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Balhara A, Kumar AR, Unadkat JD. Predicting Human Fetal Drug Exposure Through Maternal-Fetal PBPK Modeling and In Vitro or Ex Vivo Studies. J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 62 Suppl 1:S94-S114. [PMID: 36106781 PMCID: PMC9494623 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Medication (drug) use in human pregnancy is prevalent. Determining fetal safety and efficacy of drugs is logistically challenging. However, predicting (not measuring) fetal drug exposure (systemic and tissue) throughout pregnancy is possible through maternal-fetal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and simulation. Such prediction can inform fetal drug safety and efficacy. Fetal drug exposure can be quantified in 2 complementary ways. First, the ratio of the steady-state unbound plasma concentration in the fetal plasma (or area under the plasma concentration-time curve) to the corresponding maternal plasma concentration (ie, Kp,uu ). Second, the maximum unbound peak (Cu,max,ss,f ) and trough (Cu,min,ss,f ) fetal steady-state plasma concentrations. We (and others) have developed a maternal-fetal PBPK model that can successfully predict maternal drug exposure. To predict fetal drug exposure, the model needs to be populated with drug specific parameters, of which transplacental clearances (active and/or passive) and placental/fetal metabolism of the drug are critical. Herein, we describe in vitro studies in cells/tissue fractions or the perfused human placenta that can be used to determine these drug-specific parameters. In addition, we provide examples whereby this approach has successfully predicted systemic fetal exposure to drugs that passively or actively cross the placenta. Apart from maternal-fetal PBPK models, animal studies also have the potential to estimate fetal drug exposure by allometric scaling. Whether such scaling will be successful is yet to be determined. Here, we review the above approaches to predict fetal drug exposure, outline gaps in our knowledge to make such predictions and map out future research directions that could fill these gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Balhara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aditya R Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are a superfamily of monooxygenases with diverse biological roles. CYP2J2 is an isozyme highly expressed in the heart where it metabolizes endogenous substrates such as N-3/N-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to produce lipid mediators involved in homeostasis and cardioprotective responses. Expanding our knowledge of the role CYP2J2 has within the heart is important for understanding its impact on cardiac health and disease. AREAS COVERED The objective of this review was to assess the state of knowledge regarding cardiac CYP2J2. A literature search was conducted using PubMed-MEDLINE (from 2022 and earlier) to evaluate relevant studies regarding CYP2J2 mediated cardioprotection, small molecule modulators, effects of CYP2J2 substrates toward biologically relevant effects and implications of CYP2J2 polymorphisms and sexual dimorphism in the heart. EXPERT OPINION Cardiac CYP2J2-mediated metabolism of endogenous and exogenous substrates have been shown to impact cardiac function. Identifying individual factors, like sex and age, that affect CYP2J2 require further elucidation to better understand CYP2J2's clinical relevance. Resolving the biological targets and activities of CYP2J2-derived PUFA metabolites will be necessary to safely target CYP2J2 and design novel analogues. Targeting CYP2J2 for therapeutic aims offers a potential novel approach to regulating cardiac homeostasis, drug metabolism and cardioprotection.
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Umeda N, Hirai T, Ohto-Nakanishi T, Tsuchiya KJ, Matsuzaki H. Linoleic acid and linoleate diols in neonatal cord blood influence birth weight. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:986650. [PMID: 36093109 PMCID: PMC9453817 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.986650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-birth-weight infants exhibit a high risk for postnatal morbidity. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) and epoxide hydrolase (EH) are involved in the metabolism of factors responsible for low-birth-weight in infants. Both CYPs and EHs have high substrate specificity and are involved in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolism. The CYP pathway produces epoxy fatty acids (EpFAs), which are further degraded by soluble EH (sEH). Additionally, sEH inhibition enhances the action of EpFAs and suppresses inflammatory responses. During pregnancy, excessive activation of maternal inflammatory response is a significant factor associated with low-birth-weight. However, the association of EpFAs, which have potential anti-inflammatory properties, with the low-birth-weight of infants remains uninvestigated. This study aimed to clarify the association between the umbilical cord serum EpFA and low-birth-weight using data obtained from the Hamamatsu Birth Cohort for Mothers and Children (HBC Study) by analyzing the umbilical cord blood samples. METHOD We selected a subgroup of 200 infants (106 boys and 94 girls), quantified EpFA concentration in their cord blood samples collected at birth, and examined its correlation with birth weight. RESULTS The comparison between the low-birth-weight and normal-birth-weight groups revealed no significant correlation between PUFA and EpFA concentrations, but a significant correlation was observed in the linoleate diol concentrations of the two groups. Furthermore, birth weight did not significantly correlate with PUFA, EpFA, and diol concentrations in cord blood; however, multiple regression analysis showed a significant negative correlation of birth weight with the concentration of linoleic acid (LA) (r = -0.101, p = 0.016) as well as LA-derived dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid (diHOME) (r = -0.126, p = 0.007), 9,10-diHOME (r = -0.115, p = 0.014), and 12,13-diHOME (r = -0.126, p = 0.007) after adjusting for obstetric factors, including gestational age, infant's sex, childbirth history, delivery method, and maternal height. CONCLUSIONS Birth weight was significantly correlated with the concentration of LA and linoleate diol diHOME after adjusting for obstetric confounders. Our results show that CYP and sEH involved in PUFA metabolism may influence the birth weight of infants. Further validation is needed to provide insights regarding maternal intervention strategies required to avoid low-birth-weight in infants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Umeda
- Department of Functional Brain Activities, United Graduate School of Child Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Fukui Health Science University, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takaharu Hirai
- Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | | | - Kenji J. Tsuchiya
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsuzaki
- Department of Functional Brain Activities, United Graduate School of Child Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hideo Matsuzaki,
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Tauber Z, Cizkova K. The anti-inflammatory role of placental Hofbauer cells is altered in patients with chorioamnionitis: Are CYP2C8 and soluble epoxide hydrolase involved in immunomodulation? BIOMEDICAL PAPERS OF THE MEDICAL FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY PALACKY, OLOMOUC, CZECHOSLOVAKIA 2021; 166:267-273. [PMID: 33976432 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2021.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Hofbauer cells (HBCs) are placental macrophages playing various roles during normal and complicated pregnancies, and of the latter, chorioamnionitis is the most frequent. METHODS In placenta with chorioamnionitis, we examined immunohistochemical expression profiles of IL-1β, IL-10, and their potential regulators, CYP2C8 and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), in Hofbauer cells and compared the results with our previously published data for normal placenta. RESULTS We found that the expression profiles of the studied proteins in Hofbauer cells in chorioamnionitis differs from normal placenta. In chorioamnionitis, HBCs showed a moderate expression of IL-1β together with a weak expression of IL-10 and CYP2C8. Contrary to normal placenta, HBCs in chorioamnionitis express sEH. We demonstrated a moderate positive correlation between the expression of CYP2C8 and sEH in chorioamnionitis (Spearman r = 0.5654), suggesting enhanced degradation of anti-inflammatory epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. Moreover, the relations of IL-1β and IL-10 to CYP2C8, previously described in normal placenta, disappeared. Furthermore, a weak expression of anti-inflammatory IL-10 in chorioamnionitis was accompanied by change in circularity of HBCs (Spearman r = 0.8193). CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings suggest a possible alteration of the anti-inflammatory role of HBCs and its regulation in chorioamnionitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Tauber
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Cizkova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Cizkova K, Koubova K, Foltynkova T, Jiravova J, Tauber Z. Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase as an Important Player in Intestinal Cell Differentiation. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 209:177-188. [PMID: 33588415 DOI: 10.1159/000512807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) may play a role in cell differentiation. sEH metabolizes biologically highly active and generally cytoprotective epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), generated from arachidonic acid metabolism by CYP epoxygenases (CYP2C and CYP2J subfamilies), to less active corresponding diols. We investigated the effect of sEH inhibitor (TPPU) on the expression of villin, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2J2, and sEH in undifferentiated and in vitro differentiated HT-29 and Caco2 cell lines. The administration of 10 μM TPPU on differentiated HT-29 and Caco2 cells resulted in a significant decrease in expression of villin, a marker for intestinal cell differentiation. It was accompanied by a disruption of the brush border when microvilli appeared sparse and short in atomic force microscope scans of HT-29 cells. Although inhibition of sEH in differentiated HT-29 and Caco2 cells led to an increase in sEH expression in both cell lines, this treatment had an opposite effect on CYP2J2 expression in HT-29 and Caco2 cells. In addition, tissue samples of colorectal carcinoma and adjacent normal tissues from 45 patients were immunostained for sEH and villin. We detected a significant decrease in the expression of both proteins in colorectal carcinoma in comparison to adjacent normal tissue, and the decrease in both sEH and villin expression revealed a moderate positive association. Taken together, our results showed that sEH is an important player in intestinal cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Cizkova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Katerina Koubova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Tereza Foltynkova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jana Jiravova
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Zdenek Tauber
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia,
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Tauber Z, Chroma K, Baranova R, Cizkova K. The expression patterns of IL-1β and IL-10 and their relation to CYP epoxygenases in normal human placenta. Ann Anat 2021; 236:151671. [PMID: 33440233 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The success of pregnancy depends on the regulation of immunological processes in the placenta. Important mediators of an immune response include pro- and anti-inflammatory interleukins which may be regulated by CYP epoxygenases and their metabolites. The relation between interleukins and CYP epoxygenases expression in human placenta has not yet been studied vastly. MATERIAL AND METHODS We investigated the expression patterns of IL-1β and IL-10 in embryonic (n=8), early foetal (n=16) and term (n=7) human placenta tissue by an immunohistochemical method and evaluated the results by Kruskal-Wallis test. The obtained data was correlated using Spearman's correlation coefficient to our previously published data of CYP epoxygenases expression in the same samples. To confirm that Hofbauer cells express IL-10 and IL-1β as well as CYP2C8 and IL-10 together, and thus there is a relation between proteins of interests, we used multiplex immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS The expression of IL-1β decreased with gestational age in cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast, as well as in Hofbauer cells whilst IL-10 decreased in cytotrophoblast, remained at the same levels in syncytiotrophoblast and increased in Hofbauer cells. In trophoblast cells, we found a statistically significant positive correlation between the expression of CYP2J2 and CYP2C9 with IL-1β, whereas there was no relation between IL-10 and any of the tested CYP epoxygenases. In Hofbauer cells, we found a significant positive correlation between CYP2C8 and IL-10 and a significant negative correlation between CYP2C8 and IL-1β. CONCLUSION Our results showed that the exact role and relation of interleukins and CYP epoxygenases and their metabolites is dependent on their respective cellular context. Because of IL-10, IL-1β, as well as HBCs play a role in various pathological conditions, further investigation of the exact role of CYP epoxygenase, interleukins and their relations is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Tauber
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Katarina Chroma
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Romana Baranova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Katerina Cizkova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Aung MT, Song Y, Ferguson KK, Cantonwine DE, Zeng L, McElrath TF, Pennathur S, Meeker JD, Mukherjee B. Application of an analytical framework for multivariate mediation analysis of environmental data. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5624. [PMID: 33159049 PMCID: PMC7648785 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19335-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse toxicological mechanisms may mediate the impact of environmental toxicants (phthalates, phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and metals) on pregnancy outcomes. In this study, we introduce an analytical framework for multivariate mediation analysis to identify mediation pathways (q = 61 mediators) in the relationship between environmental toxicants (p = 38 analytes) and gestational age at delivery. Our analytical framework includes: (1) conducting pairwise mediation for unique exposure-mediator combinations, (2) exposure dimension reduction by estimating environmental risk scores, and (3) multivariate mediator analysis using either Bayesian shrinkage mediation analysis, population value decomposition, or mediation pathway penalization. Dimension reduction demonstrates that a one-unit increase in phthalate risk score is associated with a total effect of 1.07 lower gestational age (in weeks) at delivery (95% confidence interval: 0.48-1.67) and eicosanoids from the cytochrome p450 pathway mediated 26% of this effect (95% confidence interval: 4-63%). Eicosanoid products derived from the cytochrome p450 pathway may be important mediators of phthalate toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max T Aung
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, US
| | - Yanyi Song
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, US
| | - Kelly K Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, Chapel Hill, US
| | - David E Cantonwine
- Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
| | - Lixia Zeng
- Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US
| | - Thomas F McElrath
- Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US
- Michigan Regional Comprehensive Metabolomics Resource Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, US
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, US.
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, US.
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Kurosawa K, Chiba K, Noguchi S, Nishimura T, Tomi M. Development of a Pharmacokinetic Model of Transplacental Transfer of Metformin to Predict In Vivo Fetal Exposure. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:1293-1302. [PMID: 33051249 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two types of systems are used in ex vivo human placental perfusion studies to predict fetal drug exposures, that is, closed systems with recirculation of the maternal and fetal buffer and open systems using a single-pass mode without recirculation. The in vivo fetal/maternal (F:M) ratio of metformin, a cationic drug that crosses the placenta, is consistent with that reported in an open system ex vivo but not with that in a closed system. In the present study, we aimed to develop a pharmacokinetic (PK) model of transplacental transfer of metformin to predict in vivo fetal exposure to metformin and to resolve the apparent inconsistency between open and closed ex vivo systems. The developed model shows that the difference between open and closed systems is due to the difference in the time required to achieve the steady state. The model-predicted F:M ratio (approx. 0.88) is consistent with reported in vivo values [mean (95% confidence interval): 1.10 (0.69-1.51)]. The model incorporates bidirectional transport via organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3) at the basal plasma membrane, and simulations indicate that the use of trimethoprim (an OCT3 inhibitor) to prevent microbial growth in the placenta ex vivo has a negligible effect on the overall maternal-to-fetal and fetal-to-maternal clearances. The model could successfully predict in vivo fetal exposure using ex vivo human placental perfusion data from both closed and open systems. This transplacental PK modeling approach is expected to be useful for evaluating human fetal exposures to other poorly permeable compounds, besides metformin. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We developed a pharmacokinetic model of transplacental transfer of metformin, used to treat gestational diabetes mellitus, in order to predict in vivo fetal exposure and resolve the discrepancy between reported findings in open and closed ex vivo perfusion systems. The discrepancy is due to a difference in the time required to reach the steady state. The model can predict in vivo fetal exposure using data from both closed and open systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kurosawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Tokyo, Japan (K.K.); Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Kanagawa, Japan (K.C.); and Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan (K.K., S.N., T.N., M.T.)
| | - Koji Chiba
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Tokyo, Japan (K.K.); Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Kanagawa, Japan (K.C.); and Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan (K.K., S.N., T.N., M.T.)
| | - Saki Noguchi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Tokyo, Japan (K.K.); Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Kanagawa, Japan (K.C.); and Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan (K.K., S.N., T.N., M.T.)
| | - Tomohiro Nishimura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Tokyo, Japan (K.K.); Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Kanagawa, Japan (K.C.); and Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan (K.K., S.N., T.N., M.T.)
| | - Masatoshi Tomi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Tokyo, Japan (K.K.); Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Kanagawa, Japan (K.C.); and Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan (K.K., S.N., T.N., M.T.)
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Hung TH, Chen SF, Hsieh TT. Soluble epoxide hydrolase in the human placenta throughout gestation. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 58:840-845. [PMID: 31759538 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the spatial and temporal changes of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in the human placenta throughout gestation and to study the effects of hypoxia-reoxygenation (HR) on the expression of sEH in villous explants in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Placental samples were obtained from women of different gestation and grouped as early (8-12 weeks, n = 10), mid- (16-28 weeks, n = 6), and late gestation (38-39 weeks, n = 10) according to gestational age. Immunohistochemistry, western blot, and real-time quantitative PCR were used to assess the cellular distribution and temporal changes of sEH. Villous explant cultures were used to study the effect of HR (8 h at 2% oxygen, followed by 16 h at 8% oxygen, two cycles) on the expression of sEH. RESULTS Using a mouse monoclonal antibody against human sEH, immunoreactivity of sEH was observed mainly localized in the cytotrophoblasts and, to a lesser extent, the syncytiotrophoblast in the villous tissues throughout gestation. Compared to villous tissues of early gestation, the levels of sEH mRNA and protein were significantly increased in villous samples of mid- and late gestation. Furthermore, villous explants subjected to HR had significantly higher levels of sEH mRNA and protein compared to villous tissues kept at 8% oxygen throughout the experiment. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that sEH is likely to play an essential role in the development of human placenta and HR is a possible factor regulating the expression of sEH in the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Ho Hung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Szu-Fu Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin Rehabilitation Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - T'sang-T'ang Hsieh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
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Blanco-Castañeda R, Galaviz-Hernández C, Souto PCS, Lima VV, Giachini FR, Escudero C, Damiano AE, Barragán-Zúñiga LJ, Martínez-Aguilar G, Sosa-Macías M. The role of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in the placenta: a growing research field. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020; 13:247-263. [PMID: 32129110 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1733412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The placenta is a temporary and unique organ that allows for the physical connection between a mother and fetus; this organ regulates the transport of gases and nutrients mediating the elimination of waste products contained in the fetal circulation. The placenta performs metabolic and excretion functions, on the basis of multiple enzymatic systems responsible for the oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and conjugation of xenobiotics. These mechanisms give the placenta a protective role that limits the fetal exposure to harmful compounds. During pregnancy, some diseases require uninterrupted treatment even if it is detrimental to the fetus. Drugs and other xenobiotics alter gene expression in the placenta with repercussions for the fetus and mother's well-being.Areas covered: This review provides a brief description of the human placental structure and function, the main drug and xenobiotic transporters and metabolizing enzymes, placenta-metabolized substrates, and alterations in gene expression that the exposure to xenobiotics may cause.Expert opinion: Research should be focused on the identification and validation of biological markers for the assessment of the harmful effects of some drugs in pregnancy, including the evaluation of polymorphisms and methylation patterns in chorionic villous samples and/or amniotic fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paula C S Souto
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences and Health, Universidad Federal De Mato Grosso, Barra Do Garcas, Brazil
| | - Victor Vitorino Lima
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences and Health, Universidad Federal De Mato Grosso, Barra Do Garcas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda R Giachini
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences and Health, Universidad Federal De Mato Grosso, Barra Do Garcas, Brazil
| | - Carlos Escudero
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis (GIANT) Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health) Basic Sciences Department Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Del Bio-Bio, Chillan, Chile
| | - Alicia E Damiano
- Laboratorio De Biología De La Reproducción, IFIBIO Houssay-UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento De Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad De Farmacia Y Bioquimica, Buenos Aires, UBA, Argentina
| | | | - Gerardo Martínez-Aguilar
- Unidad De Investigación Biomédica - Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) Durango, Durango, México
| | - Martha Sosa-Macías
- Academia De Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional-CIIDIR Durango, Durango, Mexico
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Furukawa S, Tsuji N, Hayashi S, Kuroda Y, Kimura M, Hayakawa C, Takeuchi K, Sugiyama A. The effects of β-naphthoflavone on rat placental development. J Toxicol Pathol 2019; 32:275-282. [PMID: 31719754 PMCID: PMC6831496 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2019-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphological effects of β-naphthoflavone (β-NF) on placental development in
pregnant rats were examined. β-NF, administered to pregnant rats intraperitoneally at 15
mg/kg bw from gestation day (GD) 9 to GD 14, had no effect on maternal body weight gain,
mortality, or clinical sign. In the β-NF-exposed rats, intrauterine growth retardation
(IUGR) rates increased on GDs 17 and 21, although there was no effect on fetal mortality
rate, fetal or placental weight, or external fetal abnormality. Histopathologically, β-NF
induced apoptosis and inhibition of cell proliferation of the trophoblastic septa in the
labyrinth zone, resulting in its poor development. In the basal zone, β-NF induced
spongiotrophoblast apoptosis and delayed glycogen islet regression, resulting in their
cystic degeneration. β-NF-induced CYP1A1 expression was detected in the endothelial cells
of the fetal capillaries in the labyrinth zone and in the endothelial cells of the spiral
arteries in the metrial gland, but not in any trophoblasts. This indicates that CYP1A1 is
inducible in the endothelial cells of the fetal capillaries in the labyrinth zone, and
that these cells have an important role in metabolizing CYP1A1 inducers crossing the
placental barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Furukawa
- Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 1470 Shiraoka, Shiraoka-shi, Saitama 349-0294, Japan
| | - Naho Tsuji
- Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 1470 Shiraoka, Shiraoka-shi, Saitama 349-0294, Japan
| | - Seigo Hayashi
- Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 1470 Shiraoka, Shiraoka-shi, Saitama 349-0294, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kuroda
- Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 1470 Shiraoka, Shiraoka-shi, Saitama 349-0294, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kimura
- Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 1470 Shiraoka, Shiraoka-shi, Saitama 349-0294, Japan
| | - Chisato Hayakawa
- Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 1470 Shiraoka, Shiraoka-shi, Saitama 349-0294, Japan
| | - Kazuya Takeuchi
- Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 1470 Shiraoka, Shiraoka-shi, Saitama 349-0294, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sugiyama
- Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
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