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Binkowska AA, Obarska K, Marcowski P, Szymczak K, Lewczuk K, Sollich K, Banaszak M, Woronowicz B, Nowicka M, Skorko M, Gola M. Evaluating the effectiveness of mobile app-based self-guided psychological intervention to reduce craving and lapse risk in problematic substance use and behaviors: Protocol for a randomized control trial in the general population. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2023; 36:101180. [PMID: 37720591 PMCID: PMC10500479 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2023.101180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of substance and behavioral addiction is estimated between 10 and 15% of the global population and remains a severe public health concern. Moreover, addiction treatment has several barriers, such as a lack of access to professional treatment or stigmatization. Mobile health interventions emerge as a promising solution. Methods This two-armed randomized controlled trial (RCT) aims to assess the efficacy of a mobile app-based self-guided psychological intervention delivered via a smartphone app (Nałogometr) in reducing craving and lapse risk in problematic behaviors and substance use compared to a control condition. Participant recruitment and data collection will start in June 2022 and end in September 2022. Due to the nature of the study, i.e., a nationwide study of problematic substance use and behaviors, we will aim to recruit all individuals willing to participate. The four-week intervention condition includes short-term and long-term modules based mainly on mindfulness and cognitive behavioral therapy. Longitudinal data on several variables related to craving and lapse risk are collected daily using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). The primary outcomes of interest will be the self-reported number of lapses and craving level in daily EMA. Moreover, a questionnaire battery assessment is administered at baseline in the first week following onboarding, after five weeks, and after six months. The secondary outcome measures will include the severity of problematic substance use or behaviors, anxiety and depression, and life satisfaction. Results Results will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals. Clinical trial registration [https://clinicaltrials.gov/], identifier [NCT054 34,429].
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Anna Binkowska
- PredictWatch, Upalna 1A/76, 15-668, Białystok, Poland
- DrugsTeam, NeuroCognitive Research Center, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Obarska
- PredictWatch, Upalna 1A/76, 15-668, Białystok, Poland
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Karol Szymczak
- PredictWatch, Upalna 1A/76, 15-668, Białystok, Poland
- Institute of Psychology, The Maria Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Lewczuk
- PredictWatch, Upalna 1A/76, 15-668, Białystok, Poland
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Maria Banaszak
- PredictWatch, Upalna 1A/76, 15-668, Białystok, Poland
- Monar Association, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bohdan Woronowicz
- PredictWatch, Upalna 1A/76, 15-668, Białystok, Poland
- Consulting Center Akmed, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Maciej Skorko
- PredictWatch, Upalna 1A/76, 15-668, Białystok, Poland
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Gola
- PredictWatch, Upalna 1A/76, 15-668, Białystok, Poland
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Río-Martínez L, Marquez-Arrico JE, Prat G, Adan A. Temperament and Character Profile and Its Clinical Correlates in Male Patients with Dual Schizophrenia. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061876. [PMID: 32560099 PMCID: PMC7356598 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Personality traits are relevant in understanding substance use disorders (SUD) and schizophrenia (SZ), but few works have also included patients with dual schizophrenia (SZ+) and personality traits. We explored personality profile in a sample of 165 male patients under treatment, using the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised. The participants were assigned to three groups of 55 patients each, according to previous diagnosis: SUD, SZ- and SZ+ (without/with SUD). We analyzed their clinical characteristics, relating them to personality dimensions. The SUD and SZ+ groups scored higher than SZ- in Novelty/Sensation Seeking. SZ- and SZ+ presented higher Harm Avoidance and lower Persistence than the SUD group. SZ+ patients showed the lowest levels of Self-directedness, while SZ- and SZ+ had higher scores in Self-transcendence than the SUD group. Several clinical characteristics were associated with personality dimensions depending on diagnosis, and remarkably so for psychiatric symptoms in the SZ- and SZ+ groups. The three groups had a maladaptive personality profile compared to general population. Our results point to different profiles for SUD versus SZ, while both profiles appear combined in the SZ+ group, with extreme scores in some traits. Thus, considering personality endophenotypes in SZ+ could help in designing individualized interventions for this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Río-Martínez
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebrón 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (L.R.-M.); (J.E.M.-A.); (G.P.)
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia E. Marquez-Arrico
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebrón 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (L.R.-M.); (J.E.M.-A.); (G.P.)
| | - Gemma Prat
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebrón 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (L.R.-M.); (J.E.M.-A.); (G.P.)
| | - Ana Adan
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebrón 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (L.R.-M.); (J.E.M.-A.); (G.P.)
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-9331-25060
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Marquez-Arrico JE, Río-Martínez L, Navarro JF, Prat G, Adan A. Personality Profile and Clinical Correlates of Patients With Substance Use Disorder With and Without Comorbid Depression Under Treatment. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:764. [PMID: 30687142 PMCID: PMC6336829 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Among patients with substance use disorder (SUD), major depressive disorder (MDD) is highly prevalent. Even though, personality plays an important role in treatment outcomes for individuals with SUD and SUD + MDD, few studies have explored personality characteristics in these samples. This study aims to describe personality for patients with SUD taking into account the comorbid MDD, using the Alternative Five Factor Model (AFFM). We also aim to compare SUD + MDD patients with population norms and to elucidate possible personality clinical correlates. Methods: For our study, 116 male patients undergoing for SUD treatment were divided in two groups: SUD only (N = 58) and SUD + MDD (N = 58). To examine personality, we used the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire and multiple analyses of covariance were performed to identify differences. In a first analysis, age was introduced as a covariate whereas in a second analysis the continuous variables that showed to have a discriminant value for the groups were added as covariates. Variables predicting the presence of dual diagnosis and personality clinical correlates were analyzed by logistic and linear regression models, respectively. We observed that patients with SUD + MDD show distinctive personality characteristics compared with patients with SUD only and population norms. Results: According to the AFFM, SUD + MDD patients are characterized by higher Neuroticism-Anxiety (positively associated to depressive symptoms) and Impulsivity; and by lower Parties and Friends. Moreover, the probability of having a dual depressive disorder was represented by the amount of medications and substances used. The preference for hard work and the energy self-reported levels (Work Activity trait) are linked to these clinical variables rather than to the presence/absence of a dual depressive disorder. Conclusions: Even when controlling clinical variables related to a higher probability of having a dual depressive disorder, the Neuroticism-Anxiety is a personality trait that strongly differentiates between SUD only and SUD + MDD patients. Further investigation is needed to explore the role of this personality trait as endophenotype in dual depressive men. Our results underline the importance of a dimensional understanding of personality and its clinical correlates among patients with SUD + MDD; this approach could provide us information on specific treatment strategies to improve the prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Elena Marquez-Arrico
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Río-Martínez
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Gemma Prat
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Adan
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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A narrative review of potential treatment strategies for food addiction. Eat Weight Disord 2017; 22:387-393. [PMID: 28589470 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-017-0400-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of food addiction (FA) remains controversial with research being in the nascent stages; FA like any addiction can have a devastating impact on the lives of those afflicted. There exists a clinical need for treatment strategies for those affected. This article reviews potential treatment strategies for FA. The treatment strategies target four core behaviours of the addiction phenotype specifically craving through the opioid system, impulsivity as a personality trait, compulsivity through the serotonergic system and lastly motivation through the dopaminergic system. A range of pharmacological and psychological interventions are reviewed. Future research should seek to test and validate the proposed clinical treatment strategies.
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Hershberger AR, Um M, Cyders MA. The relationship between the UPPS-P impulsive personality traits and substance use psychotherapy outcomes: A meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 178:408-416. [PMID: 28709080 PMCID: PMC5561735 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although impulsive personality traits have been well implicated in substance use disorder (SUD) risk, little work has established how specific impulsive personality traits influence and are influenced by SUD psychotherapy outcomes. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to quantitatively review existing work to examine 1) how impulsive personality traits affect SUD psychotherapy outcomes and 2) reductions in impulsive personality traits during SUD psychotherapy. METHODS Studies were identified by conducting a comprehensive review of the literature. RESULTS For aim one (k=6), significant effects were found for lack of premeditation (g=0.60, SE=0.30, 95% CI 0.01-1.20; z=1.99, p=0.05) and negative urgency (g=0.55, SE=0.17, 95% CI 0.22-0.88, z=3.30, p=0.001), with trait scores related to poorer SUD psychotherapy outcomes. For aim two (k=10), decreases in sensation seeking (g=-0.10, SE=0.05, 95% CI -0.20 to 0.004; z=-1.88, p=0.02) and negative urgency (g=-0.25, SE=0.14, 95% CI -0.53 to 0.03; z=-1.75, p=0.03) during SUD psychotherapy were significant. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our quantitative synthesis suggests that lack of premeditation and negative urgency are related to poorer SUD psychotherapy outcomes. Although negative urgency and sensation seeking are decreasing during SUD psychotherapy, the magnitude of the change is quite small. Overall, we suggest that the measurement and targeting of impulsive personality traits in psychotherapy has strong potential to improve clinical outcomes across SUDs and a wide range of clinical problems and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R Hershberger
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University - Purdue University, Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, United States.
| | - Miji Um
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University - Purdue University, Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, United States
| | - Melissa A Cyders
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University - Purdue University, Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, United States
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Leung D, Staiger PK, Hayden M, Lum JAG, Hall K, Manning V, Verdejo-Garcia A. Meta-analysis of the relationship between impulsivity and substance-related cognitive biases. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 172:21-33. [PMID: 28107679 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence indicates that substance-related cognitive biases (attentional, memory, and approach bias) contribute to the maintenance and development of substance misuse. Impulsivity has been suggested to influence how cognitive biases contribute to substance misuse, possibly by biasing incentive salience attribution processes. However, the strength and moderators of the relationship between impulsivity and substance-related cognitive biases has yet to be empirically examined. METHODS A meta-analysis using random-effects models was completed assessing 19 studies that reported a quantitative relationship between an impulsivity measure and a substance-related cognitive bias. Two-component conceptualisation of impulsivity, impulsivity measurement type, gender, and age were assessed as moderators. RESULTS A small, significant positive relationship (r=0.10) was observed between impulsivity and substance-related attentional, memory, and approach biases. No moderators examined had a significant influence on this relationship. CONCLUSIONS Results are consistent with incentive sensitisation theories of addiction and suggests a weak synergistic relationship between impulsivity and substance-related cognitive biases. This relationship holds across different measures and components of impulsivity. Results provide some support for the viability of impulsivity and cognitive bias interaction models which may warrant further investigation of these factors in relation to predicting addiction treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Leung
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringap Street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Petra K Staiger
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringap Street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Melissa Hayden
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringap Street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Jarrad A G Lum
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringap Street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Kate Hall
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringap Street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; Centre for Youth AOD Practice Development, Youth Support and Advocacy Service, Level 1/131 Johnston Street, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Victoria Manning
- Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, 54-62 Gertrude Street, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Antonio Verdejo-Garcia
- Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, 54-62 Gertrude Street, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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De Wever E, Quaglino V. [Risk factors and psychological vulnerabilities to binge-drinking in youth]. Encephale 2017; 43:486-490. [PMID: 28063599 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
For years, a large number of studies have demonstrated the harmful effects of alcohol consumption on the brain and therefore on behavior and cognition. These studies first aimed at identifying the consequences of alcohol abuse consumption, more specifically in pathologies such as alcohol-dependence or Korsakoff syndrome. Researchers then also started to focus on vulnerabilities to alcohol consumption, especially in hyper fast alcohol consumption called binge-drinking (BD). Indeed BD, which is a particularly dangerous form of alcohol consumption, is usually observed in adolescents and young adults. Typically, young people tend to adopt this way of drinking in order to reach a massive and expeditious intoxication. The aim of this paper is to present the bibliographic data available on the main risk factors to BD and to describe the main measurement tools for investigating these factors in clinical researches. The interaction between psychological dysfunctions and BD is not well understood. For a better understanding of the links between binge-drinking and psychological and personality factors in terms of vulnerability or risk, studies have investigated on affective factors (depression and anxiety), personality characteristics (impulsivity and sensation seeking) and drinking motives (coping, improvement, compliance and wellness). Although different factors are often associated with BD in adolescents and young adults, it is still not clear whether these factors are the consequences of alcohol consumption or a reflection of pre-morbid abnormalities predisposing individuals to excessive alcohol consumption. Furthermore, results are not unequivocal and various distinct personality profiles seem to emerge. Thus, these questions are still not fully resolved and further studies are needed to understand the complex relationships between BD and the various psychological or personality factors. The need for investigating these factors in clinical studies is nevertheless important with regard to therapeutic interventions. Indeed, the identification of specific profiles involved in a binge-drinking type of consumption could allow an adaptation of the contents of therapeutic programs by targeting a specific mechanism. For example, recent findings have revealed that when factors such as impulsivity are considered, therapeutic intervention is more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Wever
- Université de Picardie Jules-Verne, CRP-CPO EA7273, département de psychologie, chemin du Thil, 80025 Amiens cedex 1, France.
| | - V Quaglino
- Université de Picardie Jules-Verne, CRP-CPO EA7273, département de psychologie, chemin du Thil, 80025 Amiens cedex 1, France
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Personality profile of binge drinking in university students is modulated by sex. A study using the Alternative Five Factor Model. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 165:120-5. [PMID: 27262897 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of binge drinking (BD), found especially among young people, is increasing worldwide and has become an important social and health concern. We studied, for the first time, the personality profile, using the Alternative Five Factor Model, among university students with BD and healthy controls, taking into account the possible influence of sex. METHODS 70 participants with BD (30 men) and 70 healthy controls (30 men) were included, selected to control for characteristics that are known to be related to BD (physical and mental disorders, consumption of other drugs, circadian rhythms), completed the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ). RESULTS The scores on Neuroticism-Anxiety and Impulsive Sensation-Seeking were higher in the BD group compared to the controls (p<0.001 in both cases). The higher scores in the BD group in Neuroticism-Anxiety are due to higher scores in the women's group (p=0.014), while those in Impulsive Sensation-Seeking are due to higher scores in the men's group (p=0.009), both in the Impulsivity and in the Sensation-Seeking subscales (p<0.045). CONCLUSIONS Sex could be a factor that modulates the endophenotype of drug dependence (impulsive and anxious personality) and the prevention and/or treatment programs for BD should include not only the management of the personality risk factors but also different tailored approaches according to sex.
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Personality in patients with substance use disorders according to the co-occurring severe mental illness: A study using the alternative five factor model. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Moore AA, Overstreet C, Kendler KS, Dick DM, Adkins A, Amstadter AB. Potentially traumatic events, personality, and risky sexual behavior in undergraduate college students. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA-THEORY RESEARCH PRACTICE AND POLICY 2016; 9:105-112. [PMID: 27348066 DOI: 10.1037/tra0000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Impulsivity and extraversion have demonstrated associations with risky sexual behavior (RSB) and potentially traumatic events (PTEs). In addition, interpersonal trauma appears to be associated with RSB, but research on the relationship between RSB and noninterpersonal PTEs (e.g., accidental) is lacking. The current study aims to investigate the relationships between personality (i.e., impulsivity, extraversion), RSB and multiple types of PTEs (i.e., accidental, physical, or sexual). METHOD Personality and demographic characteristics were assessed during participants' (N = 970) first semester of college, past-12 month PTEs and RSB were assessed during the second semester of participants' junior year. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the relationship between PTEs, personality factors, and RSB. Analyses were also conducted to examine the potential mediating effect of interpersonal PTEs on the relationship between personality and RSB. RESULTS Impulsivity and extraversion were significantly positively associated with RSB. Both physical and sexual PTEs, but not accidental PTEs, were also significantly positively associated with RSB. Sexual PTEs significantly mediated the relationship between impulsivity and RSB. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to date to simultaneously examine the relationship between personality, RSB, and types of PTEs in a large sample of young adults. Exposure to interpersonal trauma appears to be a salient factor in the relationship between personality, specifically impulsivity, and RSB. These results indicate that college students may benefit from education regarding the potential negative outcomes of RSB, and that individuals with a history of interpersonal PTEs may be at increased risk for sexual risk taking. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee A Moore
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics
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Reed SC, Evans SM. The effects of oral d-amphetamine on impulsivity in smoked and intranasal cocaine users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 163:141-52. [PMID: 27114203 PMCID: PMC4880502 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective treatments for cocaine use disorders remain elusive. Two factors that may be related to treatment failures are route of cocaine used and impulsivity. Smoked cocaine users are more likely to have poorer treatment outcomes compared to intranasal cocaine users. Further, cocaine users are impulsive and impulsivity is associated with poor treatment outcomes. While stimulants are used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and attenuate certain cocaine-related behaviors, few studies have comprehensively examined whether stimulants can reduce behavioral impulsivity in cocaine users, and none examined route of cocaine use as a factor. METHODS The effects of immediate release oral d-amphetamine (AMPH) were examined in 34 cocaine users (13 intranasal, 21 smoked). Participants had three separate sessions where they were administered AMPH (0, 10, or 20mg) and completed behavioral measures of impulsivity and risk-taking and subjective measures of abuse liability. RESULTS Smoked cocaine users were more impulsive on the Delayed Memory Task, the GoStop task and the Delay Discounting Task than intranasal cocaine users. Smoked cocaine users also reported more cocaine craving and negative mood than intranasal cocaine users. AMPH produced minimal increases on measures of abuse liability (e.g., Drug Liking). CONCLUSIONS Smoked cocaine users were more impulsive than intranasal cocaine users on measures of impulsivity that had a delay component. Additionally, although AMPH failed to attenuate impulsive responding, there was minimal evidence of abuse liability in cocaine users. These preliminary findings need to be confirmed in larger samples that control for route and duration of cocaine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Collins Reed
- Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 66, New York, NY 10032 USA.
| | - Suzette M Evans
- Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 66, New York, NY 10032 USA
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