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Li J, Lu C, Ye C, Xiong R. Structural, Optical, and Mechanical Insights into Cellulose Nanocrystal Chiral Nematic Film Engineering by Two Assembly Techniques. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3507-3518. [PMID: 38758685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Iridescent cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) films with chiral nematic nanostructures exhibit great potential in optical devices, sensors, painting, and anticounterfeiting applications. CNCs can assemble into a chiral nematic liquid crystal structure by evaporation-assisted self-assembly (EISA) and vacuum-assisted self-assembly (VASA) techniques. However, there is a lack of comprehensive examinations of their structure-property correlations, which are essential for fabricating materials with unique properties. In this work, we gained insights into the optical, mechanical, and structural differences of CNC films engineered using the two techniques. In contrast to the random self-assembly at the liquid-air interface in EISA, the continuous external pressure in the VASA process forces CNCs to assemble at the filter-liquid interface. This results in fewer defects in the interfaces between tactoids and highly ordered cholesteric phases. Owing to the distinct CNC assembly behaviors, the films prepared by these two methods show great differences in the nanostructure, microstructure, and macroscopic morphology. Consequently, the highly ordered cholesteric structure gives VASA-CNC films a more uniform structural color and enhanced mechanical performance. These fundamental understandings of the relationship of structure-property nanoengineering through various assembly techniques are essential for designing and constructing high-performance chiral iridescent CNC materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Canhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Chunhong Ye
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Rui Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
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2
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Wang J, Ishimoto T, Matsuzaka T, Matsugaki A, Ozasa R, Matsumoto T, Hayashi M, Kim HS, Nakano T. Adaptive enhancement of apatite crystal orientation and Young's modulus under elevated load in rat ulnar cortical bone. Bone 2024; 181:117024. [PMID: 38266952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Functional adaptation refers to the active modification of bone structure according to the mechanical loads applied daily to maintain its mechanical integrity and adapt to the environment. Functional adaptation relates to bone mass, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone morphology (e.g., trabecular bone architecture). In this study, we discovered for the first time that another form of bone functional adaptation of a cortical bone involves a change in bone quality determined by the preferential orientation of apatite nano-crystallite, a key component of the bone. An in vivo rat ulnar axial loading model was adopted, to which a 3-15 N compressive load was applied, resulting in approximately 440-3200 μɛ of compression in the bone surface. In the loaded ulnae, the degree of preferential apatite c-axis orientation along the ulnar long axis increased in a dose-dependent manner up to 13 N, whereas the increase in BMD was not dose-dependent. The Young's modulus along the same direction was enhanced as a function of the degree of apatite orientation. This finding indicates that bone has a mechanism that modifies the directionality (anisotropy) of its microstructure, strengthening itself specifically in the loaded direction. BMD, a scalar quantity, does not allow for load-direction-specific strengthening. Functional adaptation through changes in apatite orientation is an excellent strategy for bones to efficiently change their strength in response to external loading, which is mostly anisotropic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Division of Material Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Takuya Ishimoto
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Aluminium Research Center, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan.
| | - Tadaaki Matsuzaka
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Aira Matsugaki
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Ozasa
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Mikako Hayashi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hyoung Seop Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea.
| | - Takayoshi Nakano
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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3
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Schamberger B, Ehrig S, Dechat T, Spitzer S, Bidan CM, Fratzl P, Dunlop JWC, Roschger A. Twisted-plywood-like tissue formation in vitro. Does curvature do the twist? PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae121. [PMID: 38590971 PMCID: PMC10999733 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Little is known about the contribution of 3D surface geometry to the development of multilayered tissues containing fibrous extracellular matrix components, such as those found in bone. In this study, we elucidate the role of curvature in the formation of chiral, twisted-plywood-like structures. Tissues consisting of murine preosteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1) were grown on 3D scaffolds with constant-mean curvature and negative Gaussian curvature for up to 32 days. Using 3D fluorescence microscopy, the influence of surface curvature on actin stress-fiber alignment and chirality was investigated. To gain mechanistic insights, we did experiments with MC3T3-E1 cells deficient in nuclear A-type lamins or treated with drugs targeting cytoskeleton proteins. We find that wild-type cells form a thick tissue with fibers predominantly aligned along directions of negative curvature, but exhibiting a twist in orientation with respect to older tissues. Fiber orientation is conserved below the tissue surface, thus creating a twisted-plywood-like material. We further show that this alignment pattern strongly depends on the structural components of the cells (A-type lamins, actin, and myosin), showing a role of mechanosensing on tissue organization. Our data indicate the importance of substrate curvature in the formation of 3D tissues and provide insights into the emergence of chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schamberger
- Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sebastian Ehrig
- Laboratory of Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Hannoversche Str. 28, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Dechat
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, 1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Spitzer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, 1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cécile M Bidan
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - John W C Dunlop
- Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Roschger
- Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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4
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Nie Y, Li D. A multiscale fracture model to reveal the toughening mechanism in bioinspired Bouligand structures. Acta Biomater 2024; 176:267-276. [PMID: 38296014 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The Bouligand structure has been observed in a variety of biological materials, such as lamellar bone and exoskeleton of lobsters. It is a hierarchical and non-homogeneous architecture that exhibits excellent damage-resistant performance. This paper presents a multiscale fracture model considering the material inhomogeneity, the multiscale property, and the anisotropy to reveal the toughening mechanisms in the Bouligand structure. Firstly, the macro and micro constitutive properties of this composite are derived. Then, a multiscale fracture model is developed to characterize the local stress intensity factors and the energy release rates at the crack front of twisted cracks. Our results demonstrate that the decrease in the local energy release rate can be attributed to two-step mechanisms. The first mechanism is that the multiscale structure and the material inhomogeneity cause a release of stress near the initial crack tip. The second mechanism is that the twisted crack leads to the transformation from single-mode loading to mixed-mode loading, which enhances the fracture toughness. These results can not only reveal the toughening mechanism of the Bouligand structure but also provide guidelines for the design of high-performance composites. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biological materials in nature often possess excellent mechanical properties that have not been achieved by synthetic materials. Bioinspired Bouligand structures provide prototypes for designing high-performance materials. In this study, we propose a multiscale theoretical fracture model to investigate the fracture properties of Bouligand structures with twisted cracks. We systematically consider the roles of material inhomogeneity, anisotropy, and multiscale properties. Our analysis demonstrates that the remarkable toughness of Bouligand structures results from the combined effects of material inhomogeneity and twisted cracks. This research contributes to unveiling the secret behind the outstanding toughness of Bouligand structures and provides inspiration for the development of novel designs for man-made composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Nie
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, 109 Deya Road, Changsha, 410073, Hunan, China.
| | - Dongxu Li
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, 109 Deya Road, Changsha, 410073, Hunan, China
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Chen SM, Zhang ZB, Gao HL, Yu SH. Bottom-Up Film-to-Bulk Assembly Toward Bioinspired Bulk Structural Nanocomposites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2313443. [PMID: 38414173 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Biological materials, although composed of meager minerals and biopolymers, often exhibit amazing mechanical properties far beyond their components due to hierarchically ordered structures. Understanding their structure-properties relationships and replicating them into artificial materials would boost the development of bulk structural nanocomposites. Layered microstructure widely exists in biological materials, serving as the fundamental structure in nanosheet-based nacres and nanofiber-based Bouligand tissues, and implying superior mechanical properties. High-efficient and scalable fabrication of bioinspired bulk structural nanocomposites with precise layered microstructure is therefore important yet remains difficult. Here, one straightforward bottom-up film-to-bulk assembly strategy is focused for fabricating bioinspired layered bulk structural nanocomposites. The bottom-up assembly strategy inherently offers a methodology for precise construction of bioinspired layered microstructure in bulk form, availability for fabrication of bioinspired bulk structural nanocomposites with large sizes and complex shapes, possibility for design of multiscale interfaces, feasibility for manipulation of diverse heterogeneities. Not limited to discussing what has been achieved by using the current bottom-up film-to-bulk assembly strategy, it is also envisioned how to promote such an assembly strategy to better benefit the development of bioinspired bulk structural nanocomposites. Compared to other assembly strategies, the highlighted strategy provides great opportunities for creating bioinspired bulk structural nanocomposites on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhen-Bang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Sustainable Biomimetic Materials, Guangming Advanced Research Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Huai-Ling Gao
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Sustainable Biomimetic Materials, Guangming Advanced Research Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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6
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Wang K, Wu X, An L, Li R, Li Z, Li G, Zhou Z. Crack modes and toughening mechanism of a bioinspired helicoidal recursive composite with nonlinear recursive rotation angle-based layups. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 142:105866. [PMID: 37141743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The rotation angle is an important parameter affecting the performance of helical structures, and helical structures with nonlinearly increasing rotation angles have been studied. The fracture behavior of a 3D-printed helicoidal recursive (HR) composite with nonlinear rotation angle-based layups was investigated by performing quasistatic three-point bending experiments and simulations. First, the crack propagation paths during the loading of the samples were observed, and the critical deformation displacements and fracture toughness were calculated. It was found that the crack path that propagated along the soft phase increased the critical failure displacement and toughness of the samples. Then, the deformation and interlayer stress distribution of the helical structure under static loading were obtained by finite element simulation. The results showed that the variation in the rotation angle between the layers caused different degrees of shear deformation at the interface between adjacent layers, resulting in different shear stress distributions and thus different crack modes of the HR structures. The mixed-mode I + II cracks induced crack deflection, which slowed the eventual failure of the sample and improved the fracture toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China; Department of Nuclear Emergency and Safety, China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Lianhao An
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Runzhi Li
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Department of Nuclear Emergency and Safety, China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Zhihui Zhou
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311100, China
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7
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Chemo-mechanical-microstructural coupling in the tarsus exoskeleton of the scorpion Scorpio palmatus. Acta Biomater 2023; 160:176-186. [PMID: 36706852 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The multiscale structure of biomaterials enables their exceptional mechanical robustness, yet the impact of each constituent at their relevant length scale remains elusive. We used SAXD analysis to expose the intact chitin-fiber architecture within the exoskeleton on a scorpion's claw, revealing varying orientations, including Bouligand and unidirectional regions different from other arthropod species. We uncovered the contribution of individual components' constituent behavior to its mechanical properties from the micro- to the nanoscale. At the microscale, in-situ micromechanical experiments were used to determine site-specific stiffness, strength, and failure of the biocomposite due to fiber orientation, while metal-crosslinking of proteins is characterized via fluorescence maps. At the constituent level, combined with FEA simulations, we uncovered the behavior of fiber-matrix deformation with fiber diameter <53.7 nm and protein modulus in the range 1.4-11 MPa. The unveiled microstructure-mechanics relationship sheds light on the evolved structural functionalities and constituents' interactions within the scorpion cuticle. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The pincer exoskeleton is a fundamental part of the scorpion's body due to its multifunctionality. Precise structural and compositional analysis within the hierarchy is paramount to understand the fundamentals of the mechanical properties of the composite exoskeleton. Here, we expose the intact chitin-fiber architecture of the pincer exoskeleton using nondestructive analysis. In-situ mechanical characterization was performed at nanometer levels within the exoskeleton hierarchy, which complemented with simulations, uncovered the elastic modulus of the protein matrix. Our findings confirm the presence and distribution of metal ions and their role as reinforcements in the protein matrix via ligand coordinate bonds. In future work, these findings can be of great potential to inspire the design of composite materials.
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8
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Patel ZS, Meza LR. Toughness Amplification via Controlled Nanostructure in Lightweight Nano-Bouligand Materials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2207779. [PMID: 36938897 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The enhanced properties of nanomaterials make them attractive for advanced high-performance materials, but their role in promoting toughness has been unclear. Fabrication challenges often prevent the proper organization of nanomaterial constituents, and inadequate testing methods have led to a poor knowledge of toughness at small scales. In this work, the individual roles of nanomaterials and nanoarchitecture on toughness are quantified by creating lightweight materials made from helicoidal polymeric nanofibers (nano-Bouligand). Unidirectional ( θ $\theta $ = 0°) and nano-Bouligand beams ( θ $\theta $ = 2°-90°) are fabricated using two-photon lithography and are designed in a micro-single edge notch bend (µ-SENB) configuration with relative densities ρ ¯ $\overline \rho $ between 48% and 81%. Experiments demonstrate two unique toughening mechanisms. First, size-enhanced ductility of nanoconfined polymer fibers increases specific fracture energy by 70% in the 0° unidirectional beams. Second, nanoscale stiffness heterogeneity created via inter-layer fiber twisting impedes crack growth and improves absolute fracture energy dissipation by 48% in high-density nano-Bouligand materials. This demonstration of size-enhanced ductility and nanoscale heterogeneity as coexisting toughening mechanisms reveals the capacity for nanoengineered materials to greatly improve mechanical resilience in a new generation of advanced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab S Patel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lucas R Meza
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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9
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Darabi A, Long R, Weber JC, Cox LM. Effect of Geometry and Orientation on the Tensile Properties and Failure Mechanisms of Compliant Suture Joints. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11084-11091. [PMID: 36800520 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Compliant sutures surrounded by stiff matrices are present in biological armors and carapaces, providing enhanced mechanical performance. Understanding the mechanisms through which these sutured composites achieve outstanding properties is key to developing engineering materials with improved strength and toughness. This article studies the impact of suture geometry and load direction on the performance of suture joints using a two-stage reactive polymer resin that enables facile photopatterning of mechanical heterogeneity within a single polymer network. Compliant sinusoidal sutures with varying geometries are photopatterned into stiff matrices, generating a modulus contrast of 2 orders of magnitude. Empirical relationships are developed connecting suture wavelength and amplitude to composite performance under parallel and perpendicular loading conditions. Results indicate that a greater suture interdigitation broadly improves composite performance when loading is applied perpendicular to suture joints but has deleterious effects when loading is applied parallel to the joint. Investigations into the failure mechanisms under perpendicular loading highlight the interplay between suture geometry and crack growth stability after damage initiation occurs. Our findings could enable a framework for engineering composites and bio-inspired structures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Darabi
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, 220 Roberts Hall, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Rong Long
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joel C Weber
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Lewis M Cox
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, 220 Roberts Hall, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
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Lee E, Jia Z, Yang T, Li L. Multiscale mechanical design of the lightweight, stiff, and damage-tolerant cuttlebone: A computational study. Acta Biomater 2022; 154:312-323. [PMID: 36184057 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cuttlebone, the endoskeleton of cuttlefish, offers an intriguing biological structural model for designing low-density cellular ceramics with high stiffness and damage tolerance. Cuttlebone is highly porous (porosity ∼93%) and lightweight (density less than 20% of seawater), constructed mainly by brittle aragonite (95 wt%), but capable of sustaining hydrostatic water pressures over 20 atmospheres and exhibits energy absorption capability under compression comparable to many metallic foams (∼4.4 kJ/kg). In this work, we computationally investigate how such remarkable mechanical efficiency is enabled by the multiscale structure of cuttlebone. Using the common cuttlefish, Sepia Officinalis, as a model system, we first conducted high-resolution synchrotron micro-computed tomography (µ-CT) and quantified the cuttlebone's multiscale geometry, including the 3D asymmetric shape of individual walls, the wall assembly patterns, and the long-range structural gradient of walls across the entire cuttlebone (ca. 38 chambers). The acquired 3D structural information enables systematic finite-element simulations, which further reveal the multiscale mechanical design of cuttlebone: at the wall level, wall asymmetry provides optimized energy absorption while maintaining high structural stiffness; at the chamber level, variation of walls (number, pattern, and waviness amplitude) contributes to progressive damage; at the entire skeletal level, the gradient of chamber heights tailors the local mechanical anisotropy of the cuttlebone for reduced stress concentration. Our results provide integrated insights into understanding the cuttlebone's multiscale mechanical design and provide useful knowledge for the designs of lightweight cellular ceramics. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Cuttlebone has been demonstrated to be a biological ceramic cellular material with remarkable lightweight, high stiffness and energy absorption. However, our knowledge on how such mechanical properties are enabled by cuttlebone's multiscale structure is not complete. Here, we combine systematic tomography-based 3D structural analysis and finite-element simulations to reveal how the hierarchical structure of cuttlebone at multiple length scales synergistically contribute to cuttlebone's impressive mechanical efficiency. These findings have important implications for designing biomimetic low-density cellular ceramic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Rd, VA 24060, United States
| | - Zian Jia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Rd, VA 24060, United States.
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Rd, VA 24060, United States
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Rd, VA 24060, United States.
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Cai J, Chen H, Li Y, Akbarzadeh A. Lessons from Nature for Carbon‐Based Nanoarchitected Metamaterials. SMALL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202200039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cai
- Department of Bioresource Engineering McGill University Montreal QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Haoyu Chen
- Department of Bioresource Engineering McGill University Montreal QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Youjian Li
- Department of Bioresource Engineering McGill University Montreal QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Abdolhamid Akbarzadeh
- Department of Bioresource Engineering McGill University Montreal QC H9X 3V9 Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering McGill University Montreal QC H3A 0C3 Canada
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13
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Chen Y, Dang B, Fu J, Zhang J, Liang H, Sun Q, Zhai T, Li H. Bioinspired Construction of Micronano Lignocellulose into an Impact Resistance "Wooden Armor" With Bouligand Structure. ACS NANO 2022; 16:7525-7534. [PMID: 35499235 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The demand for advanced safeguards has increased with a rise in terrorism and international conflicts. Traditional impact-resistant glass and ceramics have relatively high performance but have several drawbacks as well, such as inflexibility, heaviness, and high processing energy consumption. Herein, we propose sustainable lignocellulosic duplicates: the Pirarucu scale-inspired structures that can serve as "wood armor" with impressive damage tolerance. By accurately assembling a rigid laminated lignocellulose, with a soft shear-thickened fluid interlayer, into a Bouligand-like structure, the artificial wooden armor exhibits a 10-fold increase in impact resistance. This observation is similar to that of typical engineering materials (e.g., ceramics, glass, and alloys). However, our proposed material structure has the capability of blocking the enormous impact of a bullet while notably having approximately half the density of typical engineering materials. The high durability and damage resistance of wooden armor effectively prevents catastrophic damage when it is impacted upon. The design strategy presents a method for lightweight, high-performance, and sustainable bioinspired materials for special security applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Chen
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Baokang Dang
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jinzhou Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Haoyue Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qingfeng Sun
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Tianyou Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Huiqiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China
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14
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Jia Z, Deng Z, Li L. Biomineralized Materials as Model Systems for Structural Composites: 3D Architecture. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106259. [PMID: 35085421 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biomineralized materials are sophisticated material systems with hierarchical 3D material architectures, which are broadly used as model systems for fundamental mechanical, materials science, and biomimetic studies. The current knowledge of the structure of biological materials is mainly based on 2D imaging, which often impedes comprehensive and accurate understanding of the materials' intricate 3D microstructure and consequently their mechanics, functions, and bioinspired designs. The development of 3D techniques such as tomography, additive manufacturing, and 4D testing has opened pathways to study biological materials fully in 3D. This review discusses how applying 3D techniques can provide new insights into biomineralized materials that are either well known or possess complex microstructures that are challenging to understand in the 2D framework. The diverse structures of biomineralized materials are characterized based on four universal structural motifs. Nacre is selected as an example to demonstrate how the progression of knowledge from 2D to 3D can bring substantial improvements to understanding the growth mechanism, biomechanics, and bioinspired designs. State-of-the-art multiscale 3D tomographic techniques are discussed with a focus on their integration with 3D geometric quantification, 4D in situ experiments, and multiscale modeling. Outlook is given on the emerging approaches to investigate the synthesis-structure-function-biomimetics relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zian Jia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Zhifei Deng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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15
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Yang F, Xie W, Meng S. Analysis and simulation of fracture behavior in naturally occurring Bouligand structures. Acta Biomater 2021; 135:473-482. [PMID: 34530141 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Through natural selection processes, refined biological materials could be created that adapt to various environments and exhibit specific functions. Such materials include typical Bouligand structures that can be widely observed in marine creatures that have hard shells. Consisting of a helicoidal arrangement of aligned fibrils, layered single-twisted Bouligand-type structures (SBS) display exceptional fracture and damage resistance. A much more primitive and rarer type of this formation, the double-twisted Bouligand-type structures (DBS), has been discovered in ancient fish scales, and this architecture could provide added rigidity and significantly contribute to toughness when facing fracture risk. In this work, we describe a computational modeling approach to investigating fracture behaviors and toughening mechanisms in Bouligand structures. To achieve qualitative insights into the fracture behaviors of DBS and SBS, we applied these two configurations, which were identified from corresponding biological materials, to analyze load-displacement responses during single edge notched (SEN) tensile testing; the toughening mechanism is also discussed further. The results clearly show that the arrangement of helix fibrils and interlaminar properties play a major role in the resulting fracture behaviors of Bouligand architectures. This is of interest for the future design of engineering materials and structures that require composites with enhanced toughness, and could deepen our understanding of the structure-property relationship of Bouligand-type structures in bionic design. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this work, a novel numerical modeling approach based on the extended finite element method (XFEM) has been established to evaluate the fracture behavior of a naturally-occurring Bouligand-type helicoidal structure subjected to the single edge notched (SEN) tensile loading. The roles of the biological features (i.e., layered arrangement of collagen fibrils and interbundle fibrils) on the fracture resistance and toughening mechanism of the Bouligand-type structures have been uncovered and analyzed quantitatively. This is of interest for future design of engineering materials and structures that require composites with enhanced toughness, and can deepen the understanding of the structure-property relationship of the Bouligand-type structure in bionic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environment Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China.
| | - Weihua Xie
- Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environment Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Songhe Meng
- Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environment Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
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16
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Politi Y, Bertinetti L, Fratzl P, Barth FG. The spider cuticle: a remarkable material toolbox for functional diversity. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200332. [PMID: 34334021 PMCID: PMC8326826 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Engineered systems are typically based on a large variety of materials differing in composition and processing to provide the desired functionality. Nature, however, has evolved materials that are used for a wide range of functional challenges with minimal compositional changes. The exoskeletal cuticle of spiders, as well as of other arthropods such as insects and crustaceans, is based on a combination of chitin, protein, water and small amounts of organic cross-linkers or minerals. Spiders use it to obtain mechanical support structures and lever systems for locomotion, protection from adverse environmental influences, tools for piercing, cutting and interlocking, auxiliary structures for the transmission and filtering of sensory information, structural colours, transparent lenses for light manipulation and more. This paper illustrates the 'design space' of a single type of composite with varying internal architecture and its remarkable capability to serve a diversity of functions. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 1)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Politi
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Luca Bertinetti
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Friedrich G. Barth
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Multi-scale design of the chela of the hermit crab Coenobita brevimanus. Acta Biomater 2021; 127:229-241. [PMID: 33866037 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The chela of the hermit crab protects its body against the attack from predators. Yet, a deep understanding of this mechanical defense is still lacking. Here, we investigate the chela of hermit crab, Coenobita brevimanus, and establish the relationships between the microstructures, chemical compositions and mechanical properties to gain insights into its biomechanical functions. We find that the chela is a multi-layered shell composed of five different layers with distinct features of the microstructures and chemical compositions, conferring different mechanical properties. Especially, an increase of the calcium carbonate content towards the layer furthest from the exterior, unlike the chemical gradients of many crustacean exoskeletons, provides a strong resistance to deformation. Nanoindentation measurements reveal that the overall gradient of the elastic modulus and hardness in the cross-section displays a sandwich profile, i.e., a soft core clamped by two stiff surface layers. Further mechanics modeling demonstrates that the high curvature and stiff innermost sublayer enhance the structural rigidity of the chela. In conjunction with the experimental observations, dynamic finite element analysis maps the time-spatial distribution of principal stress and indicates that fiber bridging might be the major mechanism against crack propagation at microscale. The lessons gained from the study of this multiphase biological composite could provide important insights into the design and fabrication of bioinspired materials for structural applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Multiple hierarchical structures have been discovered in a variety of exoskeletons. They are naturally designed to maintain the structural integrity and act as a protective layer for the animals. However, each kind of the hierarchical structures has its unique topology, chemical gradients as well as mechanical properties. We find that the chela is multi-layered shell composed of five different layers with distinct features of the microstructures and chemical compositions, conferring different mechanical properties. Especially, a large amount of helicoidal organic fibrils form highly organized 3D woven matrix in the innermost layer, providing a strong mechanical resistance to avoid catastrophic failure. The overall gradient of the elastic modulus and hardness in the cross-section display a sandwich profile, effectively minimizing the stress concentration and deformation. The lessons gained from the multiscale design strategy of the chela provide important insights into the design and fabrication of bioinspired materials.
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18
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Qian T, Chen X, Hang F, Zhuang J, Chen X. Ordered Fibril Arrays in Osteons Promote the Multidirectional Nanodeflection of Cracks: In Situ AFM Imaging. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:2372-2382. [PMID: 34015922 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The high fracture resistance of cortical bone is not completely understood across its complex hierarchical structure, especially on micro- and nanolevels. Here, a novel in situ bending test combined with atomic force microscopy (AFM) is utilized to assess the micro-/nanoscale failure behavior of cortical bone under the external load. Unlike the smoother crack path in the transverse direction, the multilevel composite material model endows the longitudinal direction to show multilevel Y-shaped cracks with more failure interfaces for enhancing the fracture resistance. In the lamellae, the nanocracks originating from the interfibrillar nanointerface deflect multidirectionally at certain angles related to the periodic ordered arrangement of the mineralized collagen fibril (MCF) arrays. The ordered MCF arrays in the lamellae may use the nanodeflection of the dendritic nanocracks to adjust the direction of the crack tip, which subsequently reaches the interlamellae to sharply deflect and finally form a zigzag path. This work provides an insight into the relationship between the structure and the function of bone at a multilevel under load, specifically the role of the ordered MCF arrays in the lamellar structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbao Qian
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiangxin Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, Guangdong, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Fei Hang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, Guangdong, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhuang
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, Guangdong, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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19
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Wang Y, Ural A. A three-dimensional multiscale finite element model of bone coupling mineralized collagen fibril networks and lamellae. J Biomech 2020; 112:110041. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Wu K, Song Z, Zhang S, Ni Y, Cai S, Gong X, He L, Yu SH. Discontinuous fibrous Bouligand architecture enabling formidable fracture resistance with crack orientation insensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15465-15472. [PMID: 32571926 PMCID: PMC7355047 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000639117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioinspired architectural design for composites with much higher fracture resistance than that of individual constituent remains a major challenge for engineers and scientists. Inspired by the survival war between the mantis shrimps and abalones, we design a discontinuous fibrous Bouligand (DFB) architecture, a combination of Bouligand and nacreous staggered structures. Systematic bending experiments for 3D-printed single-edge notched specimens with such architecture indicate that total energy dissipations are insensitive to initial crack orientations and show optimized values at critical pitch angles. Fracture mechanics analyses demonstrate that the hybrid toughening mechanisms of crack twisting and crack bridging mode arising from DFB architecture enable excellent fracture resistance with crack orientation insensitivity. The compromise in competition of energy dissipations between crack twisting and crack bridging is identified as the origin of maximum fracture energy at a critical pitch angle. We further illustrate that the optimized fracture energy can be achieved by tuning fracture energy of crack bridging, pitch angles, fiber lengths, and twist angles distribution in DFB composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijin Wu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Song
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Shuaishuai Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yong Ni
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China;
| | - Shengqiang Cai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Xinglong Gong
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Linghui He
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials and Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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21
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Greenfeld I, Kellersztein I, Wagner HD. Nested helicoids in biological microstructures. Nat Commun 2020; 11:224. [PMID: 31932633 PMCID: PMC6957508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13978-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicoidal formations often appear in natural microstructures such as bones and arthropods exoskeletons. Named Bouligands after their discoverer, these structures are angle-ply laminates that assemble from laminae of chitin or collagen fibers embedded in a proteinaceous matrix. High resolution electron microscope images of cross-sections through scorpion claws are presented here, uncovering structural features that are different than so-far assumed. These include in-plane twisting of laminae around their corners rather than through their centers, and a second orthogonal rotation angle which gradually tilts the laminae out-of-plane. The resulting Bouligand laminate unit (BLU) is highly warped, such that neighboring BLUs are intricately intertwined, tightly nested and mechanically interlocked. Using classical laminate analysis extended to laminae tilting, it is shown that tilting significantly enhances the laminate flexural stiffness and strength, and may improve toughness by diverting crack propagation. These observations may be extended to diverse biological species and potentially applied to synthetic structures. Helicoids are common structures found in many structural biological materials. Here, the authors report on a study of helicoids in the claws of scorpions and report different microstructures to what have previously been reported which have implications in materials stiffness, strength and toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Greenfeld
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Israel Kellersztein
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - H Daniel Wagner
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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22
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Razi H, Predan J, Fischer FD, Kolednik O, Fratzl P. Damage tolerance of lamellar bone. Bone 2020; 130:115102. [PMID: 31669254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lamellar bone is known to be the most typical structure of cortical bone in large mammals including humans. This type of tissue provides a good combination of strength and fracture toughness. As has been shown by John D Currey and other researchers, large deformations are associated with the appearance of microdamage that optically whitens the tissue, a process that has been identified as a contribution to bone toughness. Using finite-element modelling, we study crack propagation in a material with periodic variation of mechanical parameters, such as elastic modulus and strength, chosen to represent lamellar bone. We show that a multitude of microcracks appears in the region ahead of the initial crack tip, thus dissipating energy even without a progression of the initial crack tip. Strength and toughness are shown to be both larger for the (notched) lamellar material than for a homogeneous material with the same average properties and the same initial notch. The length of the microcracks typically corresponds to the width of a lamella, that is, to several microns. This simultaneous improvement of strength and toughness may explain the ubiquity of lamellar plywood structures not just in bone but also in plants and in chitin-based cuticles of insects and arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Razi
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jožef Predan
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Franz Dieter Fischer
- Institute of Mechanics, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Franz-Josef Strasse 18, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Otmar Kolednik
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Jahnstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany.
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23
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Song Z, Ni Y, Cai S. Fracture modes and hybrid toughening mechanisms in oscillated/twisted plywood structure. Acta Biomater 2019; 91:284-293. [PMID: 31028909 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Twisted or oscillated plywood structure can be often found in biological composites such as claws of lobsters, bone of mammals, dactyl club of mantis shrimps, and exoskeleton of beetles, which exhibits a combination of high stiffness, high fracture toughness and low density. However, there lacks a quantitative understanding of the relationship between the fracture toughness of the composite and its internal geometry. In this article, we propose that a combination of crack tilting and crack bridging determines the effective fracture toughness of the fiber-reinforced composite with the plywood structure. During the fracturing process, a crack plane initially propagates in the matrix-fiber interface following the twisted fiber alignment. Such crack tilting mechanism can significantly enlarge the area of cracking surface and thus enhance the effective fracture toughness of the composite. With the propagation of the tilted crack plane, the local energy release rate becomes too small to maintain the growth of the tilted crack plane, leading the crack to grow into the matrix, crossing the fibers. Because of the high strength of the fiber, a few fibers can maintain unbroken behind the crack tip, corresponding to crack bridging mechanism. Based on our quantitative analysis, it is found that the effective fracture toughness of the composite can be maximized for a certain pitch angle of the oscillated/twisted plywood structure, which agrees well with experiments. STATEMENTS OF SIGNIFICANCE: Fiber-reinforced composites can be widely found in nature and engineering applications. Recently, it has been discovered that many fiber-reinforced composites in biology have twisted or oscillated plywood structure with high fracture toughness, high mechanical stiffness and low density. Detailed experiments have indicated that an optimal pitch angle may exist for the plywood structure to maximize the fracture toughness of the composites. However, there lacks a quantitative model of revealing such pitch angle-dependent fracture toughness. In this work, we propose a hybrid toughening mechanism and predict the optimal pitch angle in twisted/oscillated plywood structure for maximizing the fracture toughness. Our predictions agree reasonably well with experimental results. As such, the theory may help the design of better fiber-reinforced composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqiang Song
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yong Ni
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shengqiang Cai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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24
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Fratzl-Zelman N, Roschger P, Kang H, Jha S, Roschger A, Blouin S, Deng Z, Cabral WA, Ivovic A, Katz J, Siegel RM, Klaushofer K, Fratzl P, Bhattacharyya T, Marini JC. Melorheostotic Bone Lesions Caused by Somatic Mutations in MAP2K1 Have Deteriorated Microarchitecture and Periosteal Reaction. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:883-895. [PMID: 30667555 PMCID: PMC8302214 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Melorheostosis is a rare non-hereditary condition characterized by dense hyperostotic lesions with radiographic "dripping candle wax" appearance. Somatic activating mutations in MAP2K1 have recently been identified as a cause of melorheostosis. However, little is known about the development, composition, structure, and mechanical properties of the bone lesions. We performed a multi-method phenotype characterization of material properties in affected and unaffected bone biopsy samples from six melorheostosis patients with MAP2K1 mutations. On standard histology, lesions show a zone with intensively remodeled osteonal-like structure and prominent osteoid accumulation, covered by a shell formed through bone apposition, consisting of compact multi-layered lamellae oriented parallel to the periosteal surface and devoid of osteoid. Compared with unaffected bone, melorheostotic bone has lower average mineralization density measured by quantitative backscattered electron imaging (CaMean: -4.5%, p = 0.04). The lamellar portion of the lesion is even less mineralized, possibly because the newly deposited material has younger tissue age. Affected bone has higher porosity by micro-CT, due to increased tissue vascularity and elevated 2D-microporosity (osteocyte lacunar porosity: +39%, p = 0.01) determined on quantitative backscattered electron images. Furthermore, nano-indentation modulus characterizing material hardness and stiffness was strictly dependent on tissue mineralization (correlation with typical calcium concentration, CaPeak: r = 0.8984, p = 0.0150, and r = 0.9788, p = 0.0007, respectively) in both affected and unaffected bone, indicating that the surgical hardness of melorheostotic lesions results from their lamellar structure. The results suggest a model for pathophysiology of melorheostosis caused by somatic activating mutations in MAP2K1, in which the genetically induced gradual deterioration of bone microarchitecture triggers a periosteal reaction, similar to the process found to occur after bone infection or local trauma, and leads to an overall cortical outgrowth. The micromechanical properties of the lesions reflect their structural heterogeneity and correlate with local variations in mineral content, tissue age, and remodeling rates, in the same way as normal bone. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Fratzl-Zelman
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK, and AUVA Trauma Center Meidling, 1st Medical Department Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Roschger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK, and AUVA Trauma Center Meidling, 1st Medical Department Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heeseog Kang
- Section on Heritable Disorders of Bone and Extracellular Matrix, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Smita Jha
- Clinical and Investigative Orthopedics Surgery Unit, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andreas Roschger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stéphane Blouin
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK, and AUVA Trauma Center Meidling, 1st Medical Department Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zuoming Deng
- Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wayne A Cabral
- Section on Heritable Disorders of Bone and Extracellular Matrix, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aleksandra Ivovic
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James Katz
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard M Siegel
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Klaus Klaushofer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK, and AUVA Trauma Center Meidling, 1st Medical Department Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Timothy Bhattacharyya
- Clinical and Investigative Orthopedics Surgery Unit, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joan C Marini
- Section on Heritable Disorders of Bone and Extracellular Matrix, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Qin X, Marchi BC, Meng Z, Keten S. Impact resistance of nanocellulose films with bioinspired Bouligand microstructures. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:1351-1361. [PMID: 36132592 PMCID: PMC9418765 DOI: 10.1039/c8na00232k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Bouligand structure features a helicoidal (twisted plywood) layup of fibers that are uniaxially arranged in-plane and is a hallmark of biomaterials that exhibit outstanding impact resistance. Despite its performance advantage, the underlying mechanisms for its outstanding impact resistance remain poorly understood, posing challenges for optimizing the design and development of bio-inspired materials with Bouligand microstructures. Interestingly, many bio-sourced nanomaterials, such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), readily self-assemble into helicoidal thin films with inter-layer (pitch) angles tunable via solvent processing. Taking CNC films as a model Bouligand system, we present atomistically-informed coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to measure the ballistic performance of thin films with helicoidally assembled nanocrystals by subjecting them to loading similar to laser-induced projectile impact tests. The effect of pitch angle on the impact performance of CNC films was quantified in the context of their specific ballistic limit velocity and energy absorption. Bouligand structures with low pitch angles (18-42°) were found to display the highest ballistic resistance, significantly outperforming other pitch angle and quasi-isotropic baseline structures. Improved energy dissipation through greater interfacial sliding, larger in-plane crack openings, and through-thickness twisting cracks resulted in improved impact performance of optimal pitch angle Bouligand CNC films. Intriguingly, decreasing interfacial interactions enhanced the impact performance by readily admitting dissipative inter-fibril and inter-layer sliding events without severe fibril fragmentation. This work helps reveal structural and chemical factors that govern the optimal mechanical design of Bouligand microstructures made from high aspect ratio nanocrystals, paving the way for sustainable, impact resistant, and multi-functional films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qin
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3109 USA
| | - Benjamin C Marchi
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3109 USA
| | - Zhaoxu Meng
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3109 USA
| | - Sinan Keten
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3109 USA
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3109 USA
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Jung HS, Kim MH, Park WH. Preparation and Structural Investigation of Novel β-Chitin Nanocrystals from Cuttlefish Bone. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:1744-1752. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Seop Jung
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials and Textile Engineering System, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Min Hee Kim
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials and Textile Engineering System, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Won Ho Park
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials and Textile Engineering System, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
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Marthin O, Gamstedt EK. Damage shielding mechanisms in hierarchical composites in nature with potential for design of tougher structural materials. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181733. [PMID: 31032029 PMCID: PMC6458393 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Load-carrying materials in nature, such as wood and bone, consist of relatively simple building blocks assembled into a hierarchical structure, ranging from the molecular scale up to the macroscopic level. This results in composites with a combination of high strength and high toughness, showing very large fracture surfaces indicating energy dissipation by cracking on multiple length scales. Man-made composites instead consist typically of fibres embedded in a uniform matrix, and frequently show brittle failure through the growth of critical clusters of broken fibres. In this paper, a hierarchical structure inspired by wood is presented. It is designed to incapacitate cluster growth, with the aim of retaining high strength. This is done by introducing new structural levels of successively weaker interfaces with the purpose of reducing the stress concentrations if large clusters appear. To test this hypothesis, a probability density field of further damage growth has been calculated for different microstructures and initial crack sizes. The results indicate that the hierarchical structure should maintain its strength by localization of damage, yet rendering large clusters less harmful by weakening the resulting stress concentration to its surroundings, which would lead to an increase in strain to failure. In this context, the potential of using the biomimetic hierarchical structure in design of composite materials is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E. Kristofer Gamstedt
- Division of Applied Mechanics, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Mechanics of Arthropod Cuticle-Versatility by Structural and Compositional Variation. ARCHITECTURED MATERIALS IN NATURE AND ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11942-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Chen SM, Gao HL, Zhu YB, Yao HB, Mao LB, Song QY, Xia J, Pan Z, He Z, Wu HA, Yu SH. Biomimetic twisted plywood structural materials. Natl Sci Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwy080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Biomimetic designs based on micro/nanoscale manipulation and scalable fabrication are expected to develop new-style strong, tough structural materials. Although the mimicking of nacre-like ‘brick-and-mortar’ structure is well studied, many highly ordered natural architectures comprising 1D micro/nanoscale building blocks still elude imitation owing to the scarcity of efficient manipulation techniques for micro/nanostructural control in practical bulk counterparts. Herein, inspired by natural twisted plywood structures with fascinating damage tolerance, biomimetic bulk materials that closely resemble natural hierarchical structures and toughening mechanisms are successfully fabricated through a programmed and scalable bottom-up assembly strategy. By accurately engineering the arrangement of 1D mineral micro/nanofibers in biopolymer matrix on the multiscale, the resultant composites display optimal mechanical performance, superior to many natural, biomimetic and engineering materials. The design strategy allows for precise micro/nanostructural control at the macroscopic 3D level and can be easily extended to other materials systems, opening up an avenue for many more micro/nanofiber-based biomimetic designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Ming Chen
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Huai-Ling Gao
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yin-Bo Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Hong-Bin Yao
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Li-Bo Mao
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qi-Yun Song
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jun Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Zhao Pan
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhen He
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Heng-An Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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Albéric M, Gourrier A, Wagermaier W, Fratzl P, Reiche I. The three-dimensional arrangement of the mineralized collagen fibers in elephant ivory and its relation to mechanical and optical properties. Acta Biomater 2018; 72:342-351. [PMID: 29477454 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Elephant tusks are composed of dentin or ivory, a hierarchical and composite biological material made of mineralized collagen fibers (MCF). The specific arrangement of the MCF is believed to be responsible for the optical and mechanical properties of the tusks. Especially the MCF organization likely contributes to the formation of the bright and dark checkerboard pattern observed on polished sections of tusks (Schreger pattern). Yet, the precise structural origin of this optical motif is still controversial. We hereby address this issue using complementary analytical methods (small and wide angle X-ray scattering, cross-polarized light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) on elephant ivory samples and show that MCF orientation in ivory varies from the outer to the inner part of the tusk. An external cohesive layer of MCF with fiber direction perpendicular to the tusk axis wraps the mid-dentin region, where the MCF are oriented mainly along the tusk axis and arranged in a plywood-like structure with fiber orientations oscillating in a narrow angular range. This particular oscillating-plywood structure of the MCF and the birefringent properties of the collagen fibers, likely contribute to the emergence of the Schreger pattern, one of the most intriguing macroscopic optical patterns observed in mineralized tissues and of great importance for authentication issues in archeology and forensic sciences. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Elephant tusks are intriguing biological materials as they are composed of dentin (ivory) like teeth but have mineralized collagen fibers (MCF) similarly arranged to the ones of lamellar bones and function as bones or antlers. Here, we showed that ivory has a graded structure with varying MCF orientations and that MCF of the mid-dentin are arranged in plywood like layers with fiber orientations oscillating in a narrow angular range around the tusk axis. This organization of the MCF may contribute to ivory's mechanical properties and, together with the collagen fibers birefringence properties, strongly relates to its optical properties, i.e. the emergence of a macroscopic checkerboard pattern, well known as the Schreger pattern.
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