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Woźniczka K, Trojan V, Urbanowicz K, Schreiber P, Zadrożna J, Bączek T, Smoleński RT, Roszkowska A. In vivo profiling of phytocannabinoids in Cannabis spp. varieties via SPME-LC-MS analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1306:342621. [PMID: 38692790 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vivo solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a minimally invasive, non-exhaustive sample-preparation technique that facilitates the direct isolation of low molecular weight compounds from biological matrices in living systems. This technique is especially useful for the analysis of phytocannabinoids (PCs) in plant material, both for forensic purposes and for monitoring the PC content in growing Cannabis spp. plants. In contrast to traditional extraction techniques, in vivo SPME enables continuous tracking of the changes in the level of PCs during plant growth without the need for plant material collection. In this study, in vivo SPME utilizing biocompatible C18 probes and liquid-chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS) is proposed as a novel strategy for the extraction and analysis of the acidic forms of five PCs in growing medicinal cannabis plants. RESULTS The SPME method was optimized by testing various parameters, including the extraction phase (coating), extraction and desorption times, and the extraction temperature. The proposed method was validated with satisfactory analytical performance regarding linearity (10-3000 ng/mL), limits of quantification, and precision (relative standard deviations below 5.5 %). The proposed method was then successfully applied for the isolation of five acidic forms of PCs, which are main components of growing medicinal cannabis plants. As a proof-of-concept, SPME probes were statically inserted into the inflorescences of two varieties of Cannabis spp. plants (i.e., CBD-dominant and Δ9-THC-dominant) cultivated under controlled conditions for 30 min extraction of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ9-THCA), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabiviarinic acid (CBVA), and tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (THCVA). SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY The results confirmed that the developed SPME-LC-Q-TOF-MS method is a precise and efficient tool that enables direct and rapid isolation and analysis of PCs under in vivo conditions. The proposed methodology is highly appealing option for monitoring the metabolic pathways and compositions of multiple PCs in medicinal cannabis at different stages of plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Woźniczka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Václav Trojan
- Cannabis Facility, International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarská 53, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého 1946/1, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Krzysztof Urbanowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Patrik Schreiber
- Cannabis Facility, International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarská 53, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Julia Zadrożna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ryszard Tomasz Smoleński
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Roszkowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Tang T, Luo X, Li N, Li Q, Zhang M, Zeng J, Song H, Li L, Chen W. A developed and validated centrifugal ultrafiltration coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for rapid quantification of unbound lenvatinib in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1240:124157. [PMID: 38761468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
In clinical practice, the determination of unbound drug concentration is very important for dose adjustment and toxicity prediction because only the unbound fraction can achieve a pharmacological effect. A fast, sensitive and accurate analytical method of centrifugal ultrafiltration coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and applied to allow the quantification of unbound lenvatinib concentration. The application of linear regression analysis was used to examine the effects of centrifugal force, centrifugal time, and protein content on ultrafiltrate volume (Vu). The results indicated that the centrifugal force and centrifugal time have an influence on Vu that is significantly positive (P < 0.05). This developed method with good linearity (r2 = 0.9996), good accuracy (bias % ≤ 2.24 %), good precision (CV % ≤ 7.10 %), and good recovery (95.46 %-106.46 %) was suitable for routine clinical practice and studies. Particularly, the ultrafiltration membrane had no non-specific binding to lenvatinib. The unbound fractions can be separated in just 15 min. This method was applied to quantify clinical samples and to determine the plasma protein binding and unbound fraction of lenvatinib. This study provides a more effective and promising method for determination of unbound lenvatinib. It could be beneficial to measure the unbound concentration of lenvatinib in personalized medicine and therapeutic drug monitoring in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xianzhang Luo
- Hepatic Biliary & Pancreatic Cancer Center, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jin Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Haichi Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Lixian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Wanyi Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China.
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Tintrop LK, Bräkling S, Vetter M, Eßer W, Drees F, Salemi A, Jochmann MA, Klee S, Schmidt TC. Evaluation of GC-EI&CI-TOFMS for Nontarget Analysis of Industrial Wastewater Using Hydrophilic-Lipophilic-Balanced SPME. Anal Chem 2024; 96:6122-6130. [PMID: 38603779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The evaluation of nontarget analysis (NTA) techniques for the monitoring of wastewater is important as wastewater is an anthropogenic pollution source for aquatic ecosystems and a threat to human and environmental health. This study presents the proof-of-concept NTA of industrial wastewater samples. A prototype hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced (HLB) SPME and gas chromatography interfaced with time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) with electron ionization (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) in parallel are employed. The HLB-SPME consists of a poly(divinylbenzene-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone) structure, allowing the extraction of hydrophilic as well as lipophilic substances. As the combination of parallel CI and EI data provides a comprehensive data set as a unique feature, this study is strongly focused on the compound identification procedure and confidence reporting of exemplary substances. Furthermore, the use of three different CI reagent ions, including [N2H]+/[N4H]+, [H3O]+, and [NH4]+, enables a broad range of analytes to be ionized in terms of selectivity and softness. The complementary information provided by EI and CI data allows a level 3 identification or higher in 69% of cases. The polarity coverage based on the physicochemical properties of the analytes (such as volatility, water solubility, hydrophilicity, and lipophilicity) was visualized by using Henry's law and octanol-water partitioning constants. In conclusion, the presented approach is shown to be valuable for water analysis and allows enhanced and accelerated compound identification compared to utilizing only one type of ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie K Tintrop
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | | | | | - Willi Eßer
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Felix Drees
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Amir Salemi
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Maik A Jochmann
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Sonja Klee
- TOFWERK AG, Schorenstrasse 39, 3645 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstrasse 26, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Pour PH, Suzaei FM, Daryanavard SM. Greenness assessment of microextraction techniques in therapeutic drug monitoring. Bioanalysis 2024. [PMID: 38466891 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: In this study, we evaluated the greenness and whiteness scores for microextraction techniques used in therapeutic drug monitoring. Additionally, the cons and pros of each evaluated method and their impacts on the provided scores are also discussed. Materials & methods: The Analytical Greenness Sample Preparation metric tool and white analytical chemistry principles are used for related published works (2007-2023). Results & conclusion: This study provided valuable insights for developing methods based on microextraction techniques with a balance in greenness and whiteness areas. Some methods based on a specific technique recorded higher scores, making them suitable candidates as green analytical approaches, and some others achieved high scores both in green and white areas with a satisfactory balance between principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Hosseini Pour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hormozgan, Bandar-Abbas, 79177, Iran
| | - Foad Mashayekhi Suzaei
- Toxicology Laboratories, Monitoring the Human Hygiene Condition and Standard of Qeshm (MHCS Company), Qeshm Island, 79511, Iran
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Dincel D, Zeinali S, Pawliszyn J. Determination of free concentration of endocannabinoids in brain tissue. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115624. [PMID: 37595355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The release of metabolites from their bound to free forms is the main regulatory path in living species. Therefore, the ability to determine the free concentrations of small molecules is highly critical in many biological samples. The main challenges in achieving this task are the interferences inherent to complex matrices and the ability to distinguish between the free and total concentrations. This paper presents a non-invasive microextraction method that enables the determination of endocannabinoids in brain tissue. The proposed method is based on two key principles: the availability of the free concentration of endocannabinoids for partitioning to the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber; and negligible depletion enabled by the small volume of extraction phase on the fiber. These features allow the presented SPME method to provide information about the free concentration of analytes without disturbing the binding equilibrium between the analytes and the matrix. The determination of spiked samples with known concentrations enables the percentage of analyte bound to the tissue to be calculated, which can then be applied to calculate the total concentration from the determined free concentration. This manuscript focuses on the determination of the free concentration and tissue binding percentages of endocannabinoids in brain tissue. Significantly, SPME's small size and potential for non-invasive sampling enable its application in live animal subjects with minimal tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demet Dincel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Fatih, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - Shakiba Zeinali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Woźniczka K, Konieczyński P, Plenis A, Bączek T, Roszkowska A. SPME as a green sample-preparation technique for the monitoring of phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids in complex matrices. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:1117-1134. [PMID: 38024858 PMCID: PMC10657972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS), particularly its signaling pathways and ligands, has garnered considerable interest in recent years. Along with clinical work investigating the ECS' functions, including its role in the development of neurological and inflammatory conditions, much research has focused on developing analytical protocols enabling the precise monitoring of the levels and metabolism of the most potent ECS ligands: exogenous phytocannabinoids (PCs) and endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids, ECs). Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is an advanced, non-exhaustive sample-preparation technique that facilitates the precise and efficient isolation of trace amounts of analytes, thus making it appealing for the analysis of PCs and ECs in complex matrices of plant and animal/human origin. In this paper, we review recent forensic medicine and toxicological studies wherein SPME has been applied to monitor levels of PCs and ECs in complex matrices, determine their effects on organism physiology, and assess their role in the development of several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Woźniczka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Konieczyński
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Alina Plenis
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Roszkowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Roszkowska A, Klejbor I, Bogusiewicz J, Plenis A, Bojko B, Kowalik K, Moryś J, Bączek T. Monitoring of age- and gender-related alterations of endocannabinoid levels in selected brain regions with the use of SPME probes. Metabolomics 2023; 19:40. [PMID: 37043024 PMCID: PMC10097736 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The endocannabinoid system consists of different types of receptors, enzymes and endocannabinoids (ECs), which are involved in several physiological processes, but also play important role in the development and progression of central nervous system disorders. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to apply precise and sensitive methodology for monitoring of four ECs, namely anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), N-arachidonoyl dopamine (NADA), 2-arachidonyl glyceryl ether (2-AGe) in selected brain regions of female and male rats at different stages of development (young, adult and old). METHODS Biocompatible solid-phase microextraction (SPME) probes were introduced into the intact (non-homogenized) brain structures for isolation of four ECs, and the extracts were subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis. Two chemometric approaches, namely hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were applied to provide more information about the levels of 2-AG and AEA in different brain structures. RESULTS 2-AG and AEA were extracted and could be quantified in each brain region; the level of 2-AG was significantly higher in comparison to the level of AEA. Two highly unstable ECs, NADA and 2-AGe, were captured by SPME probes from intact brain samples for the first time. CONCLUSION SPME probes were able to isolate highly unstable endogenous compounds from intact tissue, and provided new tools for precise analysis of the level and distribution of ECs in different brain regions. Monitoring of ECs in brain samples is important not only in physiological conditions, but also may contribute to better understanding of the functioning of the endocannabinoid system in various disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Roszkowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Ilona Klejbor
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Joanna Bogusiewicz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alina Plenis
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kowalik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Janusz Moryś
- Department of Normal Anatomy, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Li Z, Yang M, Shen X, Zhu H, Li B. The Preparation of Covalent Bonding COF-TpBD Coating in Arrayed Nanopores of Stainless Steel Fiber for Solid-Phase Microextraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1393. [PMID: 36674147 PMCID: PMC9858968 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic framework (COF)-TpBD was grafted on the arrayed nanopores of stainless steel fiber (SSF) with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane as the cross-linking agent. The prepared SSF bonded with COF-TpBD showed high thermal and chemical stability and excellent repeatability. The prepared SSF bonded with COF-TpBD was also used for the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) of seven kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in actual water samples, followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) determination, which exhibited low limits of detection (LODs), good relative standard deviation (RSD) and high recoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071066, China
- Hebei Key Lab Power Plant Flue Gas Multipollutant, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Mengqi Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071066, China
- Hebei Key Lab Power Plant Flue Gas Multipollutant, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Xuetong Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071066, China
- Hebei Key Lab Power Plant Flue Gas Multipollutant, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Hongtao Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071066, China
- Hebei Key Lab Power Plant Flue Gas Multipollutant, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Baohui Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071066, China
- Hebei Key Lab Power Plant Flue Gas Multipollutant, Baoding 071003, China
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Yu J, Xu XB, Murtada K, Pawliszyn J. Untargeted analysis of microbial metabolites and unsaturated fatty acids in salmon via hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced solid-phase microextraction arrow. Food Chem 2022; 380:132219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Profiling of Carnitine Shuttle System Intermediates in Gliomas Using Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206112. [PMID: 34684691 PMCID: PMC8540799 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the carnitine shuttle system may be an indication of the presence of cancer. As such, in-depth analyses of this pathway in different malignant tumors could be important for the detection and treatment of this disease. The current study aims to assess the profiles of carnitine and acylcarnitines in gliomas with respect to their grade, the presence of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations, and 1p/19q co-deletion. Brain tumors obtained from 19 patients were sampled on-site using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) immediately following excision. Analytes were desorbed and then analyzed via liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. The results showed that SPME enabled the extraction of carnitine and 22 acylcarnitines. An analysis of the correlation factor revealed the presence of two separate clusters: short-chain and long-chain carnitine esters. Slightly higher carnitine and acylcarnitine concentrations were observed in the higher-malignancy tumor samples (high vs. low grade) and in those samples with worse projected clinical outcomes (without vs. with IDH mutation; without vs. with 1p/19q co-deletion). Thus, the proposed chemical biopsy approach offers a simple solution for on-site sampling that enables sample preservation, thus supporting comprehensive multi-method analyses.
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Chen YQ, Shen H, Yang RJ, Wan JB. Accurate quantification of endogenous N-acylethanolamides by chemical isotope labeling coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1179:338839. [PMID: 34535247 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
N-acylethanolamides (NAEs) are a class of naturally occurring lipid molecules with pleiotropic activities ranging from energy homeostasis to analgesic functioning. However, the comprehensive quantitation of endogenous NAEs is challenged by the sub-trace level (nM) in complex biological samples and the limited availability of stable isotope labeled internal standards (SIL-IS). Herein, a sensitive method was developed to accurately determine 20 NAEs in biological samples by chemical isotope labeling strategy coupled with liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A pair of efficient derivatization reagents, acetyl chloride-d0 (ACC-d0) and acetyl chloride-d3 (ACC-d3), were used to label NAEs in biological samples and NAE standard mixture, respectively. The heavily labeled NAE derivatives of the standard substances were used as one-to-one internal standards to minimize the matrix effects and potential ion suppression in MS analysis. Although no chemical moiety with high ionization capability was introduced, the detection sensitivity of the derivatized NAEs were substantially enhanced, as evidenced by 6- to 170-fold increase in LOQs, compared to non-derivatized NAEs. The derivatized NAEs provided the stable and abundant specific product ions in MS/MS spectrum, which were used as the quantitation ions for multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) analysis. The validated LC-MS/MS method was also successfully applied to determine NAEs in serum samples and liver tissues from control and alcohol-fed mice, which shown its practicability in the analysis of endogenous NAE in biological samples. Collectively, the proposed method offers a sensitive and accurate quantification of endogenous NAEs, which may facilitate the understanding of NAE metabolisms and their functions in the physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Hong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Ru-Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau.
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Olomukoro AA, Emmons RV, Godage NH, Cudjoe E, Gionfriddo E. Ion exchange solid phase microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography/laminar flow tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of perfluoroalkyl substances in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462335. [PMID: 34174636 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are toxic and bioaccumulative compounds that are persistent in the environment due to their water and heat resistant properties. These compounds have been demonstrated to be ubiquitous in the environment, being found in water, soil, air and various biological matrices. The determination of PFAS at ultra-trace levels is thus critical to assess the extent of contamination in a particular matrix. In this work, solid phase microextraction (SPME) was evaluated as a pre-concentration technique to aid the quantitation of this class of pollutants below the EPA established advisory limits in drinking water at parts-per-trillion levels. Four model PFAS with varying physicochemical properties, namely hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX), perfluoro-1- butanesulfonate (PFBS), perfluoro-n-octanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluoro-1-octanesulfonate (PFOS) were studied as a proof of concept. Analysis was performed with the use of ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-laminar flow tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). This study proposes the use of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance-weak anion-exchange/polyacrylonitrile (HLB-WAX/PAN) as a SPME coating, ideal for all model analytes. A sample volume of 1.5 mL was used for analysis, the optimized protocol including 20 min extraction, 20 min desorption and 6 min LC/MS analysis. This method achieved LOQs of 2.5 ng L- 1 (PFOS) and 1 ng L - 1 (GenX, PFBS and PFOA) with satisfactory precision and accuracy values evaluated over a period of 5 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aghogho A Olomukoro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 436062, United States; Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratories for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States
| | - Ronald V Emmons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 436062, United States; Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratories for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States
| | - Nipunika H Godage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 436062, United States; Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratories for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States
| | | | - Emanuela Gionfriddo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 436062, United States; Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratories for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States; School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606.
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13
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Sempio C, Klawitter J, Jackson M, Freni F, Shillingburg R, Hutchison K, Bidwell LC, Christians U, Klawitter J. Analysis of 14 endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid congeners in human plasma using column switching high-performance atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3381-3392. [PMID: 33817753 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03280-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a complex cell-signaling system. To address the growing need of analytics capturing endocannabinoid levels to investigate the ECS, we developed and validated an assay for the quantitative analysis of 14 endocannabinoids and congeners. A simple extraction using protein precipitation with acetonitrile followed by online-trapping high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/LC-MS/MS) was used to monitor the levels of 14 endocannabinoids in plasma. The assay was validated and intra-run and inter-run accuracies and imprecisions as well as matrix effects, recoveries, and sample stabilities were determined. As a proof of concept, a subset of study samples after naturalistic administration of Cannabis flower and concentrate was analyzed. With the exception of N-oleoyl dopamine and oleamide, all endocannabinoids fulfilled the predefined acceptance criteria. Reproducible recoveries and no significant matrix effects were observed. Sample stability was an issue. Analysis of the proof-of-concept study samples revealed a significantly (p = 0.006) higher concentration of docosatetraenoyl ethanolamide in concentrate users (300 ± 13 pg/mL) compared to flower users (252 ± 11 pg/mL). A robust, sensitive high-throughput assay for the quantitation of 14 endocannabinoids and congeners was successfully validated. Our study showed that it is mandatory to (A) appropriately stabilize samples and (B) separate and separately quantify 1-AG and 2-AG; otherwise, study results are unreliable. The analysis of study samples from Cannabis flower users versus Cannabis concentrate users revealed higher levels of docosatetraenoyl ethanolamide and anandamide (n.s.) in high THC concentrate users in accordance with the existing literature, supporting the validity of the assay measurements. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sempio
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jelena Klawitter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Matthew Jackson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Francesca Freni
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ryan Shillingburg
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kent Hutchison
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - L Cinnamon Bidwell
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Uwe Christians
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jost Klawitter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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14
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Mikhail IE, Tehranirokh M, Gooley AA, Guijt RM, Breadmore MC. Hyphenated sample preparation-electrospray and nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for biofluid analysis. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1646:462086. [PMID: 33892255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Stand-alone electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has been advancing through enhancements in throughput, selectivity and sensitivity of mass spectrometers. Unlike traditional MS techniques which usually require extensive offline sample preparation and chromatographic separation, many sample preparation techniques are now directly coupled with stand-alone MS to enable outstanding throughput for bioanalysis. In this review, we summarize the different sample clean-up and/or analyte enrichment strategies that can be directly coupled with ESI-MS and nano-ESI-MS for the analysis of biological fluids. The overview covers the hyphenation of different sample preparation techniques including solid phase extraction (SPE), solid phase micro-extraction (SPME), slug flow micro-extraction/nano-extraction (SFME/SFNE), liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA), extraction electrospray, extraction using digital microfluidics (DMF), and electrokinetic extraction (EkE) with ESI-MS and nano-ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibraam E Mikhail
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| | - Masoomeh Tehranirokh
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), Australia; Trajan Scientific and Medical, Ringwood, VIC, 3134, Australia
| | - Andrew A Gooley
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), Australia; Trajan Scientific and Medical, Ringwood, VIC, 3134, Australia
| | - Rosanne M Guijt
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), Australia; Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Michael C Breadmore
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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15
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Bobrich M, Schwarz R, Ramer R, Borchert P, Hinz B. A simple LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of endocannabinoids in biological samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1161:122371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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16
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Analytical Chemistry in the 21st Century: Challenges, Solutions, and Future Perspectives of Complex Matrices Quantitative Analyses in Biological/Clinical Field. ANALYTICA 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/analytica1010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the challenges in analytical chemistry, and mostly in quantitative analysis, include the development and validation of new materials, strategies and procedures to meet the growing need for rapid, sensitive, selective and green methods. In this context, considering the constantly updated International Guidelines, constant innovation is mandatory both in the pre-treatment procedures and in the instrumental configurations to obtain reliable, true, and reproducible information. In this context, additionally to the classic plasma (or serum) matrices, biopsies, whole blood, and urine have seen an increase in the works that also consider non-conventional matrices. Obviously, all these studies have shown that there is a correlation between the blood levels and those found in the new matrix, in order to be able to correlate and compare the results in a robust way and reduce any bias problems. This review provides an update of the most recent developments currently in use in the sample pre-treatment and instrument configurations in the biological/clinical fields. Furthermore, the review concludes with a series of considerations regarding the role and future developments of Analytical Chemistry in light of the forthcoming challenges and new goals to be achieved.
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17
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Ghamat SN, Talebpour Z. A vinylpyrrolidone-based thin film microextraction in combination with direct solid-state spectrofluorimetry for determination of sartans in human plasma. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1124:146-155. [PMID: 32534667 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A vinylpyrrolidone-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate-acrylic acid thin film was prepared on a polypropylene guard and its formulation was optimized for application in thin film microextraction followed by direct solid-state spectrofluorimetry method. The surface morphology, fluorescence property and extraction performance of the thin film were investigated systematically. The intra- and inter-batch reproducibilities of thin film fabrication were obtained 2.3 and 4.2%, respectively. The lifetime of each prepared thin film was 30 times with a relative standard deviation of less than 1.4%. The developed method was optimized for extraction of some sartans as angiotensin II receptors antagonist (including losartan, valsartan, and olmesartan) which have been used to control hypertension as the main causes of cardiovascular disease. The optimum extraction conditions achieved at 2- (for losartan) and 4- (for valsartan and olmesartan) sample pH, 500-rpm rotation rate and 30-min extraction time for all three analytes. At the optimum conditions, analyses of losartan, valsartan, and olmesartan were validated in the human plasma matrix. Broad linearity ranges with determination coefficients of more than 0.999 were achieved for each calibration curve. Limit of detection of the method was 0.5 ng mL-1 for all three analytes. The intra- and inter-day accuracies and precisions of the developed method were evaluated in spiked plasma samples at three concentration levels of each analyte with high recoveries of 95-101% and relative standard deviations less than 6%. This method provides a simple, sensitive, fast, and high-throughput analysis method with the possibility of effective extraction of at least 40 samples simultaneously without the necessity of protein precipitating, desorption, and solvent evaporation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Najafi Ghamat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, 19835-389, Iran
| | - Zahra Talebpour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, 19835-389, Iran.
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18
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Moein MM, Halldin C. Sample preparation techniques for protein binding measurement in radiopharmaceutical approaches: A short review. Talanta 2020; 219:121220. [PMID: 32887121 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasma protein binding (PPB) measurement is a key step in radiopharmaceutical studies for the development of positron emission tomography (PET) radioligands. PPB refers to the binding degree of a radioligand, radiotracer, or drug to blood plasma proteins or tissues after administration into the body. Several techniques have been successfully developed and applied for PPB measurement of PET radioligands. However, there is room for progress among these techniques in relation to duration time, adaptability with nonpolar radioligands, in vivo measurement, specificity, and selectivity. This mini review gives a brief overview of advances, limitations, and prospective applications of commercially-available PPB methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Moein
- Karolinska Radiopharmacy, Karolinska University Hospital, S-171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, J5:20, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Christer Halldin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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In vivo solid-phase microextraction swab sampling of environmental pollutants and drugs in human body for nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1124:71-77. [PMID: 32534677 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In vivo sampling and sensitive detection of environmental pollutants and drugs in human body play a crucial role in understanding human health. In this study, in vivo solid-phase microextraction (SPME) swab was fabricated using a SPME fiber and a medical cotton swab for noninvasive sampling and extraction of environmental pollutants and drugs in human oral cavity, nasal cavity and on skin surface. After sampling, SPME was coupled with nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (nanoESI-MS) for desorption, ionization, and detection of the extracted analytes. As a result, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of nicotine in oral fluid were found to be 1.0 pg/mL (S/N ≥ 3) and 4.0 pg/mL (S/N ≥ 10), respectively. Linear dynamic signal responses of nicotine exhibited excellent linearity (R2 = 0.9996) in human oral fluid ranging from 0.1 to 50 ng/mL. The coefficient of variation (CV) values of SPME swab for five measurements from sample vials and human body were 5.1-6.7% and 22.7-32.6%, respectively. Rapid analysis of a single sample could be completed within 10 min. Overall, our results demonstrated that SPME swab-MS is a promising noninvasive method for enhanced detection of analytes in human body.
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