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Xu LW, Gou X, Yang JY, Jiang R, Jiang X, Chen GG, Liu ZM. Methylation of ERβ 5'-untranslated region attenuates its inhibitory effect on ERα gene transcription and promotes the initiation and progression of papillary thyroid cancer. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21516. [PMID: 33710697 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001467r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Normal thyroid tissue displays a prevalent expression of ERβ than ERα, which drastically turns upside down in the initiation and progression of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The underlying molecular mechanism of this phenomenon remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that ERα and ERβ were coexpressed in human thyroid tissues and cells. ERα mRNA (A-1) and ERβ mRNA (0N-1), transcribed from Promoter A of ERα gene and Promoter 0N of ERβ gene, respectively, were the major mRNA isoforms which mainly contributed to total ERα mRNA and total ERβ mRNA in human thyroid-derived cell lines and tissues. The expression levels of ERα mRNA (A-1) and total ERα mRNA were gradually increased, and those of ERβ mRNA (0N-1) and total ERβ mRNA were decreased by degree in the initiation and progression of PTC. No aberrant DNA methylation of ERα 5'-untranslated region was involved in its up-regulation; however, aberrant DNA methylation in Promoter 0N and Exon 0N of ERβ gene was found to be involved in its down-regulation in the initiation and progression of PTC. ERβ can repress ERα gene transcription via recruitment of NCoR and displacement of RNA polymerase II at the Sp1 site in ERα Promoter A-specific region in thyroid-derived cells. It is suggested that DNA methylation of CpG islands in Promoter 0N and Exon 0N of ERβ gene leads to a decreased ERβ gene expression, which attenuates its inhibitory effect on ERα gene transcription and results in an increased ERα gene expression, cell proliferation, initiation, and progression of PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Wan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Gou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun-Yan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - George G Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi-Min Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Bolt MJ, Stossi F, Newberg JY, Orjalo A, Johansson HE, Mancini MA. Coactivators enable glucocorticoid receptor recruitment to fine-tune estrogen receptor transcriptional responses. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:4036-48. [PMID: 23444138 PMCID: PMC3627592 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are central regulators of pathophysiological processes; however, how their responses intertwine is still not fully understood. The aim of this study was to determine whether and how steroid NRs can influence each other’s activity under co-agonist treatment. We used a unique system consisting of a multicopy integration of an estrogen receptor responsive unit that allows direct visualization and quantification of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) DNA binding, co-regulator recruitment and transcriptional readout. We find that ERα DNA loading is required for other type I nuclear receptors to be co-recruited after dual agonist treatment. We focused on ERα/glucocorticoid receptor interplay and demonstrated that it requires steroid receptor coactivators (SRC-2, SRC-3) and the mediator component MED14. We then validated this cooperative interplay on endogenous target genes in breast cancer cells. Taken together, this work highlights another layer of mechanistic complexity through which NRs cross-talk with each other on chromatin under multiple hormonal stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Bolt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Tiedemann RE, Zhu YX, Schmidt J, Shi CX, Sereduk C, Yin H, Mousses S, Stewart AK. Identification of molecular vulnerabilities in human multiple myeloma cells by RNA interference lethality screening of the druggable genome. Cancer Res 2011; 72:757-68. [PMID: 22147262 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in targeted treatments for multiple myeloma, optimal molecular therapeutic targets have yet to be identified. To functionally identify critical molecular targets, we conducted a genome-scale lethality study in multiple myeloma cells using siRNAs. We validated the top 160 lethal hits with four siRNAs per gene in three multiple myeloma cell lines and two non-myeloma cell lines, cataloging a total of 57 potent multiple myeloma survival genes. We identified the Bcl2 family member MCL1 and several 26S proteasome subunits among the most important and selective multiple myeloma survival genes. These results provided biologic validation of our screening strategy. Other essential targets included genes involved in RNA splicing, ubiquitination, transcription, translation, and mitosis. Several of the multiple myeloma survival genes, especially MCL1, TNK2, CDK11, and WBSCR22, exhibited differential expression in primary plasma cells compared with other human primary somatic tissues. Overall, the most striking differential functional vulnerabilities between multiple myeloma and non-multiple myeloma cells were found to occur within the 20S proteasome subunits, MCL1, RRM1, USP8, and CKAP5. We propose that these genes should be investigated further as potential therapeutic targets in multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodger E Tiedemann
- Princess Margaret Hospital, Ontario Cancer Institute and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Kim K, Burghardt R, Barhoumi R, Lee SO, Liu X, Safe S. MDM2 regulates estrogen receptor α and estrogen responsiveness in breast cancer cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2011; 46:67-79. [PMID: 21169420 PMCID: PMC3069690 DOI: 10.1677/jme-10-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Murine double minute clone 2 (MDM2) is a multifunctional protein, which modulates nuclear receptor-mediated transactivation. In this study, we show that MDM2 significantly enhanced estrogen receptor α (ERα) and ERα/specificity protein-mediated transactivation in MCF-7 and ZR-75 breast cancer cells. This was demonstrated by both MDM2 overexpression and knockdown experiments by RNA interference. ERα interacted with wild-type MDM2 and deletion mutants of MDM2 containing amino acids 1-342 (C-terminal deletion) and 134-490 (N-terminal deletion), but not 134-342. In contrast, only wild-type but not mutant MDM2 enhanced ERα-mediated transactivation. Protein-protein interactions in vitro were 17β-estradiol (E(2)) independent, whereas fluorescent resonance energy transfer experiments in living cells showed that E(2) enhanced ERα-MDM2 interactions. Subsequent RNA interference and mammalian two-hybrid experiments suggested that MDM2 did not directly interact with endogenous coactivators such as the steroid receptor coactivators but played a role in enhancing ERα-mediating gene expression and estrogen responsiveness through interactions with ERα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyounghyun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology Texas A&M University Health Science Center Houston, TX 77030
| | - Robert Burghardt
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843
| | - Rola Barhoumi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843
| | - Syng-ook Lee
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology Texas A&M University Health Science Center Houston, TX 77030
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology Texas A&M University Health Science Center Houston, TX 77030
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Walters E, Rider V, Abdou NI, Greenwell C, Svojanovsky S, Smith P, Kimler BF. Estradiol targets T cell signaling pathways in human systemic lupus. Clin Immunol 2009; 133:428-36. [PMID: 19793680 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The major risk factor for developing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is being female. The present study utilized gene profiles of activated T cells from females with SLE and healthy controls to identify signaling pathways uniquely regulated by estradiol that could contribute to SLE pathogenesis. Selected downstream pathway genes (+/- estradiol) were measured by real time polymerase chain amplification. Estradiol uniquely upregulated six pathways in SLE T cells that control T cell function including interferon-alpha signaling. Measurement of interferon-alpha pathway target gene expression revealed significant differences (p= 0.043) in DRIP150 (+/- estradiol) in SLE T cell samples while IFIT1 expression was bimodal and correlated moderately (r= 0.55) with disease activity. The results indicate that estradiol alters signaling pathways in activated SLE T cells that control T cell function. Differential expression of transcriptional coactivators could influence estrogen-dependent gene regulation in T cell signaling and contribute to SLE onset and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Walters
- Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA
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Safe S, Kim K. Non-classical genomic estrogen receptor (ER)/specificity protein and ER/activating protein-1 signaling pathways. J Mol Endocrinol 2008; 41:263-75. [PMID: 18772268 PMCID: PMC2582054 DOI: 10.1677/jme-08-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
17beta-estradiol binds to the estrogen receptor (ER) to activate gene expression or repression and this involves both genomic (nuclear) and non-genomic (extranuclear) pathways. Genomic pathways include the classical interactions of ligand-bound ER dimers with estrogen-responsive elements in target gene promoters. ER-dependent activation of gene expression also involves DNA-bound ER that subsequently interacts with other DNA-bound transcriptions factors and direct ER-transcription factor (protein-protein) interactions where ER does not bind promoter DNA. Ligand-induced activation of ER/specificity protein (Sp) and ER/activating protein-1 [(AP-1); consisting of jun/fos] complexes are important pathways for modulating expression of a large number of genes. This review summarizes some of the characteristics of ER/Sp- and ER/AP-1-mediated transactivation, which are dependent on ligand structure, cell context, ER-subtype (ERalpha and ERbeta), and Sp protein (SP1, SP3, and SP4) and demonstrates that this non-classical genomic pathway is also functional in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4466, USA.
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Sun M, Estrov Z, Ji Y, Coombes KR, Harris DH, Kurzrock R. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) alters the expression profiles of microRNAs in human pancreatic cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:464-73. [PMID: 18347134 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-2272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major challenge in cancer chemotherapy has been developing safe and clinically efficacious chemotherapeutic agents. With its low toxicity profile, curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a naturally occurring flavinoid derived from the rhizome of Curcuma longa, has great promise. In vitro and in vivo preclinical studies have shown its inhibitory anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and proapoptotic activities. The multiple mechanisms of the antitumor effect of curcumin putatively include down-regulating the expression of gene products such as nuclear factor-kappaB, growth suppression, inducing apoptosis, and modulating various signal transduction pathways and the expression of many oncogenes. The mechanisms underlying the antitumor activity of curcumin have not, however, been completely delineated. METHODS An oligonucleotide microarray chip was developed and used to profile microRNA (miRNA) expressions in pancreatic cells treated with curcumin. Transcripts with regulated expression patterns on the arrays were validated by real-time PCRs. Additionally, potential mRNA targets were analyzed bioinformatically and confirmed with flow cytometry experiments. RESULTS Curcumin alters miRNA expression in human pancreatic cells, up-regulating miRNA-22 and down-regulating miRNA-199a*, as confirmed by TaqMan real-time PCR. Upregulation of miRNA-22 expression by curcumin or by transfection with miRNA-22 mimetics in the PxBC-3 pancreatic cancer cell line suppressed expression of its target genes SP1 transcription factor (SP1) and estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), while inhibiting miRNA-22 with antisense enhanced SP1 and ESR1 expression. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that modulation of miRNA expression may be an important mechanism underlying the biological effects of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sun
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Program), University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Li D, Mitchell D, Luo J, Yi Z, Cho SG, Guo J, Li X, Ning G, Wu X, Liu M. Estrogen regulates KiSS1 gene expression through estrogen receptor alpha and SP protein complexes. Endocrinology 2007; 148:4821-8. [PMID: 17656465 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptins are natural ligands of G protein-coupled receptor-54. Activation of KiSS1/G protein-coupled receptor-54 signaling pathways results in potent activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis and initiates puberty. Recent data have shown that in female mice, KiSS1 is positively regulated by estradiol (E(2)) in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus, an important reproductive neuroendocrine brain region, but negatively regulated in the arcuate nucleus. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms governing E(2)-modulated KiSS1 expression. Here, we demonstrate that the expression level of the KiSS1 gene was up-regulated with the administration of E(2) in estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)-positive hypothalamic GT1-7 cells. Using transient transfection of human KiSS1 gene promoter coupled to a luciferase reporter, E(2) increases promoter activity in the presence of ERalpha. Deletion analysis of KiSS1 promoter indicates that the E(2)-regulated increase in promoter activity depends on the Sp1 sites of the proximal promoter region. Using both EMSAs and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis, we determined that both Sp1 and Sp3 proteins constitutively associate with the four putative Sp1 sites in vitro, whereas the association of ERalpha with the KiSS1 promoter is dependent on E(2) exposure. Sp1 and ERalpha form a complex in vivo to mediate the E(2)-induced activation of KiSS1 promoter. Interestingly, Sp1 transactivates KiSS1 promoter activity, whereas Sp3 functions as a transcriptional repressor. Together, these results demonstrate that E(2)-dependent transcriptional activation of KiSS1 gene is mediated by ERalpha through the interaction of Sp1/Sp3 proteins with the GC-rich motifs of KiSS1 promoter, providing a molecular mechanism of how steroid hormone feedback regulates KiSS1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Li
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 2121 West Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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