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Vijayan A, Österlund H, Marsalek J, Viklander M. Traffic-related metals in urban snow cover: A review of the literature data and the feasibility of filling gaps by field data collection. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170640. [PMID: 38325463 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
A literature search on traffic related metals in polluted urban snow revealed a significant volume of references representing a substantive knowledge base. The frequently studied metals in urban snow included Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Ni. However, comparing metal concentrations across studies proves to be a complex effort due to the variations in site-specific factors among studies, such as traffic intensity, pavement conditions, hydrometeorological conditions, and research method aspects, such as sampling equipment and frequency, and laboratory analytical methods. The literature review indicated that among the commonly studied metals, Zn and Cu indicated potential environmental concerns, and that there was a lack of data on the occurrence and accumulation in snow of antimony (Sb), tungsten (W), and platinum group elements (PGEs). To partly mitigate this knowledge gap, a field study of these elements was carried out by sampling urban roadside snow at six locations with various land use and traffic intensities, focusing on accumulation of these elements in snowbanks along roadways. The results indicated that traffic related activities are the sources of PGEs, W and Sb in roadside snowbanks, as the concentrations of these metals increased with increasing traffic intensity. The mean concentrations of the studied metals followed this descending order: W (0.4 (Reporting limit-RL)-987 μg/l) > Sb (0.1 RL-33.2 μg/l) > Pd (0.02 (RL)-0.506 μg/l) > Rh (0.02 (RL)-0.053 μg/l). In laboratory melted snow, both W and Sb were mostly in the particulate-bound phase, with <25 % in the dissolved phase. For sites with metal concentrations above the detection limit, the regression analysis indicated linear trends in unit area deposition rates of W with time (snow age), described by R2 = 0.94.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Vijayan
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Helene Österlund
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Jiri Marsalek
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Maria Viklander
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
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Scerri MM, Weinbruch S, Delmaire G, Mercieca N, Nolle M, Prati P, Massabò D. Exhaust and non-exhaust contributions from road transport to PM 10 at a Southern European traffic site. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120569. [PMID: 36347413 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is a well - established fact that road traffic is one of the main contributors to ambient levels of airborne particulate matter (APM). This study was carried out at a traffic site in which the PM10 levels are monitored all year round. A trend analysis of these levels revealed that over a decade there was no discernible trend, with the PM10 concentrations normally hovering around the EU limit values. In 2018, one of these limit values was exceeded. The contribution of traffic at the site was therefore investigated through a chemical speciation of 209 PM10 samples collected throughout this year. The speciation data were used in a source apportionment exercise in which the output of the PMF model was further refined using the lesser-known, constraint weighted non - negative matrix factorization (CW - NMF) model. This technique enabled the isolation of two factors clearly related to traffic, which were labelled as "exhaust contribution" (responsible for 3.4% of the PM10), "tire/brake wear contribution" (contributing 17% of the PM10). Additionally, a factor including both traffic resuspended dust and crustal material was also isolated and labelled "road dust/crustal" factor. The two contributors to the factor jointly contribute 18% to the PM10 and the contribution of the traffic resuspended dust was estimated at 7.3%. The traffic resuspended component of this factor together with the "tire/brake wear contribution" jointly make up the non-exhaust contribution of traffic - derived dust. Consonant with what has been known for quite some time, the exhaust fraction is the minor component of traffic PM10. It is therefore, clear that policies aimed at controlling traffic derived PM10 pollution at the receptor will have a minimal effect unless the non - exhaust emissions are adequately controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Scerri
- Institute of Earth Systems, University of Malta, Tal-Qroqq, Msida, MSD2080, Malta.
| | - Stephan Weinbruch
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technical University Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 9, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gilles Delmaire
- Laboratoire d'Informatique Signal et Image de la Côte d'Opale (LISIC), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, F62228, Calais, France
| | - Nadine Mercieca
- Environment and Resources Authority, Hexagon House, Spencer Hill, Marsa, MRS1441, Malta
| | - Michael Nolle
- Environment and Resources Authority, Hexagon House, Spencer Hill, Marsa, MRS1441, Malta
| | - Paolo Prati
- Physics Department & INFN, Università degli studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy
| | - Dario Massabò
- Physics Department & INFN, Università degli studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy
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Wang J, Yu J, Gong Y, Wu L, Yu Z, Wang J, Gao R, Liu W. Pollution characteristics, sources and health risk of metals in urban dust from different functional areas in Nanjing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111607. [PMID: 34197818 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Urban dust is an important medium of potential toxic metal (PTM) pollution that affects human health and the urban ecosystems. A total of 374 fugitive dust samples were collected in Nanjing, a fast-developing city in southern China, including six sub-types of dust (residential district, commercial district, industrial district, traffic district, cultural and educational district, green land). Chemical analysis of eighteen metal elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was carried out to establish the sub-type sources profiles of fine particles for fugitive dust. The results show that these metals (Cu, Zn, Se, Sr, Mo, Cd, Sb, and Pb) are mainly from anthropogenic sources and present a high degree of pollution; Mn, As, and Ba are moderately affected by human activities and present a significant degree of pollution; Ni, Co, Cr, Tl, V, Be, and Ti mainly originate from natural sources and present significant, moderate and minimal degrees of pollution. For the dust types from different functional areas, the differences of enrichment factor (EF) values were relatively small. Metals were highly concentrated in dust from residential, cultural and educational district, which had high density population and would pose higher health risk. In all types of dust, the metals rich in crust (Ti, Mn, Ba, Sr) and the metals (Cu, Zn, Pb) closely connected with city activities were the main components. Factor analysis revealed that there were six main sources of metals in dust collected from Nanjing: industrial activity, building decoration, soil dust, metal smelting, traffic emissions, and brake abrasion. Generally, noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks of metals found in dust are rarely found for children and adults based on health risk assessments. However, the noncarcinogenic risk of Pb in commercial districts for children should be noted because its hazard quotient was higher than the safety threshold level. For the accumulative health risk of eighteen metals, the noncarcinogenic risk values of dust from six functional areas for children were all over the threshold (1.0), whereas below 1.0 for adults. The difference between children and adults was relatively obvious. All accumulative risk values of carcinogenic metals did not exceed the carcinogenic risk threshold of 1 × 10-4, which suggested that no risk prevention measures were needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Wang
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, No. 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, No. 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yan Gong
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention (The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University), No. 499 Jincheng Road, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Linlin Wu
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention (The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University), No. 499 Jincheng Road, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Zheng Yu
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, No. 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, No. 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Rong Gao
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, No. 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Wenwei Liu
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention (The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University), No. 499 Jincheng Road, Wuxi, 214000, China.
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Smart Determination of Gold Content in PCBs of Waste Mobile Phones by Coupling of XRF and AAS Techniques. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9091618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative determination of most economic valuable metals in waste is the first fundamental operation of evaluating the feasibility of recycling processes. Field-portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometers (FPXRFs) represent a more practical, efficient, and economic tool in determining the elemental composition of samples with respect to conventional analytical techniques, such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP). In this paper, quick and smart determination of gold content in printed circuit boards (PCBs) of waste mobile phones was studied. The aim of the research was to combine the practicality of FPXRFs with the reliability of quantitative spectrometry analysis and evaluate the error between the two techniques. Several samples (33) of PCBs were ground to a size below 0.5 mm, and then, the powders were analyzed by FPXRFs at different acquisition times with five replications for each sample. The same analyzed samples then underwent chemical attack to determine the quantitative gold content by AAS. The obtained results were associated with FPXRFs response with the purpose of realizing a calibration curve (100–1000 mg/kg Au). The curve was validated for accuracy and precision by other PCBs waste samples; the control samples were added as standards to obtain a more reliable calibration curve. The curve was evaluated with RPD classification, regression linear, and Bolt–Altman analysis.
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Engin AB. Combined Toxicity of Metal Nanoparticles: Comparison of Individual and Mixture Particles Effect. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1275:165-193. [PMID: 33539016 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49844-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of metal nanoparticles (NPs) are closely associated with increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. However, NP interactions and surface complexation reactions alter the original toxicity of individual NPs. To date, toxicity studies on NPs have mostly been focused on individual NPs instead of the combination of several species. It is expected that the amount of industrial and highway-acquired NPs released into the environment will further increase in the near future. This raises the possibility that various types of NPs could be found in the same medium, thereby, the adverse effects of each NP either could be potentiated, inhibited or remain unaffected by the presence of the other NPs. After uptake of NPs into the human body from various routes, protein kinases pathways mediate their toxicities. In this context, family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) is mostly efficient. Despite each NP activates almost the same metabolic pathways, the toxicity induced by a single type of NP is different than the case of co-exposure to the combined NPs. The scantiness of toxicological data on NPs combinations displays difficulties to determine, if there is any risk associated with exposure to combined nanomaterials. Currently, in addition to mathematical analysis (Response surface methodology; RSM), the quantitative-structure-activity relationship (QSAR) is used to estimate the toxicity of various metal oxide NPs based on their physicochemical properties and levels applied. In this chapter, it is discussed whether the coexistence of multiple metal NPs alter the original toxicity of individual NP. Additionally, in the part of "Toxicity of diesel emission/exhaust particles (DEP)", the known individual toxicity of metal NPs within the DEP is compared with the data regarding toxicity of total DEP mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Sui S, Ng J, Gao Y, Peng C, He C, Wang G, Liu Z. Pollution characteristics and chronic health risk assessment of metals and metalloids in ambient PM 2.5 in Licheng District, Jinan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:1803-1815. [PMID: 31659702 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00448-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 samples were collected at the Wangsheren primary school site in Licheng District of Jinan, China, during 2016. Eleven metals and metalloids including Al, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb and Se in PM2.5 were measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. The annual average mass concentration of PM2.5 was found to be 88.7 μg m-3. The highest PM2.5 concentrations were obtained during the heating seasons of winter and spring. The concentrations of metals and metalloids in PM2.5 were in a descending order of Al, Pb, Mn, As, Se, Cr, Sb, Ni, Cd, Hg and Be. The enrichment factors showed that Pb, Mn, As, Se, Cr, Sb, Ni, Cd, Hg originated from anthropogenic sources. Factor analysis indicated that the main sources of the metals were coal combustion dust, soil dust, metallurgical industry, brake abrasion of vehicles and other mixed sources. Coal combustion dust was the primary source of metal pollution in PM2.5. Non-carcinogenic risks associated with exposure through the respiratory system were between 6.30 × 10-4 and 7.62 × 10-1, which were lower than the safe limit (1). The carcinogenic risks of Cr, As and Cd were 3.17 × 10-5, 1.52 × 10-5, 2.22 × 10-6, respectively, which were higher than the precautionary criterion (10-6/year). This study indicates that the air pollution of PM2.5 is of public health concern in Licheng District of Jinan, particularly related to potential carcinogenic metals of As, Cr and Cd. Intervention action is needed to reduce the emission sources of these elements, especially coal combustion in winter heating season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Sui
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Monitoring and Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jack Ng
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia
| | - Yanxin Gao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Monitoring and Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia
| | - Chang He
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia
| | - Guoling Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Monitoring and Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyan Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44# Wenhua West Road, Lixia Area, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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Scerri MM, Genga A, Iacobellis S, Delmaire G, Giove A, Siciliano M, Siciliano T, Weinbruch S. Investigating the plausibility of a PMF source apportionment solution derived using a small dataset: A case study from a receptor in a rural site in Apulia - South East Italy. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124376. [PMID: 31545188 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Results of a methodological study on the use of Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) with smaller datasets are being reported in this work. This study is based on 29 PM10 and 33 PM2.5 samples from a receptor in a rural setup in Apulia (Southern Italy). Running PMF on the two size fractions separately resulted in the model not functioning correctly. We therefore, augmented the size of the dataset by aggregating the PM10 and PM2.5 data. The 5-factor solution obtained for the aggregated data was fairly rotationally stable, and was further refined by the rotational tools included in USEPA PMF version 5. These refinements include the imposition of constraints on the solution, based on our knowledge of the chemical composition of the aerosol sources affecting the receptor. Additionally, the uncertainties associated with this solution were fully characterised using the improved error estimation techniques in this version of PMF. Five factors in all, were isolated by PMF: ammonium sulfate, marine aerosol, mixed carbonaceous aerosol, crustal/Saharan dust and total traffic. The results obtained by PMF were further tested inter alia, by comparing them to those obtained by two other receptor modelling techniques: Constrained Weighted Non-negative Matrix Factorization (CW - NMF) and Chemical Mass Balance (CMB). The results of these tests suggest that the solution obtained by PMF, is valid, indicating that for this particular airshed PMF managed to extract most of the information about the aerosol sources affecting the receptor - even from a dataset with a limited number of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Scerri
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany; Institute of Earth Systems, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.
| | - Alessandra Genga
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Technologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100, Lecce, Puglia, Italy.
| | - Silvana Iacobellis
- Italy Health, Safety, Environment & Quality Generation Italy ENEL, Via Arno 44, 00198, Rome, Italy
| | - Gilles Delmaire
- Laboratoire d'Informatique Signal et Image de la Côte d'Opale (LISIC), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, F - 62228, Calais, France
| | - Aldo Giove
- Generation Italy, Engineering & Construction ENEL, c/o Centrale Federico II, Litoranea Salentina Brindisi, Casalabate, Località Cerano, Tuturano, 72020, Brindisi, Italy
| | - Maria Siciliano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Technologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100, Lecce, Puglia, Italy
| | - Tiziana Siciliano
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, 73100, Lecce, Puglia, Italy
| | - Stephan Weinbruch
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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Nascimento-Dias BL, Araujo OMO, Machado AS, Oliveira DF, Anjos MJ, Lopes RT, Assis JT. Analysis of two meteorite fragments (lunar and martian) using X-Ray microfluorescence and X-Ray computed microtomography techniques. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 152:156-161. [PMID: 31302533 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Meteorites have been arousing the curiosity of mankind since antiquity. However, the interest in these objects goes far beyond mere curiosity in the study of such materials, which has great importance due essentially to the information they can provide. The importance of studying meteorites is associated about the earliest conditions and processes during the formation and earliest history of the solar system. So, in this study, the characterization of two meteorite fragments was performed using X-ray computed microtomography (micro-CT) and X-ray microfluorescence (micro-XRF). These techniques were used for their non-destructive characteristics and the ability to provide information about the structure and composition the meteorites. The micro-CT images showed encrusted structures within both samples. However, while in Lunar meteorites spheroidal structures very similar to small grains internally grouped in clusters were found, in the Martian meteorite a very peculiar structure was identified. Besides that, the micro-CT it was also possible to evaluate the different density materials that compose the samples. The micro-XRF results accounted for the presence of the elements Si, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni and Sr in the Lunar sample, as well as of Si, S, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Sr and Y in the Martian sample. The results obtained are effective for the characterization of meteorites, proving thus that it is possible to obtain important information about the chemical composition, as well as about the distribution and the internal structure of these materials, evaluating aspects such as density and porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - O M O Araujo
- Nuclear Instrumentation Laboratory, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A S Machado
- Nuclear Instrumentation Laboratory, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - D F Oliveira
- Nuclear Instrumentation Laboratory, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M J Anjos
- Physics Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Nuclear Instrumentation Laboratory, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R T Lopes
- Nuclear Instrumentation Laboratory, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J T Assis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Energy, Polytechnic Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Scerri MM, Kandler K, Weinbruch S, Yubero E, Galindo N, Prati P, Caponi L, Massabò D. Estimation of the contributions of the sources driving PM 2.5 levels in a Central Mediterranean coastal town. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:465-481. [PMID: 30081219 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Receptor modelling techniques are widely used in order to identify the main natural and anthropogenic processes driving aerosol levels at a receptor. In this work, Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was used to apportion PM2.5 levels at a traffic site (Msida) located in a coastal town. 180 filters collected throughout a yearly sampling campaign conducted in 2016, were chemically characterized by light absorbance analysis, x-ray fluorescence and ion chromatography in order to determine the concentrations of black carbon, 17 elements and 5 ions, respectively. The resulting chemical data base was used in conjunction with PMF in order to identify the 7 components affecting the PM2.5 levels at the receptor site. Six of these sources are considered to be typical of the atmospheric composition of coastal traffic sites: traffic (27.3%), ammonium sulfate (23.6%), Saharan dust (15%), aged sea salt (12.7%), shipping (5%) and fresh sea salt (4.6%). This is the first time that such a study was carried out in Malta and helps in understanding the aerosol pollution climate of the Central Mediterranean, which is still relatively understudied when compared to the Eastern and Western Mediterranean. Furthermore, we have isolated a factor exclusive to Malta: the fireworks component, which is responsible for 2.9% of the PM2.5 and which has health implications due to its chemical composition. The results of this work should also serve to guide the policy makers in achieving the necessary emission reductions in order to achieve the WHO guideline for PM2.5 by 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Scerri
- Ambient Quality & Waste Unit, Environment and Resources Authority, Malta; Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany; Institute of Earth Systems, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.
| | - Konrad Kandler
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stephan Weinbruch
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Eduardo Yubero
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, Edificio Alcudia, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Nuria Galindo
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, Edificio Alcudia, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Paolo Prati
- Physics Department & INFN, Università degli studi di Genova, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Dario Massabò
- Physics Department & INFN, Università degli studi di Genova, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy
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Gope M, Masto RE, George J, Balachandran S. Tracing source, distribution and health risk of potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in street dust of Durgapur, India. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 154:280-293. [PMID: 29477918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Street dust samples from Durgapur, the steel city of eastern India, were collected from five different land use patterns, i.e., national highways, urban residential area, sensitive area, industrial area and busy traffic zone during summer, monsoon, and winter to analyze the pollution characteristics, chemical fractionation, source apportionment and health risk of heavy metals (HMs). The samples were fractionated into ≤ 53 µm and analyzed for potentially harmful elements (PHEs) viz. Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Summer season indicated higher concentrations of PHEs when compared to the other two seasons. Mean enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), and contamination factor (CF) were high for Cd followed by Pb during all the three season in Durgapur. Chemical fractionation was executed in order to obtain distribution patterns of PHEs and to evaluate their bioavailable fractions in street dust samples. Mn was found to be highly bioavailable and bioavailability of the PHEs were in the order of Mn > Zn > Pb > Ni > Cd > Cu > Fe > Cr. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), cluster analysis, correlation analysis indicated the main sources of PHEs could be industrial, especially coal powered thermal plant, iron and steel industries and cement industries and vehicular. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicated that sites, seasons and their interaction were significantly affected by different PHEs as a whole. The health risk was calculated with total metal as well as mobile fraction of PHEs, which indicated that the actual non-carcinogenic risk due to bioavailable PHEs was less (HI < 1) when compared to total concentrations of PHEs. Carcinogenic risk was observed for total Cr in street dust (Child: 4.6E-06; Adult: 3.6E-06).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manash Gope
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur (NIT Durgapur), Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India; Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science (Siksha-Bhavana), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Reginald Ebhin Masto
- Environmental Management Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (Digwadih Campus), CFRI, Dhanbad 828108, Jharkhand, India
| | - Joshy George
- Environmental Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Srinivasan Balachandran
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science (Siksha-Bhavana), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India.
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Barber LB, Paschke SS, Battaglin WA, Douville C, Fitzgerald KC, Keefe SH, Roth DA, Vajda AM. Effects of an Extreme Flood on Trace Elements in River Water-From Urban Stream to Major River Basin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:10344-10356. [PMID: 28862461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Major floods adversely affect water quality through surface runoff, groundwater discharge, and damage to municipal water infrastructure. Despite their importance, it can be difficult to assess the effects of floods on streamwater chemistry because of challenges collecting samples and the absence of baseline data. This study documents water quality during the September 2013 extreme flood in the South Platte River, Colorado, USA. Weekly time-series water samples were collected from 3 urban source waters (municipal tap water, streamwater, and wastewater treatment facility effluent) under normal-flow and flood conditions. In addition, water samples were collected during the flood at 5 locations along the South Platte River and from 7 tributaries along the Colorado Front Range. Samples were analyzed for 54 major and trace elements. Specific chemical tracers, representing different natural and anthropogenic sources and geochemical behaviors, were used to compare streamwater composition before and during the flood. The results differentiate hydrological processes that affected water quality: (1) in the upper watershed, runoff diluted most dissolved constituents, (2) in the urban corridor and lower watershed, runoff mobilized soluble constituents accumulated on the landscape and contributed to stream loading, and (3) flood-induced groundwater discharge mobilized soluble constituents stored in the vadose zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry B Barber
- U.S. Geological Survey , 3215 Marine Street, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Suzanne S Paschke
- U.S. Geological Survey , Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - William A Battaglin
- U.S. Geological Survey , Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Chris Douville
- City of Boulder , 4049 75th Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Kevin C Fitzgerald
- U.S. Geological Survey , 3215 Marine Street, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Carollo Engineers, Inc. , 12592 W Explorer Drive, Boise, Idaho 83713, United States
| | - Steffanie H Keefe
- U.S. Geological Survey , 3215 Marine Street, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - David A Roth
- U.S. Geological Survey , 3215 Marine Street, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Alan M Vajda
- University of Colorado Denver , CB171, Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
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Gope M, Masto RE, George J, Hoque RR, Balachandran S. Bioavailability and health risk of some potentially toxic elements (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in street dust of Asansol, India. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 138:231-241. [PMID: 28068580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Street dust samples were collected from five different types of land use patterns (busy traffic zone, urban residential area, national highways, industrial area and sensitive area) in a medium sized industrial city Asansol, India. The samples were fractionated into ≤53µm and analyzed for potential toxic elements (PTEs) viz. Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu. The mean total concentration of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in the urban street dust samples were 192, 0.75, 110 and 132mgkg-1 respectively. Chemical speciation was performed for PTEs to evaluate the bio-available fractions. Cu was mostly associated with organic matter phase while Zn, Pb and Cd with residual phase. Mean mobility factor (MF) for heavy metals in Asansol was Zn (54.6%)>Pb (49.1%)>Cu (25.3%)>Cd (22.7%). Geo-chemical indices such as Enrichment Factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and contamination Factor (CF) were in the order of Pb>Cd>Zn>Cu. Cluster analysis was done to understand the similarities among the sites. The risks of all metals was calculated with mobile fraction, which indicated actual risk due to PTEs was less (HI<1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manash Gope
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science(Siksha-Bhavana),Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Reginald Ebhin Masto
- Environmental Management Division, CSIR- Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (Digwadih Campus), CFRI, Dhanbad 828108, Jharkhand, India
| | - Joshy George
- Environmental Management Division, CSIR- Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (Digwadih Campus), CFRI, Dhanbad 828108, Jharkhand, India
| | - Raza Rafiqul Hoque
- Department of Environmental Studies, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Srinivasan Balachandran
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science(Siksha-Bhavana),Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India.
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13
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Green and Selective Fluorescent Sensor for Detection of Sn (IV) and Mo (VI) Based on Boron and Nitrogen-Co-Doped Carbon Dots. J Fluoresc 2016; 27:651-657. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-016-1994-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Lange CN, Figueiredo AMG, Enzweiler J, Castro L. Trace elements status in the terrain of an impounded vehicle scrapyard. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-016-5078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Tunno BJ, Dalton R, Michanowicz DR, Shmool JLC, Kinnee E, Tripathy S, Cambal L, Clougherty JE. Spatial patterning in PM2.5 constituents under an inversion-focused sampling design across an urban area of complex terrain. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2016; 26:385-96. [PMID: 26507005 PMCID: PMC4913169 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2015.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Health effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) vary by chemical composition, and composition can help to identify key PM2.5 sources across urban areas. Further, this intra-urban spatial variation in concentrations and composition may vary with meteorological conditions (e.g., mixing height). Accordingly, we hypothesized that spatial sampling during atmospheric inversions would help to better identify localized source effects, and reveal more distinct spatial patterns in key constituents. We designed a 2-year monitoring campaign to capture fine-scale intra-urban variability in PM2.5 composition across Pittsburgh, PA, and compared both spatial patterns and source effects during "frequent inversion" hours vs 24-h weeklong averages. Using spatially distributed programmable monitors, and a geographic information systems (GIS)-based design, we collected PM2.5 samples across 37 sampling locations per year to capture variation in local pollution sources (e.g., proximity to industry, traffic density) and terrain (e.g., elevation). We used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine elemental composition, and unconstrained factor analysis to identify source suites by sampling scheme and season. We examined spatial patterning in source factors using land use regression (LUR), wherein GIS-based source indicators served to corroborate factor interpretations. Under both summer sampling regimes, and for winter inversion-focused sampling, we identified six source factors, characterized by tracers associated with brake and tire wear, steel-making, soil and road dust, coal, diesel exhaust, and vehicular emissions. For winter 24-h samples, four factors suggested traffic/fuel oil, traffic emissions, coal/industry, and steel-making sources. In LURs, as hypothesized, GIS-based source terms better explained spatial variability in inversion-focused samples, including a greater contribution from roadway, steel, and coal-related sources. Factor analysis produced source-related constituent suites under both sampling designs, though factors were more distinct under inversion-focused sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Tunno
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Bridgeside Point, 100 Technology Drive, Room 529, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA. Tel.: +1 724 288 3778. Fax: +1 412 624 3040. E-mail:
| | - Rebecca Dalton
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Drew R Michanowicz
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jessie L C Shmool
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ellen Kinnee
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sheila Tripathy
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leah Cambal
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jane E Clougherty
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Hu X, He M, Li S. Antimony leaching release from brake pads: Effect of pH, temperature and organic acids. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 29:11-17. [PMID: 25766008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Metals from automotive brake pads pollute water, soils and the ambient air. The environmental effect on water of antimony (Sb) contained in brake pads has been largely untested. The content of Sb in one abandoned brake pad reached up to 1.62×10(4) mg/kg. Effects of initial pH, temperature and four organic acids (acetic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid and humic acid) on Sb release from brake pads were studied using batch reactors. Approximately 30% (97 mg/L) of the total Sb contained in the brake pads was released in alkaline aqueous solution and at higher temperature after 30 days of leaching. The organic acids tested restrained Sb release, especially acetic acid and oxalic acid. The pH-dependent concentration change of Sb in aqueous solution was best fitted by a logarithmic function. In addition, Sb contained in topsoil from land where brake pads were discarded (average 9×10(3) mg/kg) was 3000 times that in uncontaminated soils (2.7±1 mg/kg) in the same areas. Because potentially high amounts of Sb may be released from brake pads, it is important that producers and environmental authorities take precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Mengchang He
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Sisi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Grigoratos T, Martini G. Brake wear particle emissions: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:2491-504. [PMID: 25318420 PMCID: PMC4315878 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3696-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Traffic-related sources have been recognized as a significant contributor of particulate matter particularly within major cities. Exhaust and non-exhaust traffic-related sources are estimated to contribute almost equally to traffic-related PM10 emissions. Non-exhaust particles can be generated either from non-exhaust sources such as brake, tyre, clutch and road surface wear or already exist in the form of deposited material at the roadside and become resuspended due to traffic-induced turbulence. Among non-exhaust sources, brake wear can be a significant particulate matter (PM) contributor, particularly within areas with high traffic density and braking frequency. Studies mention that in urban environments, brake wear can contribute up to 55 % by mass to total non-exhaust traffic-related PM10 emissions and up to 21 % by mass to total traffic-related PM10 emissions, while in freeways, this contribution is lower due to lower braking frequency. As exhaust emissions control become stricter, relative contributions of non-exhaust sources-and therefore brake wear-to traffic-related emissions will become more significant and will raise discussions on possible regulatory needs. The aim of the present literature review study is to present the state-of-the-art of the different aspects regarding PM resulting from brake wear and provide all the necessary information in terms of importance, physicochemical characteristics, emission factors and possible health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Grigoratos
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Sustainable Transport Unit (STU), Institute for Energy and Transport (IET), Via E Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, Italy,
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Cheng SY, Chen YF, Huang CCJ. Forensic Applications of Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer: Glass Samples. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201400229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Tsuji
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakano
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshio Takahashi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Kouichi Hayashi
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Chul-Un Ro
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon, 402-751, Korea
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