence, the present study suggests that EAF of hydro-alcoholic extract has significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential on CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in-vitro and in-vivo.
Collapse
Key Words
- AF, aqueous fraction
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- Antioxidant
- CAT, catalase
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- EAF, ethyl acetate fraction
- Ferulic acid
- GSH, glutathione
- HepG2 cell line
- HepG2, human hepatocellular carcinoma cells
- Hepatoprotective
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NBF, n-butanol fraction
- OD, optical density
- PEF, petroleum ether fraction
- SGOT, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase
- SGPT, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase
- UD, Urtica dioica
- Urtica dioica Linn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Atish Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
| | - Ajudhia N Kalia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Badhani, Punjab 145001, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Binaii M, Ghiasi M, Farabi SMV, Pourgholam R, Fazli H, Safari R, Alavi SE, Taghavi MJ, Bankehsaz Z. Biochemical and hemato-immunological parameters in juvenile beluga (Huso huso) following the diet supplemented with nettle (Urtica dioica). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 36:46-51. [PMID: 24516872 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of different dietary nettle (Urtica dioica) levels on biochemical, hematological and immunological parameters in beluga (Huso huso). Fish were divided into 4 groups before being fed for 8 weeks with 0%, 3%, 6% and 12% of nettle. The blood samples were collected on week 4 and 8. The use of nettle did not significantly change the mean cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin, lymphocytes, eosinophils, albumin, glucose, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and lysozyme activity on week 4 and 8. After 4 weeks, the total red blood cell (RBC) and hematocrit (Ht) showed a significant increase in 12% nettle group compared to the 3% nettle and control groups but haemoglobin (Hb) had a significant change in 12% nettle compared to the control. At the same time was not found a significant change in the mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), total white blood cell (WBC), neutrophils, respiratory burst activity (RB), total immunoglobulin (Ig) and total protein (TP), triglyceride (Tri) and cholesterol (Chol). After 8 weeks, the fish treated with nettle exhibited significantly increase in neutrophil and Hb levels compared to the control and between treatment groups, 12% nettle group shown the highest Hb while RBC and Hct values significantly rose in fish fed by 12% compared to the control. Supplementing 6% and 12% nettle increased the WBC and MCHC compared to the other groups. The group fed 12% showed a highly significant difference in RB, TP and Ig after 8 weeks. However, Tri and Chol were significantly decreased in the juvenile beluga fed by the 6% and 12% nettle diet compared to the other groups. The results suggest that by using this herb there will be an improvement in hemato-biochemical parameters and immune function of juvenile beluga.
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Khare V, Kushwaha P, Verma S, Gupta A, Srivastava S, Rawat AKS. Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity of <i>Urtica dioica</i> L. Chin Med 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/cm.2012.33021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
13
|
Özcan M, Akbulut M. Estimation of minerals, nitrate and nitrite contents of medicinal and aromatic plants used as spices, condiments and herbal tea. Food Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|