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Karami P, Khoshsafar H, Johari-Ahar M, Arduini F, Afkhami A, Bagheri H. Colorimetric immunosensor for determination of prostate specific antigen using surface plasmon resonance band of colloidal triangular shape gold nanoparticles. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 222:117218. [PMID: 31174151 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrated the development of a colorimetric immunosensor using surface plasmon resonance band of gold nanoparticles for the detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA). To develop this biosensing tool, triangular gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized using Tween-20 as a nonionic surfactant and then, conjugated with PSA capture antibody (Ab1-AuNPs). When exposed to Ab1-AuNPs, PSA antigens were found to be successfully captured by nanosystem (PSA)-Ab1-AuNPs. Next, (PSA)-Ab1-AuNPs were incubated with second PSA antibody (2)-decorated magnetite (Fe3O4-Ab2) and separated by an external magnetic force to leave Ab1-AuNPs in the supernatant solution to be directly analyzed using UV-Vis spectroscopy. It was found that the absorption intensity was directly proportional to the PSA concentration. As a result, the linear range for PSA detection was found to be 0.01-20 ng mL-1 with a detection limit of 0.009 ng mL-1. Because of significant stability of the prepared Ab1-AuNPs and excellent selectivity to the PSA antigen, this simple and sensitive sensing system is proposed to be potentially effective in the fast and real-time analysis of clinical samples from prostate cancer patients. We believe that the simple platform of this immunosensor to be useful in the development of future point-of-care sensing tools, working on the quantification of biomarkers in a drop of blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pari Karami
- Research and Development Department, Farin Behbood Tashkhis LTD, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosein Khoshsafar
- Research and Development Department, Farin Behbood Tashkhis LTD, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Johari-Ahar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran; Biosensor Research Center (BRC), Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Fabiana Arduini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Abbas Afkhami
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Hasan Bagheri
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Karami P, Bagheri H, Johari-Ahar M, Khoshsafar H, Arduini F, Afkhami A. Dual-modality impedimetric immunosensor for early detection of prostate-specific antigen and myoglobin markers based on antibody-molecularly imprinted polymer. Talanta 2019; 202:111-122. [PMID: 31171159 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A new dual-modality immunosensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) and a nanostructured biosensing layer has fabricated for the simultaneous detection of two important markers including prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and myoglobin (Myo) in human serum and urine samples. In the first step, 3,3'-dithiodipropionic acid di(N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) (DSP) was self-assembled on a gold screen printed electrode (SPE). Then, the target proteins were attached covalently to the DSP-SPE. The imprinted cocktail polymer ((MIP(PSA, Myo)-SPE)) was synthesized at the SPE surface using acrylamide as monomer, N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinker, and PSA and Myo as the templates, respectively. The MIP-SPE was specific for the impedimetric sensing of PSA and Myo. After that, a nanocomposite (NCP) was synthesized based on the decorated magnetite nanoparticles with multi-walled carbon nanotube, graphene oxide and specific antibody for PSA (Ab). Then, NCP incubated with (MIP(PSA, Myo)-SPE. The modified electrodes and synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, surface plasmon resonance and scanning electron microscopy. The limits of detections were found to be 5.4 pg mL-1 and 0.83 ng mL-1 with the linear dynamic ranges of 0.01-100 and 1-20000 ng mL-1 for PSA and Myo, respectively. The ability of proposed biosensor to detect PSA and Myo simultaneously with high sensitivity and specificity offers a powerful opportunity for the new generation of biosensors. This dual-analyte specific receptors-based device is highly desired for the integration with lab-on-chip kits to measure a wide panel of biomarkers present at ultralow levels during early stages of diseases progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pari Karami
- Research and Development Department, Farin Behbood Tashkhis LTD, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Bagheri
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Johari-Ahar
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Research Center (BBRC), Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran; Department of Bioanalytical Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Hosein Khoshsafar
- Research and Development Department, Farin Behbood Tashkhis LTD, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fabiana Arduini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Abbas Afkhami
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
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Farina-Gomez N, Barrabes S, Gomez-Lopez JE, Gonzalez M, Puerta A, Navarro-Calderon D, Albers-Acosta E, Olivier C, Diez-Masa JC, Peracaula R, de Frutos M. Sample preparation of serum to allow capillary electrophoresis analysis of prostate specific antigen isoforms. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 134:220-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Bhanushali PB, Badgujar SB, Tripathi MM, Gupta S, Murthy V, Krishnasastry MV, Puri CP. Development of glycan specific lectin based immunoassay for detection of prostate specific antigen. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 86:468-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Garrido-Medina R, Farina-Gomez N, Diez-Masa JC, de Frutos M. Immunoaffinity chromatographic isolation of prostate-specific antigen from seminal plasma for capillary electrophoresis analysis of its isoforms. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 820:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Garrido-Medina R, Diez-Masa JC, de Frutos M. On-capillary fluorescent labeling and capillary electrophoresis laser-induced fluorescence analysis of glycoforms of intact prostate-specific antigen. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2295-302. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
A dearth of protein isoform-based clinical diagnostics currently hinders advances in personalized medicine. A well-organized protein biomarker validation process that includes facile measurement of protein isoforms would accelerate development of effective protein-based diagnostics. Toward scalable protein isoform analysis, we introduce a microfluidic "single-channel, multistage" immunoblotting strategy. The multistep assay performs all immunoblotting steps: separation, immobilization of resolved proteins, antibody probing of immobilized proteins, and all interim wash steps. Programmable, low-dispersion electrophoretic transport obviates the need for pumps and valves. A three-dimensional bulk photoreactive hydrogel eliminates manual blotting. In addition to simplified operation and interfacing, directed electrophoretic transport through our 3D nanoporous reactive hydrogel yields superior performance over the state-of-the-art in enhanced capture efficiency (on par with membrane electroblotting) and sparing consumption of reagents (ca. 1 ng antibody), as supported by empirical and by scaling analyses. We apply our fully integrated microfluidic assay to protein measurements of endogenous prostate specific antigen isoforms in (i) minimally processed human prostate cancer cell lysate (1.1 pg limit of detection) and (ii) crude sera from metastatic prostate cancer patients. The single-instrument functionality establishes a scalable microfluidic framework for high-throughput targeted proteomics, as is relevant to personalized medicine through robust protein biomarker verification, systematic characterization of new antibody probes for functional proteomics, and, more broadly, to characterization of human biospecimen repositories.
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Jeong HJ, Kim YG, Yang YH, Kim BG. High-throughput quantitative analysis of total N-glycans by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3453-60. [PMID: 22455307 DOI: 10.1021/ac203440c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and reproducible quantification of glycans from protein drugs has become an important issue for quality control of therapeutic proteins in biopharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. Mass spectrometry is a promising tool for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of glycans owing to mass accuracy, efficiency, and reproducibility, but it has been of limited success in quantitative analysis for sialylated glycans in a high-throughput manner. Here, we present a solid-phase permethylation-based total N-glycan quantitative method that includes N-glycan releasing, purification, and derivatization on a 96-well plate platform. The solid-phase neutralization enabled us to perform reliable absolute quantification of the acidic N-glycans as well as neutral N-glycans from model glycoproteins (i.e., chicken ovalbumin and porcine thyroglobulin) by only using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Furthermore, low-abundance sialylated N-glycans from human serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), an extremely valuable prostate cancer marker, were initially quantified, and their chemical compositions were proposed. Taken together, these results demonstrate that our all-inclusive glycan preparation method based on a 96-well plate platform may contribute to the precise and reliable qualitative and quantitative analysis of glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jin Jeong
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering in College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Shillim-dong, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancer types in men. In addition, it is the second leading cause of cancer death in the USA and Canada. Prostate cancer diagnosis is not a precise science yet. Discovery of potential biomarkers for early prostate cancer diagnosis and monitoring is crucially important. LC-MS and CE-MS have been widely used analytical techniques in the biomarker discovery. This review will describe the applications of LC-MS with different ionization techniques, such as ESI, atmospheric-pressure photoionization and atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization, and CE-MS techniques used in prostate cancer biomarker analysis.
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Garrido-Medina R, Díez-Masa JC, de Frutos M. CE methods for analysis of isoforms of prostate-specific antigen compatible with online derivatization for LIF detection. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2036-43. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Simionato AVC, Carrilho E, Maggi Tavares MF. CE-MS and related techniques as a valuable tool in tumor biomarkers research. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1214-1226. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Cao W, Su M, Zhang S. Rapid and sensitive DNA target detection using enzyme amplified electrochemical detection based on microchip. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:659-65. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Alahmad Y, Thuy Tran N, Duboeuf J, Grégoire A, Rancé I, Taverna M. CZE for glycoform profiling and quality assessment of recombinant human interleukin-7. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2347-54. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Yu F, Du P, Lei X, Zhang S. Investigation of voltammetric enzyme-linked immunoassay system based on N-heterocyclic substrate of 2,3-diaminopyridine. Talanta 2009; 78:1395-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2009.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pampalakis G, Scorilas A, Sotiropoulou G. Novel splice variants of prostate-specific antigen and applications in diagnosis of prostate cancer. Clin Biochem 2008; 41:591-7. [PMID: 18222179 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify novel splice variants of prostate-specific antigen/or human kallikrein 3 (PSA/KLK3), the most widely used serum biomarker for case-finding, screening and monitoring of prostate cancer. DESIGN AND METHODS The full-length sequences of splice variants were assembled as contigs from human ESTs that displayed homology to the cDNA sequence encoding PSA. Expression of variants in clinical samples was analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS EST database mining led to the identification of seven previously unidentified splice variants encoding PSA-like proteins that are predicted to contain epitope sequences recognized by PSA-specific antibodies, therefore, expression of these isoforms may affect the amount of total PSA measured by established immunoassays. Analysis of the differential expression profile of isoform PSA-SV5 in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer showed that it is specifically expressed in prostate cancers. CONCLUSIONS A novel splice variant of PSA was identified, PSA-SV5, that may be exploited in clinical diagnosis to distinguish prostate cancer from benign prostate hyperplasia.
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Abstract
Glycans as a Target in the Detection of Reproductive Tract CancersThe significance of changes in glycosylation for the beginning, progress and outcome of different human diseases is highly recognized. In this review we summarized literature data on the alteration of glycans in cancer, especially glycoforms of tumor markers of reproductive tract cancers: prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and cancer antigen 125 (CA125). We aimed to highlight the diagnostic potential and relevance of glycan microheterogeneity and to present some novel methods for cancer detection. A computerized search of articles published up to 2007 was performed through the PubMed database. Search terms utilized included prostate/ovarian cancer glycosylation, prostate/ovarian cancer detection, PSA/CA125 glycosylation. Additional sources were identified through cross-referencing and researching in available biomedical books. The comparative studies of sugar chain structures of the PSA and CA125 indicated specific structural alterations associated with malignant transformation, in relation to glycan branching, sialylation and fucosylation. These glycan modifications should be better in distinguishing between benign and malignant conditions than the measurement of marker concentrations alone, which is widely used in practice. Cancer-associated changes in the glycosylation could yield more sensitive and discriminative diagnostic tests for reproductive tract cancer detection, i.e. for improvement of the clinical utility of known tumor markers or the discovery of new ones.
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Zhang S, Li X, Zhang F. CE-based simultaneous liquid-phase noncompetitive enzyme immunoassay for three tumor markers in human serum using electrochemical detection. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:4427-34. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Sniehotta M, Schiffer E, Zürbig P, Novak J, Mischak H. CE – a multifunctional application for clinical diagnosis. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:1407-17. [PMID: 17427258 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CE has been used widely as an analytical tool with high separation power taking advantage of size, charge-to-size ratio, or isoelectric point of various analytes. In combination with detection methods, such as UV absorption, electrochemical detection, fluorescence, or mass spectrometry (MS), it allows the separation and detection of inorganic and organic ions, as well as complex compounds, such as polypeptides, nucleic acids, including PCR amplicons from viruses or bacteria. Recent interest in identification of biomarkers of diseases using body fluids leads to development of CE-MS techniques. These applications allowed identification of new potential biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and monitoring of therapeutic interventions. In this report, we present a technical overview of various CE techniques and discuss their applications in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Sniehotta
- Mosaiques Diagnostics and Therapeutics AG, Hannover, Germany
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Tabarés G, Jung K, Reiche J, Stephan C, Lein M, Peracaula R, de Llorens R, Hoesel W. Free PSA forms in prostatic tissue and sera of prostate cancer patients: Analysis by 2-DE and western blotting of immunopurified samples. Clin Biochem 2007; 40:343-50. [PMID: 17306785 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Revised: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The isoform pattern of free prostate-specific antigen (fPSA) from sera of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) and no evidence of prostate cancer (NPCa), cancerous and non-cancerous tissues and seminal plasma, have been compared, above all regarding the degree of sialylation, with the aim to show a better discrimination of PCa and NPCa. DESIGN AND METHODS The samples have been immunopurified and analyzed by two dimensional gel electrophoresis and western blotting. It was investigated which patterns were obtained when looking for the fPSA and the (-5/-7)proPSA (precursor form) before and after desialylation. RESULTS The fPSA sialylation and the proPSA pattern in cancerous and non-cancerous prostate tissues were similar to each other and only slightly different from PCa and NPCa sera. The different fPSA isoforms observed could not be due solely to differences in the degree of sialylation, because different fPSA and (-5/-7)proPSA precursor isoforms were still present after complete desialylation. CONCLUSIONS Although slight differences in the fPSA and (-5/-7) proPSA glycosylation and isoform pattern were observed, they were not large enough to be considered to improve PCa diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glòria Tabarés
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwaldstr. 2, 82372 Penzberg, Germany
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Bakry R, Huck CW, Najam-ul-Haq M, Rainer M, Bonn GK. Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis for biomarker discovery. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:192-201. [PMID: 17390613 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of non-invasive methods for detecting biomarkers opens a new era in patient care, since clinical investigators have long been searching for accurate and reproducible measurements of putative biomarkers. There are many factors which make this research challenging, beginning with lack of standardization of sample collection and continuing through the entire analytical procedure. Among the variety of methods so far used for biomarker screening, capillary electrophoresis represents a robust, reliable, and widely used analytical tool. This review will focus on recent applications of CE to the analysis of body fluids and tissues for identification of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Bakry
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Lacunza I, Sanz J, Diez-Masa JC, de Frutos M. CZE of human alpha-1-acid glycoprotein for qualitative and quantitative comparison of samples from different pathological conditions. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:4205-14. [PMID: 17022019 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) presents different forms, which may arise from differences in the amino acid sequence and/or in the glycosidic part of the protein. Changes in forms of AGP have been described in literature as a possible tumor marker. While most previous works have approached the study of glycopeptides and/or glycans obtained after fragmentation of the protein, in this work, a CZE method is developed to separate up to eleven peaks of intact forms of AGP. A computer program developed in our laboratory is used to select the migration parameters that make possible an accurate assignment of AGP peaks. Electropherograms of AGP samples purified from sera of cancer patients and healthy donors are qualitatively and quantitatively compared. Percentages of correct assignment of AGP peaks close to 100% are achieved by using either the migration time of each peak relative to that of the EOF marker or the effective electrophoretic mobility of the peaks. The computer program permits to select, among different hypotheses for peak allotment, that one providing the highest accuracy of assignment. In this way, some peaks with different charge-to-mass ratio and a different distribution of area percentage of AGP forms are observed when comparing samples from sick and healthy individuals. Thus, a method that permits to compare AGP forms existing in sera of individuals with different pathophysiological situations has been developed. A potential for using AGP forms analyzed by CZE as a disease marker and for using this technique for screening purposes is envisaged.
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Abstract
This review article with 304 references describes recent developments in CE of proteins, and covers the two years since the previous review (Hutterer, K., Dolník, V., Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 3998-4012) through Spring 2005. It covers topics related to CE of proteins, including modeling of the electrophoretic migration of proteins, sample pretreatment, wall coatings, improving separation, various forms of detection, special electrophoretic techniques such as affinity CE, CIEF, and applications of CE to the analysis of proteins in real-world samples including human body fluids, food and agricultural samples, protein pharmaceuticals, and recombinant protein preparations.
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Huck CW, Bakry R, Bonn GK. Progress in capillary electrophoresis of biomarkers and metabolites between 2002 and 2005. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:111-25. [PMID: 16315181 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Biomarker discovery and metabolite research is a fast-growing and extremely important domain not only for the early detection of certain diseases but also for controlling its progress as well as in pharmaceutical investigations. For the analytical separation and identification, CE plays an indisputable role. Capillary systems enhancing different selectivity are applied and connected to different kind of detection systems. As the choice of buffer and its composition is responsible for a successful separation, special emphasis is put on solvent effects in this review. Altogether the most important capillary electrophoretic techniques applied for biomarker and metabolites analysis published between 2002 and 2005 are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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