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Celik-Ozenci C, Sircan-Kucuksayan A, Sahin P, Gungor-Ordueri NE, Canpolat M. Prediction of the extent of germ cell loss utilising a noninvasive spectroscopy method in rat testicular damage model. Andrologia 2021; 53:e14010. [PMID: 33591612 DOI: 10.1111/and.14010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency of elastic light single-scattering spectroscopy system, a noninvasive method, to acquire spectra during testicular biopsy from normal and damaged seminiferous tubules with various degrees of germ cell loss. Adult control rats and doxorubicin-injected rats to achieve seminiferous germ cell loss (for 10 days [10D], 20 days [D20], 30 days [D30], 40 days [D40], and 50 days [D50]) were used. Spectroscopic measurements were acquired utilising a single-fibre optical probe, and histopathology of the biopsied testicular tissue samples were compared. Time-dependent testicular damage comprising various degrees of seminiferous tubule degeneration after doxorubicin-administration was observed. In D30, D40 and D50 groups, where significant germ cell loss was identified, elastic light single-scattering spectroscopy system signals were well correlated with disturbed spermatogenesis where significant differences in spectral signals were obtained. Our findings indicate that the elastic light single-scattering spectroscopy system has the potential to enable instant imaging of spermatogenesis in rats and could also be useful in humans for clinical applications, such as to increase sperm recovery success during micro-TESE for men with nonobstructive azoospermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciler Celik-Ozenci
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty of Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | | | - Pinar Sahin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty of Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | | | - Murat Canpolat
- Biomedical Optics Research Unit, Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty of Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Expression of NGF, MCP-1, uroplakin III, and NOS in bladder urothelium after partial urethral obstruction in rats. J Pediatr Urol 2020; 16:806.e1-806.e14. [PMID: 32994092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although several cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors have been suggested to play a role in the development of bladder fibrosis and functional changes, the mechanisms that are effective in the pathogenesis of partial bladder outlet obstruction (pBOO)-induced bladder fibrosis are not well understood. OBJECTIVE We investigated the expressions of nerve growth factor (NGF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), uroplakin III (URPIII), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and endothelial NOS (eNOS) that may be involved in fibrosis in rats with partial urethral obstruction for 1, 2 and 3 weeks, and the changes in the associated ischemic and inflammatory processes. After 1, 2, and 3 weeks of pBOO, blood samples were collected for assessment of renal function from the rats under anesthesia. The bladders were dissected for the tissue antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation, including malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS). The immunohistochemical studies were performed. Histopathologically, the number of urothelial layers was calculated and the thickness of the detrusor smooth muscle and lamina propria were quantitatively measured. Additionally, the edema and congestion in the submucosa were evaluated. STUDY DESIGN Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Three separate experimental groups of pBOO (1 week [n = 7], 2 weeks [n = 7], and 3 weeks [n = 7]) were created, with an additional sham-operated control group (n = 7). RESULTS The MDA levels increased in pBOO groups. The SOD values were decreased in the pBOO group for 1 week, and higher in the 3-week pBOO group. The TAS levels were increased in the 3 week pBOO group. The TOS levels increased in the pBOO groups. The number of urothelial layers was decreased in pBOO groups. The lamina propria, the smooth muscle thickness, edema and congestion were increase in the 1 and 2 week pBOO groups. The NGF and MCP-1 expression was increased in the 1-week and 2-week pBOO groups. The expression of URPIII in the epithelium gradually increased in the pBOO groups. In the pBOO groups, iNOS expression in the epithelium cells was significantly elevated. However, the eNOS expression was also significantly increased in the 2 week pBOO group. CONCLUSION Our study shows that overexpression of immunohistochemical parameters together with the negative effects of ischemic and inflammatory processes that subjected to pBOO for 1, 2 and 3 weeks may play a potential role in detrusor fibrosis in the rat bladders induced by pBOO. However, understanding of the immunohistochemical parameters investigated in this experimental study is limited, and further studies targeting their relationship to pBOO could help us develop new strategies.
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Dalghi MG, Montalbetti N, Carattino MD, Apodaca G. The Urothelium: Life in a Liquid Environment. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1621-1705. [PMID: 32191559 PMCID: PMC7717127 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The urothelium, which lines the renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, and proximal urethra, forms a high-resistance but adaptable barrier that surveils its mechanochemical environment and communicates changes to underlying tissues including afferent nerve fibers and the smooth muscle. The goal of this review is to summarize new insights into urothelial biology and function that have occurred in the past decade. After familiarizing the reader with key aspects of urothelial histology, we describe new insights into urothelial development and regeneration. This is followed by an extended discussion of urothelial barrier function, including information about the roles of the glycocalyx, ion and water transport, tight junctions, and the cellular and tissue shape changes and other adaptations that accompany expansion and contraction of the lower urinary tract. We also explore evidence that the urothelium can alter the water and solute composition of urine during normal physiology and in response to overdistension. We complete the review by providing an overview of our current knowledge about the urothelial environment, discussing the sensor and transducer functions of the urothelium, exploring the role of circadian rhythms in urothelial gene expression, and describing novel research tools that are likely to further advance our understanding of urothelial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela G Dalghi
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicolas Montalbetti
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Elmaci İ, Bilir A, Ozpinar A, Altinoz MA. Gemcitabine, vinorelbine and cyclooxygenase inhibitors in the treatment of glioblastoma. Ultrastructural analyses in C6 glioma in vitro. Tissue Cell 2019; 59:18-32. [PMID: 31383285 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To define ultrastructural features accompanying to antitumor effects of gemcitabine, vinorelbine and cyclooxygenase inhibitors in C6 glioma cells in vitro. Vinorelbine is a semisynthetic vinca alkaloid and recent studies showed its antitumor activity in pediatric optic and pontine gliomas. Vinorelbine infusion induces a severe tumor site-pain in systemic cancers, but it is unknown whether algesia and inflammation contribute to its antitumor effects. Gemcitabine is a nucleoside-chemotherapeutic which was recently shown to act as a radiosensitizer in high-grade glioma. Some studies showed synergism of anti-inflammatory cyclooxygenase-inhibitors with microtubule inhibitors and gemcitabine. DMSO is a solvent and blocks both cylooxygenase and ribonucleotide reductase, another target of gemcitabine. Rofecoxib is withdrawn from the market, yet we used it for investigational purposes, since it blocks cylooxygenase-2 1000-times more potently than cylooxygenase -1 and is also a selective inhibitor of crinophagy. METHODS Plating efficacy, 3D-spheroid S-phase analysis with BrdU labelling and transmission electron microscopical analyses were performed. RESULTS Vinorelbine induced frequent mitotic slippage/apoptosis and autophagy. Despite both DMSO and rofecoxib induced autophagy alone and in synergy, they reduced mitotic catastrophe and autophagy triggered by vinorelbine, which was also reflected by reduced inhibition of spheroid S-phase. Gemcitabine induced karyolysis and margination of coarse chromatin towards the nuclear membrane, abundant autophagy, gutta adipis formation and decrease in mitochondria, which were enhanced by DMSO and rofecoxib. CONCLUSIONS Detailed ultrastructural analysis of the effects of chemotherapeutic drugs may provide a broader insight about their actions and pave to develop better strategies in treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- İlhan Elmaci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Acibadem Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Bilir
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysel Ozpinar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meric A Altinoz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Psychiatry, Maastricht University, Holland.
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Niemczyk G, Czarzasta K, Radziszewski P, Włodarski P, Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska A. Pathophysiological effect of bladder outlet obstruction on the urothelium. Ultrastruct Pathol 2018; 42:317-322. [DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2018.1462874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Niemczyk
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Czarzasta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Paweł Włodarski
- The Department of Histology and Embryology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Kullmann FA, Clayton DR, Ruiz WG, Wolf-Johnston A, Gauthier C, Kanai A, Birder LA, Apodaca G. Urothelial proliferation and regeneration after spinal cord injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F85-F102. [PMID: 28331065 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00592.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal, intermediate, and superficial cell layers of the urothelium undergo rapid and complete recovery following acute injury; however, the effects of chronic injury on urothelial regeneration have not been well defined. To address this discrepancy, we employed a mouse model to explore urothelial changes in response to spinal cord injury (SCI), a condition characterized by life-long bladder dysfunction. One day post SCI there was a focal loss of umbrella cells, which are large cells that populate the superficial cell layer and normally express uroplakins (UPKs) and KRT20, but not KRT5, KRT14, or TP63. In response to SCI, regions of urothelium devoid of umbrella cells were replaced with small superficial cells that lacked KRT20 expression and appeared to be derived in part from the underlying intermediate cell layer, including cells positive for KRT5 and TP63. We also observed KRT14-positive basal cells that extended thin cytoplasmic extensions, which terminated in the bladder lumen. Both KRT14-positive and KRT14-negative urothelial cells proliferated 1 day post SCI, and by 7 days, cells in the underlying lamina propria, detrusor, and adventitia were also dividing. At 28 days post SCI, the urothelium appeared morphologically patent, and the number of proliferative cells decreased to baseline levels; however, patches of small superficial cells were detected that coexpressed UPKs, KRT5, KRT14, and TP63, but failed to express KRT20. Thus, unlike the rapid and complete restoration of the urothelium that occurs in response to acute injuries, regions of incompletely differentiated urothelium were observed even 28 days post SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Aura Kullmann
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dennis R Clayton
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wily G Ruiz
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amanda Wolf-Johnston
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Christian Gauthier
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anthony Kanai
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Lori A Birder
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; .,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Liu HT, Jiang YH, Kuo HC. Alteration of Urothelial Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Junction Protein in Patients with Various Bladder Conditions and Storage Bladder Symptoms Suggest Common Pathway Involved in Underlying Pathophysiology. Low Urin Tract Symptoms 2014; 7:102-7. [PMID: 26663690 DOI: 10.1111/luts.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common in various bladder disorders. This study investigated urothelial dysfunction and chronic inflammation in the urothelium in different types of lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD), which causes bladder storage symptoms. METHODS Bladder tissues were obtained from patients with LUTD including 17 with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), 15 with bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), 12 with spinal cord injury (SCI), 12 with recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI), 13 with ketamine related cystitis (KC) and 10 controls. The bladder specimens were investigated using immunofluorescence (IF) staining of the urothelial junction protein E-cadherin and the TUNEL assay for urothelial apoptosis. Mast cell activation was also measured by IF using tryptase for mucosal inflammation. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon rank-sum test and P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS Highly significant increases of mast cell infiltration were observed in patients with KC (7.8 ± 3.7), IC/BPS (4.6 ± 3.0), recurrent UTI (2.4 ± 1.2), SCI (3.7 ± 2.7), and BOO (5.1 ± 2.0) compared with controls (1.3 ± 1.2) (all p < 0.05). Statistically significant increases of apoptotic cells were observed in patients with KC (4.2 ± 1.5), IC/BPS (2.4 ± 1.7), SCI (2.4 ± 1.4), recurrent UTI (1.9 ± 2.4), and BOO (1.2 ± 1.1) compared with controls (0.08 ± 0.3) (all p < 0.05). Significantly decreased expression of E-cadherin in patients with IC/BPS (25.1 ± 16.3), KC (11.0 ± 11.3), and recurrent UTI (26.2 ± 5.0) was found compared to controls (42.4 ± 16.7) and patients with SCI (44.4 ± 18.8) or BOO (42.8 ± 14.3) (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Increased urothelial inflammation and urothelial cell apoptosis seem to share common pathophysiologies of various LUTDs that cause similar bladder symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Tzu Liu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hong Jiang
- Department of Urology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hann-Chorng Kuo
- Department of Urology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Tseng-Rogenski S, Lee IL, Gebhardt D, Fischer SM, Wood C, Park JM, Liebert M. Loss of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase expression disrupts urothelial differentiation. Urology 2008; 71:346-50. [PMID: 18308117 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2007.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Urothelial differentiation is essential for the maintenance of urinary bladder function. We explored the expression and function of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) during urothelial differentiation. METHODS We evaluated expression of PGDH by Northern and Western blotting and immunostaining in human urothelial cultures, cell lines, and tissues. We determined enzymatic function using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Small inhibitory ribonucleic acids were used to inhibit PGDH expression in human bladder cancer cells. RESULTS We found PGDH messenger ribonucleic acid was increased in an in vitro model of human urothelial differentiation by Northern blotting. Western blotting of human bladder cancer cell lines showed expression in the well-differentiated RT4 cells and no expression in poorly differentiated UC3 cells. Immunostaining showed that PGDH expression increased with differentiation in normal bladder urothelium. The enzyme was functional in the well-differentiated RT4 human bladder cancer cell line. Inhibition of PGDH expression resulted in disruption of E-cadherin expression at cell-cell contacts in well-differentiated RT4 bladder cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS These studies indicate that PGDH expression is associated with urothelial differentiation, and loss of PGDH expression results in disruption of urothelial differentiation.
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Maher S, Feighery L, Brayden DJ, McClean S. Melittin as an epithelial permeability enhancer I: investigation of its mechanism of action in Caco-2 monolayers. Pharm Res 2007; 24:1336-45. [PMID: 17373574 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Melittin is an amphipathic antimicrobial peptide which has been shown to enhance the permeability of mannitol and reduce transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) across Caco-2 monolayers. The aim of this work was to further examine the potential of melittin as a paracellular permeability enhancer and to investigate the mechanism of interaction with tight junction proteins in Caco-2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The permeability of a range of fluorescent markers of differing molecular weights across monolayers was examined and immunofluorescence and western blotting analysis of tight junction proteins were also carried out. The mechanism of TER reduction was also examined using cell signalling inhibitors. RESULTS Apical but not basolateral addition of melittin increased the permeability of a range FITC-dextrans (4-70 kDa) across monolayers. Melittin effects were reversible and no cytotoxicity was evident in polarized Caco-2 epithelia at the concentrations used. Altered expression of ZO-1, E-cadherin and F-actin was also detected. The phospholipase A2 inhibitors, aristolochic acid and indomethacin and the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, piroxicam, partially attenuated melittin-induced TER reduction, suggesting that part of the mechanism by which melittin opens tight junctions involves prostaglandin signalling. CONCLUSIONS Apically-added melittin opens tight junctions, causing dramatic TER reductions with significant increases in flux of dextrans. These effects appear mediated in part via PLA2 and involve alterations in specific tight junction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Maher
- Institute of Technology Tallaght Dublin, Belgard Road, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
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