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Ignatieva EV, Afonnikov DA, Saik OV, Rogaev EI, Kolchanov NA. A compendium of human genes regulating feeding behavior and body weight, its functional characterization and identification of GWAS genes involved in brain-specific PPI network. BMC Genet 2016; 17:158. [PMID: 28105929 PMCID: PMC5249002 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-016-0466-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is heritable. It predisposes to many diseases. The objectives of this study were to create a compendium of genes relevant to feeding behavior (FB) and/or body weight (BW) regulation; to construct and to analyze networks formed by associations between genes/proteins; and to identify the most significant genes, biological processes/pathways, and tissues/organs involved in BW regulation. Results The compendium of genes controlling FB or BW includes 578 human genes. Candidate genes were identified from various sources, including previously published original research and review articles, GWAS meta-analyses, and OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man). All genes were ranked according to knowledge about their biological role in body weight regulation and classified according to expression patterns or functional characteristics. Substantial and overrepresented numbers of genes from the compendium encoded cell surface receptors, signaling molecules (hormones, neuropeptides, cytokines), transcription factors, signal transduction proteins, cilium and BBSome components, and lipid binding proteins or were present in the brain-specific list of tissue-enriched genes identified with TSEA tool. We identified 27 pathways from KEGG, REACTOME and BIOCARTA whose genes were overrepresented in the compendium. Networks formed by physical interactions or homological relationships between proteins or interactions between proteins involved in biochemical/signaling pathways were reconstructed and analyzed. Subnetworks and clusters identified by the MCODE tool included genes/proteins associated with cilium morphogenesis, signal transduction proteins (particularly, G protein–coupled receptors, kinases or proteins involved in response to insulin stimulus) and transcription regulation (particularly nuclear receptors). We ranked GWAS genes according to the number of neighbors in three networks and revealed 22 GWAS genes involved in the brain-specific PPI network. On the base of the most reliable PPIs functioning in the brain tissue, new regulatory schemes interpreting relevance to BW regulation are proposed for three GWAS genes (ETV5, LRP1B, and NDUFS3). Conclusions A compendium comprising 578 human genes controlling FB or BW was designed, and the most significant functional groups of genes, biological processes/pathways, and tissues/organs involved in BW regulation were revealed. We ranked genes from the GWAS meta-analysis set according to the number and quality of associations in the networks and then according to their involvement in the brain-specific PPI network and proposed new regulatory schemes involving three GWAS genes (ETV5, LRP1B, and NDUFS3) in BW regulation. The compendium is expected to be useful for pathology risk estimation and for design of new pharmacological approaches in the treatment of human obesity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-016-0466-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Ignatieva
- Center for Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Laboratory of Evolutionary Bioinformatics and Theoretical Genetics, The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Dmitry A Afonnikov
- Center for Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Laboratory of Evolutionary Bioinformatics and Theoretical Genetics, The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Olga V Saik
- Center for Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Evgeny I Rogaev
- Center for Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,BNRI, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 15604, USA
| | - Nikolay A Kolchanov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Department of Systems Biology, The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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Erbe DV, Klaman LD, Wilson DP, Wan ZK, Kirincich SJ, Will S, Xu X, Kung L, Wang S, Tam S, Lee J, Tobin JF. Prodrug delivery of novel PTP1B inhibitors to enhance insulin signalling. Diabetes Obes Metab 2009; 11:579-88. [PMID: 19383031 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.01022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A growing percentage of the population is resistant to two key hormones - insulin and leptin - as a result of increased obesity, often leading to significant health consequences such as type 2 diabetes. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a key negative regulator of signalling by both of these hormones, so that inhibitors of this enzyme may provide promise for correcting endocrine abnormalities in both diabetes and obesity. As with other tyrosine phosphatases, identification of viable drug candidates targeting PTP1B has been elusive because of the nature of its active site. Beginning with novel phosphotyrosine mimetics, we have designed some of the most potent PTP1B inhibitors. However, their highly acidic structures limit intrinsic permeability and pharmacokinetics. Ester prodrugs of these inhibitors improve their drug-like properties with the goal of delivering these nanomolar inhibitors to the cytoplasm of cells within target tissues. In addition to identifying prodrugs that is able to deliver active drugs into cells to inhibit PTP1B and increase insulin signalling, these compounds were further modified to gain a variety of cleavage properties for targeting activity in vivo. One such prodrug candidate improved insulin sensitivity in ob/ob mice, with lowered fasting blood glucose levels seen in the context of lowered fasting insulin levels following 4 days of intraperitoneal dosing. The results presented in this study highlight the potential for design of orally active drug candidates targeting PTP1B, while also delineating the considerable challenges remaining.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Erbe
- Departments of Metabolic Diseases and Chemical Sciences, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
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Wan ZK, Lee J, Hotchandani R, Moretto A, Binnun E, Wilson D, Kirincich S, Follows B, Ipek M, Xu W, Joseph-McCarthy D, Zhang YL, Tam M, Erbe D, Tobin J, Li W, Tam S, Mansour T, Wu J. Structure-Based Optimization of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-1 B Inhibitors: Capturing Interactions with Arginine 24. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:1525-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Chamritski I, Clarkson M, Franklin J, Li SW. Real-Time Detection of Antigen–Antibody Reactions by Imaging Ellipsometry. Aust J Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1071/ch07115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the field of proteomics the quantification of the affinity of an antibody to its partners and the evaluation of its specific binding is an important issue. With an imaging ellipsometer the interaction of an antibody with immobilized antigens on a model microarray is observed in a time-resolved and label-free manner. Imaging ellipsometry was developed for real-time monitoring of the biomolecule interaction between an antigen in solution and an antibody immobilized on a silicon surface. Proteins were immobilized by the formation of carboxy-alkyl monolayers on silicon substrates, where a biotin-labelled antibody was immobilized by a biotin–streptavidin linkage. Anti-human IgG bound specifically to human antibody and protein A, similarly anti-goat IgG bound to goat antibody. No binding was observed between anti-rabbit IgG and goat antibody. All stages of the formation of the antigen–antibody complex were imaged by imaging ellipsometry. By monitoring changes in y, the mole fraction θ of the antigen–antibody binding was determined. Immunological reactions of two different antigen–antibody combinations were fitted by the Langmuir adsorption equation, and affinity constants for two reactions were calculated.
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