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Chettih I, Abdellaoui L, Mekroud M, Dahmani A, Nabi M, Omar KH, Touhami NAK, Dahmani H, Bouasla L, Ouchetati I, Belala R, Ouchene N. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection among goats in Algeria. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 110:102201. [PMID: 38810337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common zoonotic parasitic diseases worldwide and is caused by Toxoplasma gondii. It is implicated in reproductive disorders in small ruminants. This study aims to determine, for the first time in Algeria, the seroprevalence and associated factors of T. gondii infection in goats. The study was conducted in four regions, Ghardaia, Laghouat and Djelfa, southern Algeria, and Jijel region, northern Algeria. A total of 92 blood samples were collected including 74 females and 18 males. All sera were tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect the T. gondii antibodies. The presence of anti-T. gondii antibodies was detected in 35 out of 92 goats (38.04%) (95% CI: 31.64%-44.44%) and in all flocks (100%). Risk factors that have a significant influence on the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection are breed, regions, production system, presence of cats, clinics and abortion history. However, variables such as age and gender were note significantly associated with toxoplasma infection in goats. The highest seroprevalences of infection was observed in saanen (52.94%) (p<0.001) and cross-breed race (44%) (p<0.01) in comparison with other breeds. Regarding regions, Jijel and Laghouat were most infected with seroprevalences of 50% (p<0.001) and 40.91% (p<0.01), respectively. Animals in intensive production systems were most infected, showing a seroprevalence of 51.85%, in comparison with extensive (28.13%) and semi-intensive systems (36.36%) (p<0.001). The presence of cats in farms was significantly associated with high seroprevalence (44.64%) (p<0.001). The infection was more prevalent in previously aborted females (50%) than females that had never aborted (3.35%) (p<0.001)and animals that have diarrhoea or poor health (41.67%) were significantly more infected than healthy animals (37.50%) (p<0.01). Seroprevalence in males (38.89%) was very close to those in females (37.84%) (p>0.05). Age-related seroprevalence did not vary significantly (ranged from 36.37% to 40%) between the three age classes. These results indicate that goat toxoplasmosis is widespread in Algeria, and goats may represent a high risk of contamination for humans. This requires more attention during consumption of goat meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Chettih
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria; Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials Interfaces Applied to the Environment, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Lynda Abdellaoui
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Meriem Mekroud
- PADESCA Laboratory Research, Institute of Veterinary Sciences of El Khroub (ISVK), Mentouri Brothers University of Constantine 1, Constantine 25000, Algeria
| | - Ali Dahmani
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Mustapha Nabi
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Karima Hadj Omar
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Nadjet Amina Khelifi Touhami
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria; Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials Interfaces Applied to the Environment, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Hichem Dahmani
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Lyes Bouasla
- PADESCA Laboratory Research, Institute of Veterinary Sciences of El Khroub (ISVK), Mentouri Brothers University of Constantine 1, Constantine 25000, Algeria
| | - Imane Ouchetati
- Normal High School of Technological Teaching, Skikda University, Skikda 21000, Algeria
| | - Redha Belala
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Nassim Ouchene
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria; Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials Interfaces Applied to the Environment, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria.
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Basset C, Gos ML, Steffen KD, Helman E, Fitte B, Olaizola PL, Unzaga JM. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in family farming goats from the Luracatao Valley, Salta, Argentina. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 49:100992. [PMID: 38462298 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections are important causes of abortion in ruminants. The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and frequency of T. gondii and N. caninum titers in goats raised by family farmers in the Luracatao Valley of Salta province, Argentina. A total of 259 serum samples were collected from adult goats in 42 family farms in nine communities and tested for indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT, cut-off 1:100). Seroprevalences were 34.36% (89/259) for T. gondii and 64.09% (166/259) for N. caninum. Co-infection was found in 25.86% (67/259) of the goats tested. The most frequent IFAT titer of T. gondii found was 100 (23.93%; 62/259), and only 2% (5/259) of the goats presented titer 800. For N. caninum, the most frequent titers were 100 (25.86%; 67/259), and titers 200 (20.46%; 53/259) and 400 (14.61%, 38/259). The titers found for T. gondii could suggest a chronic infection in goats, being of importance for the region due to meat consumption and cheese production. The elevated seroprevalence of N. caninum identified in this study may be attributed to the community-specific dog population and the close interaction between dogs and goats, despite the absence of a statistically significant association. Subsequent research is warranted to assess the productive implications of T. gondii and N. caninum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Basset
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1425FQB), Argentina.
| | - María Laura Gos
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kevin D Steffen
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1425FQB), Argentina
| | - Elisa Helman
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1425FQB), Argentina; Grupo de Bioestadística Aplicada- Instituto de Cálculos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bruno Fitte
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1425FQB), Argentina
| | - Paula L Olaizola
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Agricultura Familiar Región Pampeana, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Manuel Unzaga
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Steffen KD, Gos ML, Unzaga JM, Venturini MC, Arias RO, Moré G. Dynamics of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and seroconversion during pregnancy and lactation in naturally infected goats. Parasitol Int 2024; 98:102828. [PMID: 38008355 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the dynamics of anti-T. gondii antibodies and seroconversion in naturally infected goats from the last third of pregnancy to 100 days of lactation and relate it to hematological and dehydration parameters. Blood samples were obtained from 56 goats in the different physiological states (pregnancy, kidding and lactation) as in different years (2019, 2021 and 2022). A total of 266 serum samples were obtained and evaluated by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) to end titer. The overall T. gondii seropositivity was 80.4% (45/56), with titers ranging from 100 to 25.600. The goats older than 3 years (4967 ± 1329) had significantly higher IFAT titers than the younger goats (2705 ± 681). The highest rate of positive seroconversion 31.1% (14/45) was found between kidding and 70 days of lactation; and of negative seroconversion 28.9% (13/45) between late pregnancy and kidding. The highest proportion of slightly dehydrated animals was found in the last third of pregnancy (14/25) and kidding (9/28). The correlation between seroconversion and T. gondii antibody titers was negative to the established dehydration index. These data suggest that in all physiological states and at different ages of goats, there is seroconversion which is not related to hydration status. Pregnancy, kidding and peak of lactation are stressful physiological periods, facilitating the reactivation of chronic T. gondii infections which are expressed by higher antibodies titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Steffen
- Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science-La Plata National University, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1425FQB), Argentina; Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agrarian and Forest Sciences-La Plata National University, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M L Gos
- Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science-La Plata National University, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1425FQB), Argentina
| | - J M Unzaga
- Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science-La Plata National University, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M C Venturini
- Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science-La Plata National University, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R O Arias
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agrarian and Forest Sciences-La Plata National University, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Moré
- Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science-La Plata National University, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1425FQB), Argentina; Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern 3012, Switzerland.
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Hu XH, Xie SC, Liang QL, Sun LX, Li Z, Yang JF, Zhu XQ, Zou FC, He JJ. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infection in black goats in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:975238. [PMID: 36304411 PMCID: PMC9592755 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.975238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are two obligate intracellular protozoan parasites that can cause reproductive failure and production losses. To date, there is no data of T. gondii and N. caninum seroprevalence in black goats in Yunnan Province, southwestern China. In the present study, a total of 734 serum samples were collected from black goats in four different counties of Yunnan Province. 734 and 590 serum samples were examined for antibodies against T. gondii and N. caninum by using MAT and indirect ELISA, respectively. A total of 123 and 76 samples were T. gondii-positive and N. caninum-positive, respectively. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii in black goats was 16.76% (123/734, 95% CI: 14.06-19.46) with the titer ranged from 1:25 to 1:3200. The seroprevalence of N. caninum was 12.88% (76/590, 95% CI: 10.18-15.58). There was significant difference in seroprevalence of N. caninum in different regions (P < 0.01, χ2 = 30.63) and age groups (P < 0.05, χ2 = 11.85). Significant differences in seroprevalence of T. gondii were observed in different regions (P < 0.05, χ2 = 9.21) and different gender groups (P < 0.01, χ2 = 12.29). Results of seroprevalence of T. gondii and N. caninum indicated that T. gondii and N. caninum were prevalent parasites in black goats in Yunnan Province. This is the first report of seroprevalence of T. gondii and N. caninum in black goats in Yunnan Province. The results of this study indicated that some measures should be taken to control these two parasites and to reduce economic losses to the livestock industry in Yunnan Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China,College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shi-Chen Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qin-Li Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li-Xiu Sun
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jian-Fa Yang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China,College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Feng-Cai Zou
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China,*Correspondence: Feng-Cai Zou
| | - Jun-Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China,Jun-Jun He
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Celi K, Guzmán L, Rey-Valeirón C. Apicomplexans in Goat: Prevalence of Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp., Eimeria spp. and Risk Factors in Farms from Ecuador. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172224. [PMID: 36077944 PMCID: PMC9454992 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium and Eimeria species are parasites of phylum Apicomplexa, which includes several protozoa affecting animals and humans. In Ecuador, the maintenance of goat health is a matter of utmost importance because it affects the economic welfare of the breeders. N. caninum and T. gondii cause reproductive problems in goats, leading to abortions or weak offspring. Severe diarrhea in kids and delays in growth are due to the Cryptosporidium and Eimeria species. Moreover, T. gondii and Cryptosporidium are zoonotic parasites with serious consequences for human health. The aim of this work was to determine, by serological and parasitological tests, the prevalence of these parasites and the risk factors for goat populations in Southern Ecuador. On some farms, the prevalence of N. caninum and T. gondii reached more than 50%; up to 17% of the kids were positive for Cryptosporidium and 90% of the goats were positive for the Eimeria species. The analysis of risk factors revealed differences according to the parasite species. Considering the zoonotic significance of these results, control and prevention measures are essential and constitute a warning to veterinarians and governmental institutions. Abstract Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium and Eimeria cause severe impacts on the productivity of goat herds. The objectives of the present study were to establish the prevalence of these apicomplexans in goat farms from Ecuador; to evaluate a rapid test for Cryptosporidium diagnosis and to identify the risk factors associated with the infections. A questionnaire was designed to obtain information from 24 goat farms from Zapotillo, Garza Real, Cazaderos, Limones and Paletillas parishes in Ecuador. Blood (n = 388) and feces (n = 391) samples were collected. Indirect ELISA and standard parasitological assays were carried out to evaluate the seroprevalence of N. caninum and T. gondii and to detect oocysts of Cryptosporidium and Eimeria. The overall prevalence values of N. caninum and T. gondii were 12.11% and 18.20%, Cryptosporidium spp. and Eimeria spp. oocysts were detected in 10.49% and 89.51% of the total samples. A low correlation value was found between the results obtained by Ziehl-Nielsen and the rapid test. The multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that vitamin supplementation, age of diarrhea, frequency of deworming, pasture area, presence of artiodactyls, domestic fowl, administration of sulfas, age group, body condition, abortions, type of pastures and the presence of cattle were risk factors according to the parasite species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Celi
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Maestría en Biotecnología Agropecuaria, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto s/n, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
| | - Lucía Guzmán
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto s/n, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (C.R.-V.)
| | - Catalina Rey-Valeirón
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Parasitología Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda, Coro 4101, Venezuela
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (C.R.-V.)
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