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Oerlemans RAF, Shao J, van Stevendaal MHME, Wu H, Patiño Padial T, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Hest JCM. Biodegradable Grubbs-Loaded Artificial Organelles for Endosomal Ring-Closing Metathesis. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4148-4155. [PMID: 37589683 PMCID: PMC10498438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The application of transition-metal catalysts in living cells presents a promising approach to facilitate reactions that otherwise would not occur in nature. However, the usage of metal complexes is often restricted by their limited biocompatibility, toxicity, and susceptibility to inactivation and loss of activity by the cell's defensive mechanisms. This is especially relevant for ruthenium-mediated reactions, such as ring-closing metathesis. In order to address these issues, we have incorporated the second-generation Hoveyda-Grubbs catalyst (HGII) into polymeric vesicles (polymersomes), which were composed of biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(caprolactone-g-trimethylene carbonate) [PEG-b-P(CL-g-TMC)] block copolymers. The catalyst was either covalently or non-covalently introduced into the polymersome membrane. These polymersomes were able to act as artificial organelles that promote endosomal ring-closing metathesis for the intracellular generation of a fluorescent dye. This is the first example of the use of a polymersome-based artificial organelle with an active ruthenium catalyst for carbon-carbon bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A.
J. F. Oerlemans
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for
Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jingxin Shao
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for
Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen H. M. E. van Stevendaal
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for
Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hanglong Wu
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for
Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tania Patiño Padial
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for
Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for
Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for
Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Chrzanowska M, Katafias A, van Eldik R, Conradie J. Electronic effects on the mechanism of the NAD + coenzyme reduction catalysed by a non-organometallic ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl amine complex in the presence of formate. RSC Adv 2022; 12:21191-21202. [PMID: 35975079 PMCID: PMC9341502 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01890j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, electronic effects on the mechanism of the NAD+ coenzyme reduction in the presence of formate, catalysed by a non-organometallic ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl amine complex, were investigated. The [RuII(terpy)(ampy)Cl]Cl (terpy = 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine, ampy = 2-(aminomethyl)pyridine) complex was employed as the catalyst. The reactions were studied in a water/ethanol mixture as a function of formate, catalyst, and NAD+ concentrations at 37 °C. The overall process was found to be 11 to 18 times slower than for the corresponding ethylenediamine (en) complex as the result of π-back bonding effects of the ampy ligand. The mechanistic studies revealed a complete set of reactions that accounted for the overall catalytic cycle based on a formate-induced hydride transfer reaction to form the reduced coenzyme, NADH. The geometries of the ruthenium(ii)-ampy complexes involved in the catalytic cycle and free energy changes for the main steps were predicted by DFT calculations. Similar calculations were also performed for the analogues ruthenium(ii)-en and ruthenium(ii)-bipy complexes (bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine). The DFT calculated energies show that both the solvent-formato exchange and the formato-hydrido conversion reactions have negative (favourable) energies to proceed spontaneously. The reactions involving the en complex have the more negative (favourable) reaction energies, followed by the ampy complex, in agreement with faster reactions for en complexes and slower reactions for bipy complexes than for ampy complexes. The graphical abstract represents the overall catalytic cycle in which the non-organometallic Ru(ii) formato complex releases CO2 and transfers hydride to NAD+ to form NADH coenzyme.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Chrzanowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Gagarina 7 87-100 Toruń Poland
| | - Anna Katafias
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Gagarina 7 87-100 Toruń Poland
| | - Rudi van Eldik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Gagarina 7 87-100 Toruń Poland .,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State Bloemfontein 9300 Republic of South Africa .,Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway N-9037 Tromsø Norway
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Novel Nickel(II), Palladium(II), and Platinum(II) Complexes with O, S Bidendate Cinnamic Acid Ester Derivatives: An In Vitro Cytotoxic Comparison to Ruthenium(II) and Osmium(II) Analogues. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126669. [PMID: 35743112 PMCID: PMC9224311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Since the discovery of cisplatin’s cytotoxic properties, platinum(II) compounds have attracted much interest in the field of anticancer drug development. Over the last few years, classical structure−activity relationships (SAR) have been broken by some promising new compounds based on platinum or other metals. We focus on the synthesis and characterization of 17 different complexes with β-hydroxydithiocinnamic acid esters as O,S bidendate ligands for nickel(II), palladium(II), and platinum(II) complexes. (2) Methods: The bidendate compounds were synthesized and characterized using classical methods including NMR spectroscopy, MS spectrometry, elemental analysis, and X-ray crystallography, and their cytotoxic potential was assessed using in vitro cell culture assays. Data were compared with other recently reported platinum(II), ruthenium(II), and osmium(II) complexes based on the same main ligand system. (3) Results: SAR analyses regarding the metal ion (M), and the alkyl-chain position (P) and length (L), revealed the following order of the effect strength for in vitro activity: M > P > L. The highest activities have Pd complexes and ortho-substituted compounds. Specific palladium(II) complexes show lower IC50 values compared to cisplatin, are able to elude cisplatin resistance mechanisms, and show a higher cancer cell specificity. (4) Conclusion: A promising new palladium(II) candidate (Pd3) should be evaluated in further studies using in vivo model systems, and the identified SARs may help to target platinum-resistant tumors.
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Abstract
A major problem with patient treatments using anticancer compounds is accompanying bacterial infections, which makes more information on how such compounds impact bacterial growth desirable. In the following study, we investigated the growth effects of an anticancerous non-toxic Schiff base oxidovanadium(V) complex (N-(salicylideneaminato)-N′-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine) coordinated to the 3,5-di-tert-butylcatecholato ligand on a representative bacterium, Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smeg). We prepared the Schiff base V-complexes as reported previously and selected a few complexes to develop a V-complex series. Biological studies of M. smeg growth inhibition were complemented by spectroscopic studies using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and NMR spectroscopy to determine which complexes were intact under biologically relevant conditions. We specifically chose to examine (1) the growth effects of Schiff base oxidovanadium complexes coordinated to a catechol, (2) the growth effects of respective free catecholates on M. smeg, and (3) to identify complexes where the metal coordination complex was more potent than the ligand alone under biological conditions. Results from these studies showed that the observed effects of Schiff base V-catecholate complex are a combination of catechol properties including toxicity, hydrophobicity, and sterics.
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Shen YH, Esper AM, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Schanze KS, Ehm C, Veige AS. SPAAC iClick: progress towards a bioorthogonal reaction in-corporating metal ions. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12681-12691. [PMID: 34545891 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02626g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Combining strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) and inorganic click (iClick) reactivity provides access to metal 1,2,3-triazolates. Experimental and computational insights demonstrate that iClick reactivity of the tested metal azides (LM-N3, M = Au, W, Re, Ru and Pt) depends on the accessibility of the azide functionality rather than electronic effects imparted by the metal. SPAAC iClick reactivity with cyclooctyne is observed when the azide functionality is sterically unencumbered, e.g. [Au(N3)(PPh3)] (Au-N3), [W(η3-allyl)(N3)(bpy)(CO)2] (W-N3), and [Re(N3)(bpy)(CO)3] [bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine] (Re-N3). Increased steric bulk and/or preequilibria with high activation barriers prevent SPAAC iClick reactivity for the complexes [Ru(N3)(Tp)(PPh3)2] [Tp = tris(pyrazolyl)borate] (Ru-N3), [Pt(N3)(CH3)(PiPr3)2] [iPr = isopropyl] (Pt(II)-N3), and [Pt(N3)(CH3)3]4 ((PtN3)4). Based on these computational insights, the SPAAC iClick reactivity of [Pt(N3)(CH3)3(P(CH3)3)2] (Pt(IV)-N3) was successfully predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Shen
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Alec M Esper
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Khalil A Abboud
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Chemistry, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Adam S Veige
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Melounková L, Syková M, Jirásko R, Jambor R, Havelek R, Peterová E, Honzíček J, Vinklárek J. Heterobimetallic platinum( ii) complexes with increased cytotoxicity against ovarian cancer cell lines. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03533a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Two series of heterobimetallic compounds were prepared from the starting complex [cis-L2PtCl2] containing an aminophosphine ligand (L = 2,6-iPr2-C6H3-NHPPh2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Melounková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Šimkova 870, 500 01 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Miriam Syková
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Jirásko
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Havelek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Šimkova 870, 500 01 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Peterová
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Šimkova 870, 500 01 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Honzíček
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Vinklárek
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Milheiro SA, Gonçalves J, Lopes RMRM, Madureira M, Lobo L, Lopes A, Nogueira F, Fontinha D, Prudêncio M, M Piedade MF, Pinto SN, Florindo PR, Moreira R. Half-Sandwich Cyclopentadienylruthenium(II) Complexes: A New Antimalarial Chemotype. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12722-12732. [PMID: 32838513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A small library of "half-sandwich" cyclopentadienylruthenium(II) compounds of the general formula [(η5-C5R5)Ru(PPh3)(N-N)][PF6], a scaffold hitherto absent from the toolbox of antiplasmodials, was screened for activity against the blood stage of CQ-sensitive 3D7-GFP, CQ-resistant Dd2, and artemisinin-resistant IPC5202 Plasmodium falciparum strains and the liver stage of Plasmodium berghei. The best-performing compounds displayed dual-stage activity, with single-digit nanomolar IC50 values against blood-stage malaria parasites, nanomolar activity against liver-stage parasites, and residual cytotoxicity against HepG2 and Huh7 mammalian cells. The parasitic absorption/distribution of 7-nitrobenzoxadiazole-appended fluorescent compounds Ru4 and Ru5 was investigated by confocal fluorescence microscopy, revealing parasite-selective absorption in infected erythrocytes and nuclear accumulation of both compounds. The lead compound Ru2 impaired asexual parasite differentiation, exhibiting fast parasiticidal activity against both ring and trophozoite stages of a synchronized culture of the P. falciparum 3D7 strain. These results point to cyclopentadienylruthenium(II) complexes as a highly promising chemotype for the development of dual-stage antiplasmodials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia A Milheiro
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Gonçalves
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo M R M Lopes
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Margarida Madureira
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lis Lobo
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Lopes
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fátima Nogueira
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diana Fontinha
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Fátima M Piedade
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.,Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra N Pinto
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro R Florindo
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Moreira
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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Frei A, Zuegg J, Elliott AG, Baker M, Braese S, Brown C, Chen F, G Dowson C, Dujardin G, Jung N, King AP, Mansour AM, Massi M, Moat J, Mohamed HA, Renfrew AK, Rutledge PJ, Sadler PJ, Todd MH, Willans CE, Wilson JJ, Cooper MA, Blaskovich MAT. Metal complexes as a promising source for new antibiotics. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2627-2639. [PMID: 32206266 PMCID: PMC7069370 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06460e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a dire need for new antimicrobial compounds to combat the growing threat of widespread antibiotic resistance. With a currently very scarce drug pipeline, consisting mostly of derivatives of known antibiotics, new classes of antibiotics are urgently required. Metal complexes are currently in clinical development for the treatment of cancer, malaria and neurodegenerative diseases. However, only little attention has been paid to their application as potential antimicrobial compounds. We report the evaluation of 906 metal-containing compounds that have been screened by the Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery (CO-ADD) for antimicrobial activity. Metal-bearing compounds display a significantly higher hit-rate (9.9%) when compared to the purely organic molecules (0.87%) in the CO-ADD database. Out of 906 compounds, 88 show activity against at least one of the tested strains, including fungi, while not displaying any cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines or haemolytic properties. Herein, we highlight the structures of the 30 compounds with activity against Gram-positive and/or Gram-negative bacteria containing Mn, Co, Zn, Ru, Ag, Eu, Ir and Pt, with activities down to the nanomolar range against methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). 23 of these complexes have not been reported for their antimicrobial properties before. This work reveals the vast diversity that metal-containing compounds can bring to antimicrobial research. It is important to raise awareness of these types of compounds for the design of truly novel antibiotics with potential for combatting antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Frei
- Centre for Superbug Solutions , Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia . ;
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Centre for Superbug Solutions , Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia . ;
| | - Alysha G Elliott
- Centre for Superbug Solutions , Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia . ;
| | - Murray Baker
- School of Molecular Sciences , The University of Western Australia , Stirling Highway , 6009 Perth , Australia
| | - Stefan Braese
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Christopher Brown
- School of Medical Sciences (Discipline of Pharmacology) , University of Sydney , Australia
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK
| | - Christopher G Dowson
- Antimicrobial Screening Facility , School of Life Sciences , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK
| | - Gilles Dujardin
- Institute of Molecules and Matter of Le Mans (IMMM) , UMR 6283 CNRS , Le Mans Université , France
| | - Nicole Jung
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - A Paden King
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , NY 14853 , USA
| | - Ahmed M Mansour
- Chemistry Department , Faculty of Science , Cairo University , Egypt
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences - Curtin Institute for Functional Materials and Interfaces , Curtin University , Kent Street , 6102 Bentley WA , Australia
| | - John Moat
- Antimicrobial Screening Facility , School of Life Sciences , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK
| | - Heba A Mohamed
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Woodhouse Lane , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK
| | - Anna K Renfrew
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Peter J Rutledge
- School of Medical Sciences (Discipline of Pharmacology) , University of Sydney , Australia
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK
| | - Matthew H Todd
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
- School of Pharmacy , University College London , London , WC1N 1AX , UK
| | - Charlotte E Willans
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Woodhouse Lane , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK
| | - Justin J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , NY 14853 , USA
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Centre for Superbug Solutions , Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia . ;
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Centre for Superbug Solutions , Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia . ;
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