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Sreekumar A, Nair AR, Raksha C, Swayamprabha SS, Sivan A. An Intervention into the Diverse Utilities of Fluorenes: A Brobdingnagian Family. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2024; 383:4. [PMID: 39680345 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-024-00485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2024] [Indexed: 12/17/2024]
Abstract
The keyword "Fluorene" search in SciFinder found more than 57,000 results, including high-impact journal articles, review articles, patents, books, proceedings, etc. Against this background, a detailed enquiry has been made by our group on various classes of fluorenes and their relevancy. For the past several decades, fluorene and its related compounds have experienced extensive studies, which are attributed to the vast range of applications they possess in various fields like sensors, polymers, OLED devices and even in the pharmaceutical industries. Since fluorene is an important member of the 'polyaromatic-hydrocarbon' family and has proved its relevancy in multidisciplinary areas, summarising those milestones might be worthwhile for future researchers. Here, we intend to highlight the key applications of fluorene derivatives in the form of a review article and have put much effort into consolidating some of their most imperative applications, including those in sensors and medicinal, optoelectronic and electrochemical fields. The manuscript divides the fluorene family into multiple subclasses, counting mono- and polyfluorenes, spirofluorenes, silicon-cored fluorenes, indenofluorenes, etc., based on their structure, and portrays all the critical properties of each class. Since fluorenes are globally accepted as outstanding candidates for numerous applications and practicalities, our effort may find crucial acceptance in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Sreekumar
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, 690525, India
| | - Ajil R Nair
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, 690525, India
| | - C Raksha
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, 690525, India
| | | | - Akhil Sivan
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, 690525, India.
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A 1,3,4-thiadiazole functionalized Schiff base based fluorescence enhancement and colorimetric probe for detection of Cu (II) ion and its potential applications. Chem Phys 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2022.111740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kaur P, Singh K. Analyte Detection: A Decade of Progress in the Development of Optical/Fluorescent Sensing Probes. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200184. [PMID: 36180394 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of selective and sensitive chemical sensors capable of detecting metal ions, anions, neutral species, explosives and hazardous substances, selectively and sensitively has attracted considerable interest of various research groups. The presence of such analytes within the permissible limits is often beneficial, but the excess amounts may lead to lethal effects to both the environment as well as the living organisms. Owing to the toxicity of the heavy metal ions, toxic anions and nitro-aromatics which are main constituents of explosives, the timely detection of these materials is most desirable to ensure safety and security of the mankind. In this personal account, we present several classes of molecular sensors that were specifically designed in our lab during the past decade for detecting several species in solutions, solid state as well as biological media. Modulation of the optical properties in response to the presence of guest species, led to selective and sensitive detection protocols, and was supported by the theoretical studies wherever possible. We have also extended the application of some of these probes for the on-site detection of analytes by developing the paper strips, glass slides and even the wool and cotton fabrics loaded with probes. One such development represents detection of palladium in human urine and blood samples collected from clinical samples. Additionally, the sensing events in some cases have successfully been reproduced in the live cancer cells. Based on the ease and cost-effective synthesis of the molecular probes, we hope that this account shall provide significant information to researchers in understanding the structure dependent sensing capabilities of the molecular probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramjit Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-, 143 005, India
| | - Kamaljit Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-, 143 005, India
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Wang J, Ren J, Tang Q, Wang X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Du Z, Wang W, Huang L, Belfiore LA, Tang J. An Efficient Cyan Emission from Copper (II) Complexes with Mixed Organic Conjugate Ligands. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:1719. [PMID: 35268951 PMCID: PMC8910964 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Copper (II) complexes containing mixed ligands were synthesized in dimethyl formamide (DMF). The intense cyan emission at an ambient temperature is observed for solid copper (II) complexes with salicylic acid and a 12% quantum yield with a fluorescent lifetime of approximately 10 ms. Hence, copper (II) complexes with salicylic acid are excellent candidates for photoactive materials. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveal that the divalent copper metal centers coordinate with the nitrogen and oxygen lone pairs of conjugate ligands. XPS binding energy trends for core electrons in lower-lying orbitals are similar for all three copper (II) complexes: nitrogen 1s and oxygen 1s binding energies increase relative to those for undiluted ligands, and copper 2p3/2 binding energies decrease relative to that for CuCl2. The thermal behavior of these copper complexes reveals that the thermal stability is characterized by the following pattern: Cu(1,10-phenanthroline)(salicylic acid) > Cu(1,10-phenanthroline)(2,2’-bipyridine) > Cu(1,10-phenanthroline)(1-benzylimidazole)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.W.); (J.R.); (Q.T.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.D.); (W.W.); (L.H.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Junjie Ren
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.W.); (J.R.); (Q.T.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.D.); (W.W.); (L.H.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Qinglin Tang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.W.); (J.R.); (Q.T.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.D.); (W.W.); (L.H.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Xinzhi Wang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.W.); (J.R.); (Q.T.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.D.); (W.W.); (L.H.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Yao Wang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.W.); (J.R.); (Q.T.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.D.); (W.W.); (L.H.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Yanxin Wang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.W.); (J.R.); (Q.T.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.D.); (W.W.); (L.H.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Zhonglin Du
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.W.); (J.R.); (Q.T.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.D.); (W.W.); (L.H.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.W.); (J.R.); (Q.T.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.D.); (W.W.); (L.H.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Linjun Huang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.W.); (J.R.); (Q.T.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.D.); (W.W.); (L.H.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Laurence A. Belfiore
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.W.); (J.R.); (Q.T.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.D.); (W.W.); (L.H.); (L.A.B.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jianguo Tang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.W.); (J.R.); (Q.T.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.D.); (W.W.); (L.H.); (L.A.B.)
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