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Pruschinski L, Kahnert SR, Herzberger C, Namyslo JC, Schmidt A. Studies on the Effect of Positive and Negative Charges on the 77Se NMR Shifts of Selenones and Selenenyls of N-heterocyclic Carbenes of Imidazolium-4,5-dicarboxylates. J Org Chem 2025; 90:2201-2213. [PMID: 39903042 PMCID: PMC11833865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c02581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2024] [Revised: 01/07/2025] [Accepted: 01/21/2025] [Indexed: 02/06/2025]
Abstract
1,3-Imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid derivatives were investigated with respect to the properties of the underlying N-heterocyclic carbenes. Their selenium adducts were prepared as diesters, monoesters, and dianionic dicarboxylates. Se-methylation yielded selenenyls (cationic selenoethers). 77Se NMR shifts of selenium adducts are considered a measure of the electronic properties of the underlying N-heterocyclic carbene. Since they are very sensitive to external (solvent, pH, temperature, reference reagent, reference method) and internal parameters (substituent effects, steric effects, nonclassical H-bonding, anisotropy), difficulties can arise in reliably interpreting these values. Our model compounds allow the systematic investigation of the influence of charges on the 77Se NMR shifts since both structural changes and changes of the measurement conditions have been minimized. Depending on the charge, the 77Se NMR shifts cover the range from 42.1 ppm (dianionic dicarboxylate) via 65.0 ppm (monoanionic dicarboxylate) and 92.5 ppm (neutral diester) to 153.8 ppm (cationic selenoether) in DMSO-d6. The signals also show considerable solvent and pH dependence, which was investigated with a selection of NMR solvents (MeOD, CDCl3, CD2Cl2, CD3COOD, CD3CN, acetone-d6, THF-d8, pyridine-d5, toluene-d8, DMSO-d6) and pH values in D2O. Linear relationships were found between the HOMO and LUMO energies and the 77Se NMR shifts, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Pruschinski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstraße 6, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Sean Ray Kahnert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstraße 6, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Colin Herzberger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstraße 6, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Jan C. Namyslo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstraße 6, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstraße 6, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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2
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Pruschinski L, Namyslo JC, Schmidt A. Anionic N-Heterocyclic Carbenes from Mesoionic Imidazolium-4-pyrrolides: The Influence of Substituents, Solvents, and Charge on their 77Se NMR Chemical Shifts. J Org Chem 2024; 89:15003-15019. [PMID: 39360676 PMCID: PMC11494649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Mesoionic compounds are the starting material for the synthesis of unique anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes. Herein, mesoionic imidazolium pyrrolides synthesized from pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde via various N-alkyl-4-pyrroyl-imidazoles are described. These were converted into nine new 4-(pyrrol-2-yl)-substituted imidazolium salts and transformed into the mesoionic title compounds using an anion exchange resin. The DFT-calculated (B3LYP/6-311++G**) CREF values indicate a great potential for the formation of anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes by deprotonation, which were generated and reacted with selenium to obtain selenoureas. The 77Se NMR shifts investigated under systematic variation of conditions are dependent on the substitution pattern (ΔδSe = 133 ppm) and the steric demand of the substituents. Solvent dependencies of the 77Se NMR shifts were investigated applying toluene-d8, THF-d8, CDCl3, CD2Cl2, pyridine-d5, acetone-d6, DMSO-d6, CD3CN, AcOD, and MeOD. The influences of the referencing method on the 77Se shifts using external or internal Me2Se or Ph2Se2 and solvent can add up to ΔδSe = ca. 80 ppm. In addition, we observed a temperature dependence of both the selenoureas and the reference reagent Ph2Se2 as well as a 77Se shift difference of the analyte caused by interaction with internally added Ph2Se2. The negative charge of deprotonated selenoureas shifts the values by an additional -20 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Pruschinski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstraße 6, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Jan C. Namyslo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstraße 6, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstraße 6, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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3
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Sun Q, Eitzinger A, Esken R, Antoni PW, Mayer RJ, Ofial AR, Hansmann MM. Pyridinium-Derived Mesoionic N-Heterocyclic Olefins (py-mNHOs). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318283. [PMID: 38153170 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Mesoionic polarization allows access to electron-rich olefins that have found application as organocatalysts, ligands, or nucleophiles. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a series of 3-methylpyridinium-derived mesoionic olefins (py-mNHOs). We used a DFT-supported design concept, which showed that the introduction of aryl groups in the 1-, 2-, 4-, and 6-positions of the heterocyclic core allowed the kinetic stabilization of the novel mesoionic compounds. Tolman electronic parameters indicate that py-mNHOs are remarkably strong σ-donor ligands toward transition metals and main group Lewis acids. Additionally, they are among the strongest nucleophiles on the Mayr reactivity scale. In reactions of py-mNHOs with electron-poor π-systems, a gradual transition from the formation of zwitterionic adducts via stepwise to concerted 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions was observed experimentally and analyzed by quantum-chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Sun
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Eitzinger
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13 (Haus F), 81377, München, Germany
| | - Robin Esken
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Patrick W Antoni
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Robert J Mayer
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), CNRS UMR 7006, Université de Strasbourg, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Armin R Ofial
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13 (Haus F), 81377, München, Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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4
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Das A, Sarkar P, Maji S, Pati SK, Mandal SK. Mesoionic N-Heterocyclic Imines as Super Nucleophiles in Catalytic Couplings of Amides with CO 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202213614. [PMID: 36259383 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An extended class of stable mesoionic N-heterocyclic imines (mNHIs), containing a highly polarized exocyclic imine moiety, were synthesized. The calculated proton affinities (PA) and experimentally determined Tolman electronic parameters (TEPs) reveal that these synthesized mNHIs have the highest basicity and donor ability among NHIs reported so far. The superior nucleophilicity of newly designed mNHIs was utilized in devising a strategy to incorporate CO2 as a bridging unit under reductive conditions to couple inert primary amides. This strategy was further extended to hetero-couplings between amide and amine using CO2 . These hitherto unknown catalytic transformations were introduced in the diversification of various biologically active drug molecules under metal-free conditions. The underlying mechanism was explored by performing a series of control experiments, characterizing key intermediates using spectroscopic and crystallographic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, Nadia, India
| | - Pallavi Sarkar
- Department Theoretical Sciences Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Subir Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, Nadia, India
| | - Swapan K Pati
- Department Theoretical Sciences Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Swadhin K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, Nadia, India
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5
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Schmidt A, Hillrichs K, Namyslo JC, Lederle F, Hübner EG. Pyrazoles in the Intersection of Mesomeric Betaines and N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Formation of NHC Selenium Adducts of Pyrazolium-4-aminides. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractStarting from 4-nitropyrazole, eight mesoionic pyrazolium-4-aminides were prepared by a six-step reaction sequence. The deprotonation of 1,2-disubstituted 4-amido-1H-pyrazolium salts by an anion exchange resin in its hydroxide form is the final step of the synthesis. A tautomeric equilibrium between the mesoionic compounds (pyrazolium-4-aminides) and N-heterocyclic carbenes (pyrazol-3-ylidenes) can be formulated; however, the NHC tautomers were not detected by means of NMR spectroscopy in polar aprotic solvents such as DMSO-d
6 or MeCN-d
3. Apart from tautomerism, anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes can be formulated as a result of a deprotonation of the mesoionic compounds. Trapping reactions were performed with selenium, which resulted in the formation of pyrazole-3-selenones. Methylation at the selenium atom gave the corresponding 3-(methylselanyl)-4-amido-1H-pyrazolium salts, which were deprotonated to give new mesomeric betaines, 3-(methylselanyl)-1H-pyrazolium-4-aminides as unique compounds. DFT-calculations as well as 77Se NMR spectroscopic measurements were carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmidt
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry
| | - Kai Hillrichs
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry
| | - Jan C. Namyslo
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry
| | - Felix Lederle
- Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute HHI, Fiber Optical Sensor Systems
| | - Eike G. Hübner
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute HHI, Fiber Optical Sensor Systems
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6
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Kooij B, Dong Z, Varava P, Fadaei-Tirani F, Scopelliti R, Piveteau L, Severin K. Vanadium complexes with N-heterocyclic vinylidene ligands. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4204-4207. [PMID: 35274647 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00768a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and the structural characterization of vanadium complexes with terminal and bridging N-heterocyclic vinylidene ligands is reported. The synthesis of the complexes was enabled by utilization of diazoolefins as ligand precursors. Structural data and theoretical results show that N-heterocyclic vinylidenes can act as 6e- donor ligands, leading to strong metal-carbon interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan Kooij
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Zhaowen Dong
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Paul Varava
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Laura Piveteau
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
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7
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Synthesis of new Pd(NHC)-PEPPSI type complexes as catalysts toward C-C cross-coupling reactions. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Mummel S, Lederle F, Hübner EG, Namyslo JC, Nieger M, Schmidt A. Sydnone Methides-A Forgotten Class of Mesoionic Compounds for the Generation of Anionic N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18882-18887. [PMID: 34153173 PMCID: PMC8456854 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sydnone methides are described from which only one single example has been mentioned in the literature so far. Their deprotonation gave anions which can be formulated as π-electron rich anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes. Sulfur and selenium adducts were stabilized as their methyl ethers, and mercury, gold as well as rhodium complexes of the sydnone methide carbenes were prepared. Sydnone methide anions also undergo C-C coupling reactions with 1-fluoro-4-iodobenzene under Pd(PPh3 )4 and CuBr catalysis. 77 Se NMR resonance frequencies and 1 JC4-Se as well as 1 JC4-H coupling constants have been determined to gain knowledge about the electronic properties of the anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes. The carbene carbon atom of the sydnone methide anion 3 j resonates at δ=155.2 ppm in 13 C NMR spectroscopy at -40 °C which is extremely shifted upfield in comparison to classical N-heterocyclic carbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mummel
- Clausthal University of TechnologyInstitute of Organic ChemistryLeibnizstrasse 6D-38678Clausthal-ZellerfeldGermany
| | - Felix Lederle
- Clausthal University of TechnologyInstitute of Organic ChemistryLeibnizstrasse 6D-38678Clausthal-ZellerfeldGermany
- Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute HHIFiber Optical Sensor SystemsAm Stollen 19HD-38640GoslarGermany
| | - Eike G. Hübner
- Clausthal University of TechnologyInstitute of Organic ChemistryLeibnizstrasse 6D-38678Clausthal-ZellerfeldGermany
- Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute HHIFiber Optical Sensor SystemsAm Stollen 19HD-38640GoslarGermany
| | - Jan C. Namyslo
- Clausthal University of TechnologyInstitute of Organic ChemistryLeibnizstrasse 6D-38678Clausthal-ZellerfeldGermany
| | - Martin Nieger
- University of HelsinkiDepartment of ChemistryP.O. Box 55FIN-00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Clausthal University of TechnologyInstitute of Organic ChemistryLeibnizstrasse 6D-38678Clausthal-ZellerfeldGermany
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9
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Mummel S, Lederle F, Hübner EG, Namyslo JC, Nieger M, Schmidt A. Sydnonmethide – fast vergessene Mesoionen als Vorläufermoleküle von anionischen N‐heterocyclischen Carbenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mummel
- Technische Universität Clausthal Institut für Organische Chemie Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
| | - Felix Lederle
- Technische Universität Clausthal Institut für Organische Chemie Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
- Fraunhofer Heinrich-Hertz-Institut HHI Faseroptische Sensorsysteme Am Stollen 19H 38640 Goslar Deutschland
| | - Eike G. Hübner
- Technische Universität Clausthal Institut für Organische Chemie Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
- Fraunhofer Heinrich-Hertz-Institut HHI Faseroptische Sensorsysteme Am Stollen 19H 38640 Goslar Deutschland
| | - Jan C. Namyslo
- Technische Universität Clausthal Institut für Organische Chemie Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
| | - Martin Nieger
- Universität Helsinki Department für Chemie P.O. Box 55 00014 Helsinki Finnland
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Technische Universität Clausthal Institut für Organische Chemie Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
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10
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Otto CF, Herzberger C, Liu M, Namyslo JC, Nieger M, Freese T, Lederle F, Hübner EG, Schmidt A. Borane adducts of punicine and of its dehydroxy derivatives (pyridinium-1-yl)-2- and 3-phenolates. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Deev S, Batsyts S, Sheina E, Shestakova TS, Khalimbadzha I, Kiskin MA, Charushin V, Chupakhin O, Paramonov AS, Shenkarev ZO, Namyslo JC, Schmidt A. Betaine–N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Interconversions of Quinazolin‐4‐One Imidazolium Mesomeric Betaines. Sulfur, Selenium, and Borane Adduct Formation. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Deev
- Ural Federal University 19 Mira Street 620002 Yekaterinburg Russia
| | - Sviatoslav Batsyts
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Clausthal University of Technology Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Ekaterina Sheina
- Ural Federal University 19 Mira Street 620002 Yekaterinburg Russia
| | | | | | - Mikhail A. Kiskin
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, RAS 31 Leninsky Av. 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Valery Charushin
- Ural Federal University 19 Mira Street 620002 Yekaterinburg Russia
- E I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences 22 S. Kovalevskoy Street 620219 Yekaterinburg Russia
| | - Oleg Chupakhin
- Ural Federal University 19 Mira Street 620002 Yekaterinburg Russia
- E I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences 22 S. Kovalevskoy Street 620219 Yekaterinburg Russia
| | - Alexander S. Paramonov
- Shemyakin‐Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 16/10 Miklukho‐Maklaya Street 117997 Moscow Russia
| | - Zakhar O. Shenkarev
- Shemyakin‐Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 16/10 Miklukho‐Maklaya Street 117997 Moscow Russia
| | - Jan C. Namyslo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Clausthal University of Technology Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Clausthal University of Technology Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
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12
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Kureja K, Bruhn C, Ringenberg MR, Siemeling U. (Benz-)imidazolin-2-ylidene-benzimidazolatonickel(II) Chelates: Syntheses, Structures, and Tuning of Noninnocent Chelate Ligand Behavior. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:16256-16266. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Kureja
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Clemens Bruhn
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Mark R. Ringenberg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrich Siemeling
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
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13
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Kureja K, Zinke J, Bruhn C, Siemeling U. Imidazolium-benzimidazolates as convenient sources of donor-functionalised normal and abnormal N-heterocyclic carbenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:9705-9708. [PMID: 31353373 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05283f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Imidazolium-benzimidazolates are readily available conjugated mesomeric betaines, whose carbenic tautomers can form C,Nimine-metal chelates containing amino-functionalised normal or abnormal NHC ligands, depending on the degree of steric congestion. Deprotonation of the amino moiety gives rise to imine-functionalised C,Namido-metal chelates, whose Nimine atom can be easily utilised for the construction of heteronuclear complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Kureja
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | - Julian Zinke
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | - Clemens Bruhn
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Siemeling
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
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14
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Batsyts S, Hübner EG, Namyslo JC, Schmidt A. The Interconnection of Two Positive Charges by Conjugation and Cross‐Conjugation in Bis‐Quinolinium Ethynyls. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sviatoslav Batsyts
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Clausthal University of Technology Leibnizstrasse 6 D‐38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Eike G. Hübner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Clausthal University of Technology Leibnizstrasse 6 D‐38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Jan C. Namyslo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Clausthal University of Technology Leibnizstrasse 6 D‐38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Clausthal University of Technology Leibnizstrasse 6 D‐38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
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15
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16
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Zhang J, Hübner EG, Namyslo JC, Nieger M, Schmidt A. Purine-substituted imidazolium mesomeric betaines and their tautomeric N-heterocyclic carbenes. Formation of a cyclic borane adduct. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:6801-6808. [PMID: 30203828 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01916a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
6-Chloropurine and 2,6-dichloropurine were reacted with N1-substituted imidazoles to give purin-6-yl substituted imidazolium salts, respectively. Deprotonation of the 1-methylimidazolium derivative resulted in the formation of the corresponding stable conjugated mesomeric betaine, whereas the 1-phenyl,- 1-vinyl- and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl) derivatives proved to be unstable. In situ generation of the mesomeric betaines by caesium carbonate in the presence of sulfur and selenium, however, gave the thiones and the selenones of the tautomeric purine-substituted imidazol-2-ylidene, respectively. Its anionic N-heterocyclic carbene was formally trapped by reaction with triethylborane at high temperatures as a cyclic boron adduct which is the first representative of a new heterocyclic ring system. DFT calculations gained insight into the electronic properties of the N-heterocyclic carbenes substituted by π-electron donators. Results of a single crystal X-ray analysis of the boron adduct are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Zhang
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstrasse 6, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
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17
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Freese T, Namyslo JC, Nieger M, Schmidt A. Sulfur, mercury, and boron adducts of sydnone imine derived anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes. RSC Adv 2019; 9:4781-4788. [PMID: 35514659 PMCID: PMC9060589 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00294d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The sydnone imines (5-benzoylimino)-3-(2-methoxyphenyl)-sydnone imine and molsidomine were deprotonated at C4 to give sydnone imine anions which can be represented as anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes, respectively. Trapping reactions with sulfur gave unstable sydnone imine sulfides which were stabilized by the formation of methyl thioethers, methyl sulfoxides, gold complexes [(PPh3)Au-S-sydnone imine] and a bis(ligand) mercury(ii) complex. The latter possesses a tetrahedral coordination of the mercury central atom to the sulfur atoms with the N6 nitrogen atoms coordinating as neutral ligands. Water converted the molsidomine anion into ethyl(2-morpholino-2-thioxoacetyl)carbamate. Mercury(ii)chloride and triphenylborane were employed to trap the sydnone imine carbenes as mercury complexes as well as BPh3 adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyll Freese
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry Leibnizstrasse 6, Clausthal-Zellerfeld D-38678 Germany
| | - Jan C Namyslo
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry Leibnizstrasse 6, Clausthal-Zellerfeld D-38678 Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki P. O. Box 55 FIN-00014 Finland
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry Leibnizstrasse 6, Clausthal-Zellerfeld D-38678 Germany
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Li S, Yao Y, Tang Z, Sun B, Yu C, Li T, Yao C. An enantioselective assembly of naphthopyran via NHC-catalyzed [3 + 3] annulation of bromoenal with β-tetralone. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:268-274. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02192a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An asymmetric assembly of naphthopyran was realized via the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed formal [3 + 3] annulation of bromoenal and β-tetralone. The key advantages of this protocol include ready availability of starting materials, mild reaction conditions, good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yibiao Yao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Ziwei Tang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Baomin Sun
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Chenxia Yu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Tuanjie Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Changsheng Yao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- P. R. China
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Schmidt A, Batsyts S, Lederle F, G. Hübner E, Adams J, C. Namyslo J. A Propeller-Shaped Mesomeric Betaine, Tetraphenylbenzene-1-Quinolinium-2-Benzoate. HETEROCYCLES 2019. [DOI: 10.3987/com-19-14160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Chemistry and spectroscopy of cross-conjugated and pseudo-cross-conjugated quinolinium-ethynyl-benzoate mesomeric betaines. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2018-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The three isomers 1-methylquinolinium-2-, 3-, and 4-ethynyl(phenyl-4-carboxylates) belong to two distinct types of heterocyclic mesomeric betaines. The quinolinium substituted in position 3 is a cross-conjugated mesomeric betaine (CCMB), whereas the quinolinium derivatives substituted in positions 2 and 4 are members of the class of pseudo-cross-conjugated mesomeric betaines (PCCMBs). While the charges are strictly separated within the common π-electron system of the CCMB according to the canonical formulae, the charges are effectively but not exclusively delocalized in the PCCMBs because cumulenoid resonance forms including electron sextet structures without external octet stabilization can be formed in accordance with the definition of PCCMBs. As a consequence, despite being closely related structures, the three isomers differ in their chemical and spectroscopic behaviors. Thus, on trying to hydrolyze the ester group of the methyl quinolinium-2-ethynyl-benzoate into the corresponding acid by subsequent treatment with sodium hydroxide in methanol and aqueous hydrochloric acid at pH 3, the acetal methyl 1,1-dimethoxy-2-(quinolinium-ylidene)ethyl]benzoate and the corresponding β-enamino carbonyl compound were formed, respectively. The corresponding acids of the 2- and 4-substituted quinolinium-ethynyl-benzoates were obtained by a modified procedure. On deprotonation, the resulting cross-conjugated quinolinium-3-ethynyl-benzoate betaine proved to be stable, whereas the corresponding pseudo-cross-conjugated quinolinium-2- and -4-ethynyl-benzoate betaines decomposed. Frontier orbital profiles were calculated, and IR and Raman spectra of the starting materials were measured and calculated to analyze the differences of CCMBs and PCCMBs of mesomeric betaines possessing triple bonds. A higher contribution of the cumulenoid resonance forms to the overall structure of the PCCMBs was determined.
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Funt LD, Novikov MS, Starova GL, Khlebnikov AF. Synthesis and properties of new heterocyclic betaines: 4-Aryl-5-(methoxycarbonyl)-2-oxo-3-(pyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1 H -pyrrol-3-ides. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Freese T, Lücke AL, Namyslo JC, Nieger M, Schmidt A. Heterocycle Syntheses with Anionic N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Ring Transformations of Sydnone Imine Anions. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyll Freese
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Clausthal University of Technology; Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Ana-Luiza Lücke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Clausthal University of Technology; Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Jan C. Namyslo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Clausthal University of Technology; Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; P.O Box 55 00014 University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Clausthal University of Technology; Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
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Lücke AL, Wiechmann S, Freese T, Nieger M, Földes T, Pápai I, Gjikaj M, Adam A, Schmidt A. Anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes by decarboxylation of sydnone-4-carboxylates. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ramsden CA, Oziminski WP. A Quantitative Analysis of Factors Influencing Ease of Formation and σ-Bonding Strength of Oxa- and Thia-N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. J Org Chem 2017; 82:12485-12491. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Ramsden
- School
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Wojciech P. Oziminski
- Laboratory
of Molecular Modelling, National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska
Street, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
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Freese T, Lücke AL, Schmidt CA, Polamo M, Nieger M, Namyslo JC, Schmidt A. Anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes derived from sydnone imines such as molsidomine. Trapping reactions with selenium, palladium, and gold. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Astakhov AV, Khazipov OV, Chernenko AY, Pasyukov DV, Kashin AS, Gordeev EG, Khrustalev VN, Chernyshev VM, Ananikov VP. A New Mode of Operation of Pd-NHC Systems Studied in a Catalytic Mizoroki–Heck Reaction. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Astakhov
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Prosveschenya 132, Novocherkassk 346428, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Khazipov
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Prosveschenya 132, Novocherkassk 346428, Russia
| | - Andrey Yu. Chernenko
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Prosveschenya 132, Novocherkassk 346428, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Pasyukov
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Prosveschenya 132, Novocherkassk 346428, Russia
| | - Alexey S. Kashin
- Zelinsky
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evgeniy G. Gordeev
- Zelinsky
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Victor N. Khrustalev
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklay St. 6, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Victor M. Chernyshev
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Prosveschenya 132, Novocherkassk 346428, Russia
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Prosveschenya 132, Novocherkassk 346428, Russia
- Zelinsky
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Liu M, Namyslo JC, Nieger M, Polamo M, Schmidt A. From betaines to anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes. Borane, gold, rhodium, and nickel complexes starting from an imidazoliumphenolate and its carbene tautomer. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:2673-2681. [PMID: 28144338 PMCID: PMC5238575 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mesomeric betaine imidazolium-1-ylphenolate forms a borane adduct with tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane by coordination with the phenolate oxygen, whereas its NHC tautomer 1-(2-phenol)imidazol-2-ylidene reacts with (triphenylphosphine)gold(I) chloride to give the cationic NHC complex [Au(NHC)2][Cl] by coordination with the carbene carbon atom. The anionic N-heterocyclic carbene 1-(2-phenolate)imidazol-2-ylidene gives the complexes [K][Au(NHC-)2], [Rh(NHC-)3] and [Ni(NHC-)2], respectively. Results of four single crystal analyses are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstrasse 6, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Jan C Namyslo
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstrasse 6, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Polamo
- University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstrasse 6, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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Funt LD, Tomashenko OA, Khlebnikov AF, Novikov MS, Ivanov AY. Synthesis, Transformations of Pyrrole- and 1,2,4-Triazole-Containing Ensembles, and Generation of Pyrrole-Substituted Triazole NHC. J Org Chem 2016; 81:11210-11221. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liya D. Funt
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of
Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya
nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Olesya A. Tomashenko
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of
Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya
nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Alexander F. Khlebnikov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of
Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya
nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Mikhail S. Novikov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of
Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya
nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Alexander Yu. Ivanov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Center for
Magnetic Resonance, 7/9
Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
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Ramsden CA, Oziminski WP. Quantitative Index of the Relative Ease of Formation and σ-Bonding Strength of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. J Org Chem 2016; 81:10295-10301. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Ramsden
- Lennard-Jones
Laboratories, School of Physical and Geographical Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, U.K
| | - Wojciech P. Oziminski
- Laboratory
of Theoretical Methods and Computations, National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska Street, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
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