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White KE, Brennan EB, Cavigelli MA, Smith RF. Winter cover crops increased nitrogen availability and efficient use during eight years of intensive organic vegetable production. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267757. [PMID: 35482753 PMCID: PMC9049554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient use of nitrogen (N) is essential to protect water quality in high-input organic vegetable production systems, but little is known about the long-term effects of organic management on N mass balances. We measured soil N and tabulated N inputs (organic fertilizers, compost, irrigation water, atmospheric deposition, cover crop seed, vegetable transplant plugs and fixation by legume cover crops) and exports in harvested crops (lettuce, broccoli) over eight years to calculate soil surface and soil system N mass balances for the Salinas Organic Cropping Systems study in Salinas, CA. Our objectives were to 1) quantify the long-term effects of compost, cover crop frequency and cover crop type on soil N, cover crop and vegetable crop N uptake, and yield, and 2) tabulate N balances to assess the effects of these factors on N export in harvested crops, soil N storage and potential N loss. Results show that across all systems only 13 to 23% of N inputs were exported in harvest. Annual compost applications increased soil N stocks but had little effect on vegetable N uptake or yield, increasing the cumulative soil system N balance surplus over eight years by 999 kg ha-1, relative to the system receiving organic fertilizers alone. Annually planted winter cover crops increased N availability, crop uptake and export; however, biological N fixation by legumes negated the positive effect of increased harvest exports on the balance surplus in the legume-rye cover cropped system. Over eight years, rye cover crops improved system performance and reduced the cumulative N surplus by 384 kg ha-1 relative to the legume-rye mixture by increasing N retention and availability without increasing N inputs. Reduced reliance on external compost inputs and increased use of annually planted non-legume cover crops can improve efficient N use and cropping system yield, consequently improving environmental performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. White
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Eric B. Brennan
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, California, United States of America
| | - Michel A. Cavigelli
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard F. Smith
- University of California Cooperative Extension, Salinas, California, United States of America
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Khan KY, Ali B, Zhang S, Stoffella PJ, Yuan S, Xia Q, Qu H, Shi Y, Cui X, Guo Y. Effects of antibiotics stress on growth variables, ultrastructure, and metabolite pattern of Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146333. [PMID: 34030384 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics frequently contaminate agricultural fields and through plant uptake enter into the food chain. This study aimed to explore the effects of antibiotics; tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC) and norfloxacin (NF) on the growth, cell ultrastructure, and metabolite pattern of Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis. Oxytetracycline accumulated more than other antibiotics followed by TC and NF. Plant growth, chlorophyll fluorescence, and antioxidant activities were negatively affected under all antibiotic treatments. Ultrastructural investigation of mesophyll of leaves performed by transmission electron microscopy indicated that antibiotic stress caused the changes in thylakoid orientation, number of plastoglobuli, and starch grains. Identification of functional groups through Fourier transform infrared analysis indicated that carboxyl group, carbonate and ammonium ions are involved in the adsorption of antibiotics. The metabolic profiling of B. rapa leaves demonstrated that all of the antibiotics treatments distorted phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, d-glutamine and d-glutamate metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism and TCA cycle. Metabolic alterations as a result of antibiotics stress provide insights of metabolites that affect the physiological changes attributed to antibiotic stress. These results will improve the understanding of antibiotic contamination effects on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Yasmin Khan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Barkat Ali
- The Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Agricultural Research Centre, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shuang Zhang
- National Agricultural Research Centre, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Peter Joseph Stoffella
- Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, United States
| | - Shan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qian Xia
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hongjun Qu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Dalian Chem Data Solution Information Technology Co. Ltd, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass Waste Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ya Guo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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3
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Winter cover crops increase readily decomposable soil carbon, but compost drives total soil carbon during eight years of intensive, organic vegetable production in California. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228677. [PMID: 32027701 PMCID: PMC7004306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining soil organic carbon (SOC) in frequently tilled, intensive organic vegetable production systems is a challenge that is not well understood. Compost and cover crops are often used to add organic matter to the soil in these systems. Compost contributes relatively stabilized carbon (C) while cover crops provide readily degradable (labile) organic matter. Our objectives were to quantify C inputs, and to assess the effects of urban yard-waste compost, winter cover crop frequency and cover crop type on SOC and labile C stocks during eight years of intensive, organic production that usually included two vegetable crops per year in a long-term systems study in Salinas, California. Total C inputs from pelleted fertilizer, compost, vegetable transplant potting mix, vegetable residue and cover crops, including estimates of below ground inputs, ranged from 40 to 108 Mg ha-1 in the five systems evaluated. Following a rapid decline in SOC stocks in year 1, compost had the largest effect on SOC stocks increasing mean SOC over years 2 to 8 by an average of 9.4 Mg ha-1, while increased cover crop frequency (annual vs. quadrennial) led to an additional 3.4 Mg ha-1 increase. In contrast, cover cropping frequency had the largest effect on permanganate oxidizable labile C (POX-C), increasing POX-C by 26% after 8 years. Labile POX-C was well correlated with microbial biomass C and nitrogen. Compost had the greatest effect on total SOC stocks, while increasing cover crop frequency altered the composition of SOC by increasing the proportion of labile C. These results suggest that frequent winter cover cropping has a greater potential than compost to increase nutrient availability and vegetable yields in high-input, tillage intensive vegetable systems.
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Morugán-Coronado A, García-Orenes F, McMillan M, Pereg L. The effect of moisture on soil microbial properties and nitrogen cyclers in Mediterranean sweet orange orchards under organic and inorganic fertilization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:158-167. [PMID: 30469061 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water shortage and soil degradation are common environmental stressors encountered in the Mediterranean area. We evaluated how different soil moisture levels, dependent on distance from drip irrigation points, impact on the biological, chemical and physical properties of citrus soil under organic and inorganic fertilization. We measured soil physicochemical properties, basal soil respiration, soil microbial biomass carbon, soil microbial community structure (phospholipid fatty acid assay), bacterial load (16S rRNA gene abundance), enzymatic activities (urease, dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase and acid phosphatase) and abundance of microbial nitrogen cyclers (quantitative PCR). A field experiment was established in an orange orchard (Citrus sinensis) in southeast Spain and eighteen soil samples were taken from each plot to compare the impacts of soil moisture: near (wet, w) or away (dry, d) from drip-irrigation points, in plots with inorganic fertilizers under intensive ploughing (PI) or organic fertilization (OA). The results showed that changes in microbial properties and soil microbial indexes were strongly associated with soil moisture content under both organic and inorganic fertilization, and with organic carbon content. Soil moisture influenced soil aggregation, basal soil respiration, phosphatase activity, bacterial and fungal load (PLFAs) and the abundances of bacterial N cycling genes, including nifH (nitrogen fixation) nirS/K and nosZ genes (denitrification) and amoA-B (bacterial nitrification). The potential for N fixation and denitrification, two microbial processes that are crucial for determining the amount of N in the soil, were improved by increased soil moisture in the proximity of the drip irrigation. Soil OC and total N, which are higher under organic fertilization than under inorganic fertilization, were also shown to be highly correlated with the abundance of the N cycling genes. By controlling irrigation doses and applying organic amendments, it may be possible to increase the microbial abundance and function in soil and support greater fertility of soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Morugán-Coronado
- GEA - Environmental Soil Science Group, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Fuensanta García-Orenes
- GEA - Environmental Soil Science Group, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Mary McMillan
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Lily Pereg
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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Inderbitzin P, Ward J, Barbella A, Solares N, Izyumin D, Burman P, Chellemi DO, Subbarao KV. Soil Microbiomes Associated with Verticillium Wilt-Suppressive Broccoli and Chitin Amendments are Enriched with Potential Biocontrol Agents. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:31-43. [PMID: 28876209 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-17-0242-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two naturally infested Verticillium wilt-conducive soils from the Salinas Valley of coastal California were amended with disease-suppressive broccoli residue or crab meal amendments, and changes to the soil prokaryote community were monitored using Illumina sequencing of a 16S ribosomal RNA gene library generated from 160 bulk soil samples. The experiment was run in a greenhouse, twice, with eggplant as the Verticillium wilt-susceptible host. Disease suppression, plant height, soil microsclerotia density, and soil chitinase activity were assessed at the conclusion of each experiment. In soil with high microsclerotia density, all amendments significantly reduced Verticillium wilt severity and microsclerotia density, and increased soil chitinase activity. Plant height was increased only in the broccoli-containing treatments. In total, 8,790 error-corrected sequence variants representing 1,917,893 different sequences were included in the analyses. The treatments had a significant impact on the soil microbiome community structure but measures of α diversity did not vary between treatments. Community structure correlated with disease score, plant height, microsclerotia density, and soil chitinase activity, suggesting that the prokaryote community may affect the disease-related response variables or vice versa. Similarly, the abundance of 107 sequence variants correlated with disease-related response variables, which included variants from genera with known antagonists of filamentous fungal plant pathogens, such as Pseudomonas and Streptomyces. Overall, genera with antifungal antagonists were more abundant in amended soils than unamended soils, and constituted up to 8.9% of all sequences in broccoli+crabmeal-amended soil. This study demonstrates that substrate-mediated shifts in soil prokaryote communities are associated with the transition of Verticillium wilt-conducive soils to Verticillium wilt-suppressive soils, and suggests that soils likely harbor numerous additional antagonists of fungal plant pathogens that contribute to the biological suppression of plant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Inderbitzin
- First and eighth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, and fifth and sixth authors: Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis; and second, third, fourth, and seventh authors: Driscoll's Strawberry Associates, Watsonville, CA
| | - Judson Ward
- First and eighth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, and fifth and sixth authors: Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis; and second, third, fourth, and seventh authors: Driscoll's Strawberry Associates, Watsonville, CA
| | - Alexandra Barbella
- First and eighth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, and fifth and sixth authors: Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis; and second, third, fourth, and seventh authors: Driscoll's Strawberry Associates, Watsonville, CA
| | - Natalie Solares
- First and eighth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, and fifth and sixth authors: Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis; and second, third, fourth, and seventh authors: Driscoll's Strawberry Associates, Watsonville, CA
| | - Dmitriy Izyumin
- First and eighth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, and fifth and sixth authors: Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis; and second, third, fourth, and seventh authors: Driscoll's Strawberry Associates, Watsonville, CA
| | - Prabir Burman
- First and eighth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, and fifth and sixth authors: Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis; and second, third, fourth, and seventh authors: Driscoll's Strawberry Associates, Watsonville, CA
| | - Dan O Chellemi
- First and eighth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, and fifth and sixth authors: Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis; and second, third, fourth, and seventh authors: Driscoll's Strawberry Associates, Watsonville, CA
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- First and eighth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, and fifth and sixth authors: Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis; and second, third, fourth, and seventh authors: Driscoll's Strawberry Associates, Watsonville, CA
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6
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Assessment of Soil Health in Urban Agriculture: Soil Enzymes and Microbial Properties. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Mishra A, Pang H, Buchanan RL, Schaffner DW, Pradhan AK. A System Model for Understanding the Role of Animal Feces as a Route of Contamination of Leafy Greens before Harvest. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e02775-16. [PMID: 27836846 PMCID: PMC5203627 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02775-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of foodborne outbreaks in the United States associated with the consumption of leafy greens contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 have been reported during the period of July to November. A dynamic system model consisting of subsystems and inputs to the system (soil, irrigation, cattle, wild pig, and rainfall) simulating a hypothetical farm was developed. The model assumed two crops of lettuce in a year and simulated planting, irrigation, harvesting, ground preparation for the new crop, contamination of soil and plants, and survival of E. coli O157:H7. As predicted by the baseline model for crops harvested in different months from conventional fields, an estimated 13 out of 257 (5.05%) first crops harvested in July would have at least one plant with at least 1 CFU of E. coli O157:H7. Predictions indicate that no first crops would be contaminated with at least 1 CFU of E. coli O157:H7 for other months (April to June). The maximum E. coli O157:H7 concentration in a plant was higher in the second crop (27.10 CFU) than in the first crop (9.82 CFU). For the second crop, the probabilities of having at least one plant with at least 1 CFU of E. coli O157:H7 in a crop were predicted as 15/228 (6.6%), 5/333 (1.5%), 14/324 (4.3%), and 6/115 (5.2%) in August, September, October, and November, respectively. For organic fields, the probabilities of having at least one plant with ≥1 CFU of E. coli O157:H7 in a crop (3.45%) were predicted to be higher than those for the conventional fields (2.15%). IMPORTANCE This study is the first attempt toward developing a mathematical system model to understand the pathway of E. coli O157:H7 in the production of leafy greens. Results of the presented system model indicate that the seasonality of outbreaks of E. coli O157:H7-associated contamination of leafy greens was in good agreement with the prevalence of this pathogen in cattle and wild pig feces in a major leafy greens-producing region in California. On the basis of comparisons among the results of different scenarios, it can be recommended that the concentration of E. coli O157:H7 in leafy greens can be reduced considerably if contamination of soil with wild pig and cattle feces is mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Mishra
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Hao Pang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert L Buchanan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Donald W Schaffner
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Abani K Pradhan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Bowles TM, Jackson LE, Loeher M, Cavagnaro TR. Ecological intensification and arbuscular mycorrhizas: a meta‐analysis of tillage and cover crop effects. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Bowles
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Louise E. Jackson
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources University of California Davis Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Malina Loeher
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources University of California Davis Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Timothy R. Cavagnaro
- The Waite Research Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine University of Adelaide Waite Campus, PMB1 Glen Osmond SA 5064 Australia
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Li X, Xie Y, Li L, Yang X, Wang N, Wang J. Using robust Bayesian network to estimate the residuals of fluoroquinolone antibiotic in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:17540-17549. [PMID: 26141975 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4751-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Prediction of antibiotic pollution and its consequences is difficult, due to the uncertainties and complexities associated with multiple related factors. This article employed domain knowledge and spatial data to construct a Bayesian network (BN) model to assess fluoroquinolone antibiotic (FQs) pollution in the soil of an intensive vegetable cultivation area. The results show: (1) The relationships between FQs pollution and contributory factors: Three factors (cultivation methods, crop rotations, and chicken manure types) were consistently identified as predictors in the topological structures of three FQs, indicating their importance in FQs pollution; deduced with domain knowledge, the cultivation methods are determined by the crop rotations, which require different nutrients (derived from the manure) according to different plant biomass. (2) The performance of BN model: The integrative robust Bayesian network model achieved the highest detection probability (pd) of high-risk and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area, since it incorporates domain knowledge and model uncertainty. Our encouraging findings have implications for the use of BN as a robust approach to assessment of FQs pollution and for informing decisions on appropriate remedial measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Li
- Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yunfeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Lianfa Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, A11, Datun Rd, Anwai, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Xunfeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, A11, Datun Rd, Anwai, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, A11, Datun Rd, Anwai, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Li X, Xie Y, Wang J, Christakos G, Si J, Zhao H, Ding Y, Li J. Influence of planting patterns on fluoroquinolone residues in the soil of an intensive vegetable cultivation area in northern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 458-460:63-69. [PMID: 23644280 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the persistence of antibiotics in soil, especially in areas of vegetable cultivation. However, there are very few studies of the influence of planting regimes on the levels of antibiotic pollution. This work introduces geographical-detector models to investigate the relationship between planting patterns (vegetable planting model, manure type and quantity, planting age, greenhouse area, and topographic elevation) and residual fluoroquinolones (FQs) in soil in a pilot project in Shouguang County, Shandong Province (the largest vegetable-producing area in China). The results led to the following findings. 1. The vegetable planting model is the major determinant of the spatial stratification of FQ in the soil. For example, the "cucumber-cucumber" model (growing cucumbers after cucumbers) has a three-fold power of determinant compared to the "pepper-melon" model (growing melons after peppers). 2. Planting age (years with continuous vegetable cultivation) does not necessarily affect the spatial distribution of FQ owing to their relatively short degradation period. 3. Interactions between risk factors were more significant than the individual factors for FQ pollution. In particular, the interaction between the vegetable planting model and amount of manure resulted in the highest pollution level. The findings of the present study make it possible to introduce effective and practical measures to alleviate pollution of soils by FQ in the study area. Adjustment of the vegetable cultivation models and application of chicken manure (less than 6 kg/m(2) manure annually with a more dry than fresh manure) could be an effective and flexible approach to alleviate FQ pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Li
- Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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11
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Bellamy AS. Banana production systems: identification of alternative systems for more sustainable production. AMBIO 2013; 42:334-43. [PMID: 23055273 PMCID: PMC3606705 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-012-0341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale, monoculture production systems dependent on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, increase yields, but are costly and have deleterious impacts on human health and the environment. This research investigates variations in banana production practices in Costa Rica, to identify alternative systems that combine high productivity and profitability, with reduced reliance on agrochemicals. Farm workers were observed during daily production activities; 39 banana producers and 8 extension workers/researchers were interviewed; and a review of field experiments conducted by the National Banana Corporation between 1997 and 2002 was made. Correspondence analysis showed that there is no structured variation in large-scale banana producers' practices, but two other banana production systems were identified: a small-scale organic system and a small-scale conventional coffee-banana intercropped system. Field-scale research may reveal ways that these practices can be scaled up to achieve a productive and profitable system producing high-quality export bananas with fewer or no pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Sanderson Bellamy
- Department of Environmental and Earth System Science, Spatial Analysis Center, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega Y2E2 Building, Room 366, Stanford, CA 94305-4216, USA.
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12
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Campanelli G, Canali S. Crop Production and Environmental Effects in Conventional and Organic Vegetable Farming Systems: The Case of a Long-Term Experiment in Mediterranean Conditions (Central Italy). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10440046.2011.646351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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14
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Williams JN, Hollander AD, O'Geen AT, Thrupp LA, Hanifin R, Steenwerth K, McGourty G, Jackson LE. Assessment of carbon in woody plants and soil across a vineyard-woodland landscape. CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT 2011; 6:11. [PMID: 22070870 PMCID: PMC3287142 DOI: 10.1186/1750-0680-6-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantification of ecosystem services, such as carbon (C) storage, can demonstrate the benefits of managing for both production and habitat conservation in agricultural landscapes. In this study, we evaluated C stocks and woody plant diversity across vineyard blocks and adjoining woodland ecosystems (wildlands) for an organic vineyard in northern California. Carbon was measured in soil from 44 one m deep pits, and in aboveground woody biomass from 93 vegetation plots. These data were combined with physical landscape variables to model C stocks using a geographic information system and multivariate linear regression. RESULTS Field data showed wildlands to be heterogeneous in both C stocks and woody tree diversity, reflecting the mosaic of several different vegetation types, and storing on average 36.8 Mg C/ha in aboveground woody biomass and 89.3 Mg C/ha in soil. Not surprisingly, vineyard blocks showed less variation in above- and belowground C, with an average of 3.0 and 84.1 Mg C/ha, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This research demonstrates that vineyards managed with practices that conserve some fraction of adjoining wildlands yield benefits for increasing overall C stocks and species and habitat diversity in integrated agricultural landscapes. For such complex landscapes, high resolution spatial modeling is challenging and requires accurate characterization of the landscape by vegetation type, physical structure, sufficient sampling, and allometric equations that relate tree species to each landscape. Geographic information systems and remote sensing techniques are useful for integrating the above variables into an analysis platform to estimate C stocks in these working landscapes, thereby helping land managers qualify for greenhouse gas mitigation credits. Carbon policy in California, however, shows a lack of focus on C stocks compared to emissions, and on agriculture compared to other sectors. Correcting these policy shortcomings could create incentives for ecosystem service provision, including C storage, as well as encourage better farm stewardship and habitat conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Williams
- University of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - A Toby O'Geen
- University of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - L Ann Thrupp
- Fetzer Vineyards, 13601 Old River Road Hopland, CA 95449, USA
| | - Robert Hanifin
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, 595 Hilgard Lane, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kerri Steenwerth
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, 595 Hilgard Lane, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Glenn McGourty
- University of California Cooperative Extension, 890 North Bush Street, Ukiah, CA 95482-3919, USA
| | - Louise E Jackson
- University of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Hu X, Zhou Q, Luo Y. Occurrence and source analysis of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure, soil, vegetables and groundwater from organic vegetable bases, northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:2992-8. [PMID: 20580472 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Revised: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The residue of antibiotics is becoming an intractable environmental problem in many organic vegetable bases. However, their residual levels and distribution are still obscure. This work systematically analyzed the occurrence and migration of typical veterinary antibiotics in organic vegetable bases, northern China. The results showed that there was no obvious geographical difference in antibiotic distribution between soil and manure. A simple migration model can be easy and quick to predict the accumulation of antibiotics in soil. Antibiotics were mainly taken up through water transport and passive absorption in vegetables. The distribution of antibiotics in a plant was in the sequence leaf>stem>root, and performed biological accumulation. The residues of antibiotics in all samples in winter were significantly higher than those in summer. Overall, this work can lay the foundation for understanding ecological risk of antibiotics and their potential adverse effects on human health by food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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