1
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Beneker O, Molinaro L, Guellil M, Sasso S, Kabral H, Bonucci B, Gaens N, D'Atanasio E, Mezzavilla M, Delbrassine H, Braet L, Lambert B, Deckers P, Biagini SA, Hui R, Becelaere S, Geypen J, Hoebreckx M, Berk B, Driesen P, Pijpelink A, van Damme P, Vanhoutte S, De Winter N, Saag L, Pagani L, Tambets K, Scheib CL, Larmuseau MHD, Kivisild T. Urbanization and genetic homogenization in the medieval Low Countries revealed through a ten-century paleogenomic study of the city of Sint-Truiden. Genome Biol 2025; 26:127. [PMID: 40390081 PMCID: PMC12090598 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-025-03580-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2025] [Indexed: 05/21/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Processes shaping the formation of the present-day population structure in highly urbanized Northern Europe are still poorly understood. Gaps remain in our understanding of when and how currently observable regional differences emerged and what impact city growth, migration, and disease pandemics during and after the Middle Ages had on these processes. RESULTS We perform low-coverage sequencing of the genomes of 338 individuals spanning the eighth to the eighteenth centuries in the city of Sint-Truiden in Flanders, in the northern part of Belgium. The early/high medieval Sint-Truiden population was more heterogeneous, having received migrants from Scotland or Ireland, and displayed less genetic relatedness than observed today between individuals in present-day Flanders. We find differences in gene variants associated with high vitamin D blood levels between individuals with Gaulish or Germanic ancestry. Although we find evidence of a Yersinia pestis infection in 5 of the 58 late medieval burials, we were unable to detect a major population-scale impact of the second plague pandemic on genetic diversity or on the elevated differentiation of immunity genes. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that the genetic homogenization process in a medieval city population in the Low Countries was protracted for centuries. Over time, the Sint-Truiden population became more similar to the current population of the surrounding Limburg province, likely as a result of reduced long-distance migration after the high medieval period, and the continuous process of local admixture of Germanic and Gaulish ancestries which formed the genetic cline observable today in the Low Countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owyn Beneker
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | - Meriam Guellil
- Department for Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences (HEAS), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefania Sasso
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Helja Kabral
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Noah Gaens
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Linde Braet
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Lambert
- SHOC Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Simone Andrea Biagini
- Department of Archaeology and Museology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Sara Becelaere
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Birgit Berk
- Birgit Berk Fysische Anthropologie, Meerssen, Netherlands
| | | | - April Pijpelink
- Crematie en Inhumatie Analyse (CRINA) Fysische Antropologie, 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | - Philip van Damme
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven and Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Lehti Saag
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Luca Pagani
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Toomas Kivisild
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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2
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Milani L, Alver M, Laur S, Reisberg S, Haller T, Aasmets O, Abner E, Alavere H, Allik A, Annilo T, Fischer K, Hofmeister R, Hudjashov G, Jõeloo M, Kals M, Karo-Astover L, Kasela S, Kolde A, Krebs K, Krigul KL, Kronberg J, Kruusmaa K, Kukuškina V, Kõiv K, Lehto K, Leitsalu L, Lind S, Luitva LB, Läll K, Lüll K, Metsalu K, Metspalu M, Mõttus R, Nelis M, Nikopensius T, Nurm M, Nõukas M, Oja M, Org E, Palover M, Palta P, Pankratov V, Pantiukh K, Pervjakova N, Pujol-Gualdo N, Reigo A, Reimann E, Smit S, Rogozina D, Särg D, Taba N, Talvik HA, Teder-Laving M, Tõnisson N, Vaht M, Vainik U, Võsa U, Yelmen B, Esko T, Kolde R, Mägi R, Vilo J, Laisk T, Metspalu A. The Estonian Biobank's journey from biobanking to personalized medicine. Nat Commun 2025; 16:3270. [PMID: 40188112 PMCID: PMC11972354 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-58465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2025] [Indexed: 04/07/2025] Open
Abstract
Large biobanks have set a new standard for research and innovation in human genomics and implementation of personalized medicine. The Estonian Biobank was founded a quarter of a century ago, and its biological specimens, clinical, health, omics, and lifestyle data have been included in over 800 publications to date. What makes the biobank unique internationally is its translational focus, with active efforts to conduct clinical studies based on genetic findings, and to explore the effects of return of results on participants. In this review, we provide an overview of the Estonian Biobank, highlight its strengths for studying the effects of genetic variation and quantitative phenotypes on health-related traits, development of methods and frameworks for bringing genomics into the clinic, and its role as a driving force for implementing personalized medicine on a national level and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
- Estonian Biobank, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Maris Alver
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sven Laur
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- STACC, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sulev Reisberg
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- STACC, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Haller
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Oliver Aasmets
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Erik Abner
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Helene Alavere
- Estonian Biobank, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Annely Allik
- Estonian Biobank, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tarmo Annilo
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Robin Hofmeister
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georgi Hudjashov
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maarja Jõeloo
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mart Kals
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liis Karo-Astover
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Silva Kasela
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anastassia Kolde
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristi Krebs
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kertu Liis Krigul
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaanika Kronberg
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karoliina Kruusmaa
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Viktorija Kukuškina
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kadri Kõiv
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kelli Lehto
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liis Leitsalu
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sirje Lind
- Estonian Biobank, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Laura Birgit Luitva
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristi Läll
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kreete Lüll
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristjan Metsalu
- Estonian Biobank, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mait Metspalu
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - René Mõttus
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mari Nelis
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiit Nikopensius
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Miriam Nurm
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Margit Nõukas
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marek Oja
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Elin Org
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marili Palover
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Palta
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vasili Pankratov
- Centre for Genomics, Evolution and Medicine, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kateryna Pantiukh
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Natalia Pervjakova
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Natàlia Pujol-Gualdo
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anu Reigo
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ene Reimann
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Steven Smit
- Estonian Biobank, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Diana Rogozina
- Estonian Biobank, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dage Särg
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nele Taba
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Harry-Anton Talvik
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- STACC, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maris Teder-Laving
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Neeme Tõnisson
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mariliis Vaht
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Uku Vainik
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Urmo Võsa
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Burak Yelmen
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Raivo Kolde
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaak Vilo
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- STACC, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Triin Laisk
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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3
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Pujol Gualdo N, Džigurski J, Rukins V, Pajuste FD, Wolford BN, Võsa M, Golob M, Haug L, Alver M, Läll K, Peters M, Brumpton BM, Palta P, Mägi R, Laisk T. Atlas of genetic and phenotypic associations across 42 female reproductive health diagnoses. Nat Med 2025:10.1038/s41591-025-03543-8. [PMID: 40069456 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-025-03543-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2025] [Indexed: 04/02/2025]
Abstract
The genetic background of many female reproductive health diagnoses remains uncharacterized, compromising our understanding of the underlying biology. Here, we map the genetic architecture across 42 female-specific health conditions using data from up to 293,618 women from two large population-based cohorts, the Estonian Biobank and the FinnGen study. Our study illustrates the utility of genetic analyses in understanding women's health better. As specific examples, we describe genetic risk factors for ovarian cysts that elucidate the genetic determinants of folliculogenesis and, by leveraging population-specific variants, uncover new candidate genes for uterine fibroids. We find that most female reproductive health diagnoses have a heritable component, with varying degrees of polygenicity and discoverability. Finally, we identify pleiotropic loci and genes that function in genital tract development (WNT4, PAX8, WT1, SALL1), hormonal regulation (FSHB, GREB1, BMPR1B, SYNE1/ESR1) and folliculogenesis (CHEK2), underlining their integral roles in female reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natàlia Pujol Gualdo
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jelisaveta Džigurski
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Valentina Rukins
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Fanny-Dhelia Pajuste
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Brooke N Wolford
- HUNT Center for Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mariann Võsa
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mia Golob
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lisette Haug
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maris Alver
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristi Läll
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maire Peters
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Celvia CC AS, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ben M Brumpton
- HUNT Center for Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Priit Palta
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Triin Laisk
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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4
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Preussner A, Leinonen J, Riikonen J, Pirinen M, Tukiainen T. Y chromosome sequencing data suggest dual paths of haplogroup N1a1 into Finland. Eur J Hum Genet 2025; 33:89-97. [PMID: 39465313 PMCID: PMC11711460 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-024-01707-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The paternally inherited Y chromosome is highly informative of genetic ancestry, therefore making it useful in studies of population history. In Finland, two Y-chromosomal haplogroups reveal the major substructure of the population: N1a1 enriched in the northeast and I1a in the southwest, suggested to reflect eastern and western ancestry contributions to the population. Yet, beyond these major Y-chromosomal lineages, the distribution of finer-scale Y-chromosomal variation has not been assessed in Finland. Here, we provide the most comprehensive Y-chromosomal study among the Finns to date, exploiting sequences for 1802 geographically mapped Finnish Y chromosomes from the FINRISK project. We assessed the distribution of common Y-chromosomal haplogroups (frequency ≥1%) throughout 19 Finnish regions and compared the autosomal genetic backgrounds of the Y-chromosomal haplogroups. With such high-resolution data, we were able to find previously unreported sublineages and resolve phylogenetic relationships within haplogroups N1a1 (64%), I1a (25%), R1a (4.3%), and R1b (4.8%). We further find novel geographical enrichment patterns among these Y-chromosomal haplogroups, most notably observed for haplogroup N1a1 dividing into two lineages with differing distributions. While sublineage N-Z1934 (42%) followed a northeastern enrichment pattern observed for all N1a1 carriers in general, sublineage N-VL29 (22%) displayed an enrichment in the southwest. Further, the carriers of N-VL29 showed a higher proportion of southwestern autosomal ancestry compared to carriers of N-Z1934. Collectively, these results point to distinct demographics within haplogroup N1a1, possibly induced by two distinct arrival routes into Finland. Overall, our study suggests a more complex genetic population history for Finns than previously proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annina Preussner
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Leinonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Riikonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Pirinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taru Tukiainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Agdzhoyan A, Ponomarev G, Pylev V, Autleva (Kagazezheva) Z, Gorin I, Evsyukov I, Pocheshkhova E, Koshel S, Kuleshov V, Adamov D, Kuznetsova N. The Finnic Peoples of Russia: Genetic Structure Inferred from Genome-Wide and Y-Chromosome Data. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:1610. [PMID: 39766877 PMCID: PMC11675159 DOI: 10.3390/genes15121610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2024] [Revised: 11/22/2024] [Accepted: 12/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
Background: Eastern Finnic populations, including Karelians, Veps, Votes, Ingrians, and Ingrian Finns, are a significant component of the history of Finnic populations, which have developed over ~3 kya. Yet, these groups remain understudied from a genetic point of view. Methods: In this work, we explore the gene pools of Karelians (Northern, Tver, Ludic, and Livvi), Veps, Ingrians, Votes, and Ingrian Finns using Y-chromosome markers (N = 357) and genome-wide autosomes (N = 67) and in comparison with selected Russians populations of the area (N = 763). The data are analyzed using statistical, bioinformatic, and cartographic methods. Results: The autosomal gene pool of Eastern Finnic populations can be divided into two large categories based on the results of the PCA and ADMIXTURE modeling: (a) "Karelia": Veps, Northern, Ludic, Livvi, and Tver Karelians; (b) "Ingria": Ingrians, Votes, Ingrian Finns. The Y-chromosomal gene pool of Baltic Finns is more diverse and is composed of four genetic components. The "Northern" component prevails in Northern Karelians and Ingrian Finns, the "Karelian" in Livvi, Ludic, and Tver Karelians, the "Ingrian-Veps" in Ingrians and Veps (a heterogeneous cluster occupying an intermediate position between the "Northern" and the "Karelian" ones), and the "Southern" in Votes. Moreover, our phylogeographic analysis has found that the Y-haplogroup N3a4-Z1927 carriers are frequent among most Eastern Finnic populations, as well as among some Northern Russian and Central Russian populations. Conclusions: The autosomal clustering reflects the major areal groupings of the populations in question, while the Y-chromosomal gene pool correlates with the known history of these groups. The overlap of the four Y-chromosomal patterns may reflect the eastern part of the homeland of the Proto-Finnic gene pool. The carriers of the Y-haplogroup N3a4-Z1927, frequent in the sample, had a common ancestor at ~2.4 kya, but the active spread of N3a4-Z1927 happened only at ~1.7-2 kya, during the "golden" age of the Proto-Finnic culture (the archaeological period of the "typical" Tarand graves). A heterogeneous Y-chromosomal cluster containing Ingrians, Veps, and Northern Russian populations, should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Agdzhoyan
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (G.P.); (V.P.); (Z.A.); (I.G.); (I.E.); (E.P.); (V.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Georgy Ponomarev
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (G.P.); (V.P.); (Z.A.); (I.G.); (I.E.); (E.P.); (V.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Vladimir Pylev
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (G.P.); (V.P.); (Z.A.); (I.G.); (I.E.); (E.P.); (V.K.); (D.A.)
- Biobank of Northern Eurasia, 115201 Moscow, Russia
| | - Zhaneta Autleva (Kagazezheva)
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (G.P.); (V.P.); (Z.A.); (I.G.); (I.E.); (E.P.); (V.K.); (D.A.)
- Department of Faculty Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Maykop State Technological University, 385000 Maykop, Russia
| | - Igor Gorin
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (G.P.); (V.P.); (Z.A.); (I.G.); (I.E.); (E.P.); (V.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Igor Evsyukov
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (G.P.); (V.P.); (Z.A.); (I.G.); (I.E.); (E.P.); (V.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Elvira Pocheshkhova
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (G.P.); (V.P.); (Z.A.); (I.G.); (I.E.); (E.P.); (V.K.); (D.A.)
- Department of Biology with the Course of Medical Genetics, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Kuban State Medical University, Mitrofana Sedina Str., 4, 350063 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Sergey Koshel
- Department of Cartography and Geoinformatics, Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Viacheslav Kuleshov
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (G.P.); (V.P.); (Z.A.); (I.G.); (I.E.); (E.P.); (V.K.); (D.A.)
- Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, Dvortsovaya Naberezhnaya, 18A, 191186 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry Adamov
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (G.P.); (V.P.); (Z.A.); (I.G.); (I.E.); (E.P.); (V.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Natalia Kuznetsova
- Dipartimento di Scienze Linguistiche e Letterature Straniere, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy;
- Department of the Languages of Russia, Institute for Linguistic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tuchkov Per. 9, 199004 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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6
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Nurm M, Reigo A, Annilo T, Toomsoo T, Nõukas M, Nikopensius T, Pankratov V, Reisberg T, Hudjashov G, Haller T, Tõnisson N. Use of Estonian Biobank data and participant recall to improve Wilson's disease management. Eur J Hum Genet 2024:10.1038/s41431-024-01767-9. [PMID: 39674827 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-024-01767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 11/05/2024] [Accepted: 12/03/2024] [Indexed: 12/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Population-based biobanks enable genomic screening to support initiatives that prevent disease onset or slow its progression and to estimate the prevalence of genetic diseases in the population. Wilson's disease (WD) is a rare genetic copper-accumulation disorder for which timely intervention is crucial, as treatment is readily available. We studied WD in the Estonian Biobank population to advance patient screening, swift diagnosis, and subsequent treatment. Combined analysis of genotype and phenotype data from electronic health records (EHRs) consolidated at the Estonian biobank led to the identification of 17 individuals at high risk of developing WD, who were recalled for further examination and deep phenotyping. All recall study participants, regardless of phenotype, age, and prior WD diagnosis, had low serum ceruloplasmin and copper levels, and 87% also exhibited signs of early to late neurodegeneration. The p.His1069Gln variant in ATP7B, a prevalent pathogenic mutation, showed a striking four- to five-fold enrichment in Estonians compared with other populations. Based on our analysis of genetic and nationwide health registry data, we estimate that WD remains underdiagnosed and undertreated in Estonia. Our study demonstrates that personalized medicine, implemented with the collaboration of medical professionals, has the potential to reduce the healthcare burden by facilitating the accurate diagnosis of rare genetic diseases. To our knowledge, this report is the first to describe a large-scale national biobank-based study of WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Nurm
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Anu Reigo
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tarmo Annilo
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Toomsoo
- Confido Medical Center, Tartu, Estonia
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Margit Nõukas
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiit Nikopensius
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vasili Pankratov
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tuuli Reisberg
- Core Facility of Genomics, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Georgi Hudjashov
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Haller
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Neeme Tõnisson
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Genetics and Personalized Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
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7
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Scheib CL, Hui R, Rose AK, D’Atanasio E, Inskip SA, Dittmar J, Cessford C, Griffith SJ, Solnik A, Wiseman R, Neil B, Biers T, Harknett SJ, Sasso S, Biagini SA, Runfeldt G, Duhig C, Evans C, Metspalu M, Millett MJ, O’Connell TC, Robb JE, Kivisild T. Low Genetic Impact of the Roman Occupation of Britain in Rural Communities. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae168. [PMID: 39268685 PMCID: PMC11393495 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The Roman period saw the empire expand across Europe and the Mediterranean, including much of what is today Great Britain. While there is written evidence of high mobility into and out of Britain for administrators, traders, and the military, the impact of imperialism on local, rural population structure, kinship, and mobility is invisible in the textual record. The extent of genetic change that occurred in Britain during the Roman military occupation remains underexplored. Here, using genome-wide data from 52 ancient individuals from eight sites in Cambridgeshire covering the period of Roman occupation, we show low levels of genetic ancestry differentiation between Romano-British sites and indications of larger populations than in the Bronze Age and Neolithic. We find no evidence of long-distance migration from elsewhere in the Empire, though we do find one case of possible temporary mobility within a family unit during the Late Romano-British period. We also show that the present-day patterns of genetic ancestry composition in Britain emerged after the Roman period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana L Scheib
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu Tartu 51010, Estonia
- St John's College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TP, UK
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3ER, UK
| | - Ruoyun Hui
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3ER, UK
- Alan Turing Institute, British Library, London NW1 2DB, UK
| | - Alice K Rose
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3ER, UK
| | - Eugenia D’Atanasio
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, IBPM CNR, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Sarah A Inskip
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3ER, UK
- School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Jenna Dittmar
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3ER, UK
| | - Craig Cessford
- Cambridge Archaeological Unit, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0DT, UK
| | - Samuel J Griffith
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Anu Solnik
- Core Facility, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Rob Wiseman
- Core Facility, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Benjamin Neil
- Core Facility, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Trish Biers
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DZ, UK
| | | | - Stefania Sasso
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Simone A Biagini
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Corinne Duhig
- Wolfson College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9BB, UK
| | - Christopher Evans
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DZ, UK
| | - Mait Metspalu
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Martin J Millett
- Faculty of Classics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9DA, UK
| | - Tamsin C O’Connell
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DZ, UK
| | - John E Robb
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DZ, UK
| | - Toomas Kivisild
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu Tartu 51010, Estonia
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3ER, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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8
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Figuerêdo J, Krebs K, Pujol-Gualdo N, Haller T, Võsa U, Volke V, Laisk T, Mägi R. Uncovering the shared genetic components of thyroid disorders and reproductive health. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 191:211-222. [PMID: 39067062 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is to map the shared genetic component and relationships between thyroid and reproductive health traits to improve the understanding of the interplay between those domains. DESIGN A large-scale genetic analysis of thyroid traits (hyper- and hypothyroidism, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels) was conducted in up to 743 088 individuals of European ancestry from various cohorts. METHODS We evaluated genetic associations using genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis, GWAS Catalog lookup, gene prioritization, mouse phenotype lookup, and genetic correlation analysis. RESULTS GWAS meta-analysis results for thyroid phenotypes showed that 50 lead variants out of 253 (including 5/52 of the novel hits) were linked to reproductive health in previous literature. Genetic correlation analyses revealed significant correlations between hypothyroidism and reproductive phenotypes. The results showed that 31.9% of thyroid-associated genes also had an impact on reproductive phenotypes, with the most affected functions being related to genitourinary tract issues. CONCLUSIONS The study discovers novel genetic loci linked to thyroid phenotypes and highlights the shared genetic determinants between thyroid function and reproductive health, providing evidence for the genetic pleiotropy and shared biological mechanisms between these traits in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Figuerêdo
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristi Krebs
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Natàlia Pujol-Gualdo
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Haller
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Urmo Võsa
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vallo Volke
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Triin Laisk
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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9
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Sasso S, Saag L, Spros R, Beneker O, Molinaro L, Biagini SA, Lehouck A, Van De Vijver K, Hui R, D’Atanasio E, Kushniarevich A, Kabral H, Metspalu E, Guellil M, Ali MQA, Geypen J, Hoebreckx M, Berk B, De Winter N, Driesen P, Pijpelink A, Van Damme P, Scheib CL, Deschepper E, Deckers P, Snoeck C, Dewilde M, Ervynck A, Tambets K, Larmuseau MHD, Kivisild T. Capturing the fusion of two ancestries and kinship structures in Merovingian Flanders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2406734121. [PMID: 38913897 PMCID: PMC11228521 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2406734121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The Merovingian period (5th to 8th cc AD) was a time of demographic, socioeconomic, cultural, and political realignment in Western Europe. Here, we report the whole-genome shotgun sequence data of 30 human skeletal remains from a coastal Late Merovingian site of Koksijde (675 to 750 AD), alongside 18 remains from two Early to Late Medieval sites in present-day Flanders, Belgium. We find two distinct ancestries, one shared with Early Medieval England and the Netherlands, while the other, minor component, reflecting likely continental Gaulish ancestry. Kinship analyses identified no large pedigrees characteristic to elite burials revealing instead a high modularity of distant relationships among individuals of the main ancestry group. In contrast, individuals with >90% Gaulish ancestry had no kinship links among sampled individuals. Evidence for population structure and major differences in the extent of Gaulish ancestry in the main group, including in a mother-daughter pair, suggests ongoing admixture in the community at the time of their burial. The isotopic and genetic evidence combined supports a model by which the burials, representing an established coastal nonelite community, had incorporated migrants from inland populations. The main group of burials at Koksijde shows an abundance of >5 cM long shared allelic intervals with the High Medieval site nearby, implying long-term continuity and suggesting that similarly to Britain, the Early Medieval ancestry shifts left a significant and long-lasting impact on the genetic makeup of the Flemish population. We find substantial allele frequency differences between the two ancestry groups in pigmentation and diet-associated variants, including those linked with lactase persistence, likely reflecting ancestry change rather than local adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Sasso
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu51010, Estonia
| | - Lehti Saag
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu51010, Estonia
| | - Rachèl Spros
- Research Unit: Archaeology, Environmental Changes and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050Brussels, Belgium
- Research Unit: Social History of Capitalism, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Owyn Beneker
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Simone A. Biagini
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000Leuven, Belgium
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, 08003Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Ruoyun Hui
- Alan Turing Institute, NW1 2DBLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Eugenia D’Atanasio
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Alena Kushniarevich
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu51010, Estonia
| | - Helja Kabral
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu51010, Estonia
| | - Ene Metspalu
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu51010, Estonia
| | - Meriam Guellil
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu51010, Estonia
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1030Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Birgit Berk
- Birgit Berk Fysische Anthropologie, 6231ECMeerssen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - April Pijpelink
- Crematie en Inhumatie Analyse (CRINA) Fysische Antropologie, 5237JG 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | - Philip Van Damme
- Department of Neurology, KU Leuven and Center for Brain & Disease Research Vlaamse Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 3000Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven and Center for Brain & Disease Research VIB, 3000Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christiana L. Scheib
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu51010, Estonia
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EJCambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3DZCambridge, United Kingdom
- St John’s College, University of Cambridge, CB2 1TPCambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ewoud Deschepper
- Historical Archaeology Research Group, Department of Archaeology, Ghent University, 9000Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Christophe Snoeck
- Research Unit: Archaeology, Environmental Changes and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Kristiina Tambets
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu51010, Estonia
| | | | - Toomas Kivisild
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu51010, Estonia
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Venkatesh SS, Wittemans LBL, Palmer DS, Baya NA, Ferreira T, Hill B, Lassen FH, Parker MJ, Reibe S, Elhakeem A, Banasik K, Bruun MT, Erikstrup C, Jensen BA, Juul A, Mikkelsen C, Nielsen HS, Ostrowski SR, Pedersen OB, Rohde PD, Sorensen E, Ullum H, Westergaard D, Haraldsson A, Holm H, Jonsdottir I, Olafsson I, Steingrimsdottir T, Steinthorsdottir V, Thorleifsson G, Figueredo J, Karjalainen MK, Pasanen A, Jacobs BM, Hubers N, Lippincott M, Fraser A, Lawlor DA, Timpson NJ, Nyegaard M, Stefansson K, Magi R, Laivuori H, van Heel DA, Boomsma DI, Balasubramanian R, Seminara SB, Chan YM, Laisk T, Lindgren CM. Genome-wide analyses identify 21 infertility loci and over 400 reproductive hormone loci across the allele frequency spectrum. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.03.19.24304530. [PMID: 38562841 PMCID: PMC10984039 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.19.24304530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) may help inform treatments for infertility, whose causes remain unknown in many cases. Here we present GWAS meta-analyses across six cohorts for male and female infertility in up to 41,200 cases and 687,005 controls. We identified 21 genetic risk loci for infertility (P≤5E-08), of which 12 have not been reported for any reproductive condition. We found positive genetic correlations between endometriosis and all-cause female infertility (r g=0.585, P=8.98E-14), and between polycystic ovary syndrome and anovulatory infertility (r g=0.403, P=2.16E-03). The evolutionary persistence of female infertility-risk alleles in EBAG9 may be explained by recent directional selection. We additionally identified up to 269 genetic loci associated with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone, oestradiol, and testosterone through sex-specific GWAS meta-analyses (N=6,095-246,862). While hormone-associated variants near FSHB and ARL14EP colocalised with signals for anovulatory infertility, we found no r g between female infertility and reproductive hormones (P>0.05). Exome sequencing analyses in the UK Biobank (N=197,340) revealed that women carrying testosterone-lowering rare variants in GPC2 were at higher risk of infertility (OR=2.63, P=1.25E-03). Taken together, our results suggest that while individual genes associated with hormone regulation may be relevant for fertility, there is limited genetic evidence for correlation between reproductive hormones and infertility at the population level. We provide the first comprehensive view of the genetic architecture of infertility across multiple diagnostic criteria in men and women, and characterise its relationship to other health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samvida S Venkatesh
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Laura B L Wittemans
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan S Palmer
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolas A Baya
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
| | - Barney Hill
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik Heymann Lassen
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Melody J Parker
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Saskia Reibe
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Elhakeem
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Karina Banasik
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mie T Bruun
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bitten A Jensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Mikkelsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette S Nielsen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fertility Clinic, Hvidovre University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sisse R Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole B Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital, Kge, Denmark
| | - Palle D Rohde
- Genomic Medicine, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Erik Sorensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - David Westergaard
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asgeir Haraldsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Children's Hospital Iceland, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hilma Holm
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ingileif Jonsdottir
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Isleifur Olafsson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thora Steingrimsdottir
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Jessica Figueredo
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Minna K Karjalainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
- Northern Finland Birth Cohorts, Arctic Biobank, Infrastructure for Population Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anu Pasanen
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Benjamin M Jacobs
- Centre for Preventive Neurology, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nikki Hubers
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margaret Lippincott
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Abigail Fraser
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mette Nyegaard
- Genomic Medicine, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kari Stefansson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Reedik Magi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hannele Laivuori
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tampere University Hospital, Finland
- Center for Child, Adolescent, and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Finland
| | - David A van Heel
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University London, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ravikumar Balasubramanian
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephanie B Seminara
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yee-Ming Chan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Triin Laisk
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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11
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Hui R, Scheib CL, D’Atanasio E, Inskip SA, Cessford C, Biagini SA, Wohns AW, Ali MQ, Griffith SJ, Solnik A, Niinemäe H, Ge XJ, Rose AK, Beneker O, O’Connell TC, Robb JE, Kivisild T. Genetic history of Cambridgeshire before and after the Black Death. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi5903. [PMID: 38232165 PMCID: PMC10793959 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi5903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The extent of the devastation of the Black Death pandemic (1346-1353) on European populations is known from documentary sources and its bacterial source illuminated by studies of ancient pathogen DNA. What has remained less understood is the effect of the pandemic on human mobility and genetic diversity at the local scale. Here, we report 275 ancient genomes, including 109 with coverage >0.1×, from later medieval and postmedieval Cambridgeshire of individuals buried before and after the Black Death. Consistent with the function of the institutions, we found a lack of close relatives among the friars and the inmates of the hospital in contrast to their abundance in general urban and rural parish communities. While we detect long-term shifts in local genetic ancestry in Cambridgeshire, we find no evidence of major changes in genetic ancestry nor higher differentiation of immune loci between cohorts living before and after the Black Death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyun Hui
- Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christiana L. Scheib
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- St John’s College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Sarah A. Inskip
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Craig Cessford
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Archaeological Unit, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Anthony W. Wohns
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics and Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Samuel J. Griffith
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anu Solnik
- Core Facility, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Helja Niinemäe
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Xiangyu Jack Ge
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Alice K. Rose
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Archaeology, University of Durham, Durham, UK
| | - Owyn Beneker
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tamsin C. O’Connell
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John E. Robb
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Toomas Kivisild
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Ringbauer H, Huang Y, Akbari A, Mallick S, Olalde I, Patterson N, Reich D. Accurate detection of identity-by-descent segments in human ancient DNA. Nat Genet 2024; 56:143-151. [PMID: 38123640 PMCID: PMC10786714 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01582-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Long DNA segments shared between two individuals, known as identity-by-descent (IBD), reveal recent genealogical connections. Here we introduce ancIBD, a method for identifying IBD segments in ancient human DNA (aDNA) using a hidden Markov model and imputed genotype probabilities. We demonstrate that ancIBD accurately identifies IBD segments >8 cM for aDNA data with an average depth of >0.25× for whole-genome sequencing or >1× for 1240k single nucleotide polymorphism capture data. Applying ancIBD to 4,248 ancient Eurasian individuals, we identify relatives up to the sixth degree and genealogical connections between archaeological groups. Notably, we reveal long IBD sharing between Corded Ware and Yamnaya groups, indicating that the Yamnaya herders of the Pontic-Caspian Steppe and the Steppe-related ancestry in various European Corded Ware groups share substantial co-ancestry within only a few hundred years. These results show that detecting IBD segments can generate powerful insights into the growing aDNA record, both on a small scale relevant to life stories and on a large scale relevant to major cultural-historical events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Ringbauer
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Yilei Huang
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Computer Science, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ali Akbari
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Swapan Mallick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iñigo Olalde
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- BIOMICs Research Group, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Ikerbasque-Basque Foundation of Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Nick Patterson
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Reich
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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13
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Mauring L, Puusepp S, Parik M, Roomets E, Teek R, Reimand T, Pajusalu S, Kaljurand K, Õunap K. Autosomal recessive Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy caused by a homozygous variant in DNAJC30 gene. Eur J Med Genet 2023; 66:104821. [PMID: 37579815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2023.104821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Stenton et al. (2021) described a new, autosomal recessive inheritance pattern of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) caused by missense variants in the DNAJC30 gene. The DNAJC30 c.152A > G, p.(Tyr51Cys) variant was by far the most common variant reported in patients originating from Eastern Europe, therefore, it is believed to be a founder variant in these populations. We report the first two cases of DNAJC30-linked autosomal recessive LHON in a young male and a female originating from Estonia. The patients presented severe loss of central vision and clinical features indistinguishable from mitochondrial LHON. The whole exome sequencing carried out in the male patient and the next-generation sequencing panel in the young female patient identified the same homozygous missense variant in the DNAJC30 gene. Our cases further reinforce the pathogenicity of c.152A > G, p.(Tyr51Cys) DNAJC30 variant causing autosomal recessive LHON. According to the gnomAD database, the allele frequency of this variant in the Estonian population is 0.8%, translating into a prevalence of carriers of 1:60. It is the highest among different gnomAD populations. Applying the Hardy-Weinberg equation, an estimated 92 persons in the Estonian population carry the homozygous variant c.152A > G, p.(Tyr51Cys) in DNAJC30. In patients with LHON, we advise sequencing both the DNAJC30 gene and mitochondrial DNA simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mauring
- Genetics and Personalized Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Eye Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - S Puusepp
- Genetics and Personalized Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - M Parik
- Eye Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - E Roomets
- Tallinn's Children's Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - R Teek
- Genetics and Personalized Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - T Reimand
- Genetics and Personalized Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - S Pajusalu
- Genetics and Personalized Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - K Kaljurand
- Eye Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Eye Clinic, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - K Õunap
- Genetics and Personalized Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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14
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Harney É, Micheletti S, Bruwelheide KS, Freyman WA, Bryc K, Akbari A, Jewett E, Comer E, Louis Gates H, Heywood L, Thornton J, Curry R, Ancona Esselmann S, Barca KG, Sedig J, Sirak K, Olalde I, Adamski N, Bernardos R, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Ferry M, Qiu L, Stewardson K, Workman JN, Zalzala F, Mallick S, Micco A, Mah M, Zhang Z, 23andMe Research Team, Rohland N, Mountain JL, Owsley DW, Reich D. The genetic legacy of African Americans from Catoctin Furnace. Science 2023; 381:eade4995. [PMID: 37535739 PMCID: PMC10958645 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade4995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Few African Americans have been able to trace family lineages back to ancestors who died before the 1870 United States Census, the first in which all Black people were listed by name. We analyzed 27 individuals from Maryland's Catoctin Furnace African American Cemetery (1774-1850), identifying 41,799 genetic relatives among consenting research participants in 23andMe, Inc.'s genetic database. One of the highest concentrations of close relatives is in Maryland, suggesting that descendants of the Catoctin individuals remain in the area. We find that many of the Catoctin individuals derived African ancestry from the Wolof or Kongo groups and European ancestry from Great Britain and Ireland. This study demonstrates the power of joint analysis of historical DNA and large datasets generated through direct-to-consumer ancestry testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éadaoin Harney
- 23andMe, Inc.; Sunnyvale, CA 94043, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University; Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | | | - Karin S. Bruwelheide
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC 20560, USA
| | | | | | - Ali Akbari
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University; Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Comer
- Catoctin Furnace Historical Society; Thurmont, MD, 21788, USA
| | - Henry Louis Gates
- Hutchins Center for African and African American Research, Harvard University; Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Linda Heywood
- Department of History/African American Studies, Boston University; Brookline, MA 02446, USA
| | - John Thornton
- Department of History/African American Studies, Boston University; Brookline, MA 02446, USA
| | - Roslyn Curry
- 23andMe, Inc.; Sunnyvale, CA 94043, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University; Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | | | - Kathryn G. Barca
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC 20560, USA
| | - Jakob Sedig
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University; Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kendra Sirak
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University; Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Iñigo Olalde
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University; Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- BIOMICs Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Ikerbasque—Basque Foundation of Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Nicole Adamski
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca Bernardos
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Ferry
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lijun Qiu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kristin Stewardson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - J. Noah Workman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Fatma Zalzala
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shop Mallick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Adam Micco
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Matthew Mah
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Nadin Rohland
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Douglas W. Owsley
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC 20560, USA
| | - David Reich
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University; Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
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15
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Ringbauer H, Huang Y, Akbari A, Mallick S, Patterson N, Reich D. ancIBD - Screening for identity by descent segments in human ancient DNA. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.08.531671. [PMID: 36945531 PMCID: PMC10028887 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.08.531671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Long DNA sequences shared between two individuals, known as Identical by descent (IBD) segments, are a powerful signal for identifying close and distant biological relatives because they only arise when the pair shares a recent common ancestor. Existing methods to call IBD segments between present-day genomes cannot be straightforwardly applied to ancient DNA data (aDNA) due to typically low coverage and high genotyping error rates. We present ancIBD, a method to identify IBD segments for human aDNA data implemented as a Python package. Our approach is based on a Hidden Markov Model, using as input genotype probabilities imputed based on a modern reference panel of genomic variation. Through simulation and downsampling experiments, we demonstrate that ancIBD robustly identifies IBD segments longer than 8 centimorgan for aDNA data with at least either 0.25x average whole-genome sequencing (WGS) coverage depth or at least 1x average depth for in-solution enrichment experiments targeting a widely used aDNA SNP set ('1240k'). This application range allows us to screen a substantial fraction of the aDNA record for IBD segments and we showcase two downstream applications. First, leveraging the fact that biological relatives up to the sixth degree are expected to share multiple long IBD segments, we identify relatives between 10,156 ancient Eurasian individuals and document evidence of long-distance migration, for example by identifying a pair of two approximately fifth-degree relatives who were buried 1410km apart in Central Asia 5000 years ago. Second, by applying ancIBD, we reveal new details regarding the spread of ancestry related to Steppe pastoralists into Europe starting 5000 years ago. We find that the first individuals in Central and Northern Europe carrying high amounts of Steppe-ancestry, associated with the Corded Ware culture, share high rates of long IBD (12-25 cM) with Yamnaya herders of the Pontic-Caspian steppe, signaling a strong bottleneck and a recent biological connection on the order of only few hundred years, providing evidence that the Yamnaya themselves are a main source of Steppe ancestry in Corded Ware people. We also detect elevated sharing of long IBD segments between Corded Ware individuals and people associated with the Globular Amphora culture (GAC) from Poland and Ukraine, who were Copper Age farmers not yet carrying Steppe-like ancestry. These IBD links appear for all Corded Ware groups in our analysis, indicating that individuals related to GAC contexts must have had a major demographic impact early on in the genetic admixtures giving rise to various Corded Ware groups across Europe. These results show that detecting IBD segments in aDNA can generate new insights both on a small scale, relevant to understanding the life stories of people, and on the macroscale, relevant to large-scale cultural-historical events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Ringbauer
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yilei Huang
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Computer Science, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germanÿ
| | - Ali Akbari
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Swapan Mallick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nick Patterson
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Reich
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Dai SS, Sulaiman X, Isakova J, Xu WF, Abdulloevich NT, Afanasevna ME, Ibrohimovich KB, Chen X, Yang WK, Wang MS, Shen QK, Yang XY, Yao YG, Aldashev AA, Saidov A, Chen W, Cheng LF, Peng MS, Zhang YP. The genetic echo of the Tarim mummies in modern Central Asians. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6675590. [PMID: 36006373 PMCID: PMC9469894 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of Central Asians has been shaped by multiple migrations and cultural diffusion. Although ancient DNA studies have revealed the demographic changes of the Central Asian since the Bronze Age, the contribution of the ancient populations to the modern Central Asian remains opaque. Herein, we performed high-coverage sequencing of 131 whole genomes of Indo-European-speaking Tajik and Turkic-speaking Kyrgyz populations to explore their genomic diversity and admixture history. By integrating the ancient DNA data, we revealed more details of the origins and admixture history of Central Asians. We found that the major ancestry of present-day Tajik populations can be traced back to the admixture of the Bronze Age Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex and Andronovo-related populations. Highland Tajik populations further received additional gene flow from the Tarim mummies, an isolated ancient North Eurasian–related population. The West Eurasian ancestry of Kyrgyz is mainly derived from Historical Era populations in Xinjiang of China. Furthermore, the recent admixture signals detected in both Tajik and Kyrgyz are ascribed to the expansions of Eastern Steppe nomadic pastoralists during the Historical Era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Shan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Xierzhatijiang Sulaiman
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Jainagul Isakova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Bishkek 720040, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Wei Fang Xu
- Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518034, China
| | - Najmudinov Tojiddin Abdulloevich
- E.N. Pavlovsky Institute of Zoology and Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734025, Tajikistan
| | - Manilova Elena Afanasevna
- E.N. Pavlovsky Institute of Zoology and Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734025, Tajikistan
| | - Khudoidodov Behruz Ibrohimovich
- E.N. Pavlovsky Institute of Zoology and Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734025, Tajikistan
| | - Xi Chen
- Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.,State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Wei Kang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Ming Shan Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Quan Kuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Xing Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resource, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650504, China.,School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Yong Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bio-resources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Almaz A Aldashev
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Bishkek 720040, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Abdusattor Saidov
- E.N. Pavlovsky Institute of Zoology and Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734025, Tajikistan
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650224, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Lu Feng Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Min Sheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bio-resources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Ya Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bio-resources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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17
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Kristjansson D, Bohlin J, Nguyen TT, Jugessur A, Schurr TG. Evolution and dispersal of mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U5 in Northern Europe: insights from an unsupervised learning approach to phylogeography. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:354. [PMID: 35525961 PMCID: PMC9080151 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We combined an unsupervised learning methodology for analyzing mitogenome sequences with maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetics to make detailed inferences about the evolution and diversification of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup U5, which appears at high frequencies in northern Europe. Methods Haplogroup U5 mitogenome sequences were gathered from GenBank. The hierarchal Bayesian Analysis of Population Structure (hierBAPS) method was used to generate groups of sequences that were then projected onto a rooted maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree to visualize the pattern of clustering. The haplogroup statuses of the individual sequences were assessed using Haplogrep2. Results A total of 23 hierBAPS groups were identified, all of which corresponded to subclades defined in Phylotree, v.17. The hierBAPS groups projected onto the ML phylogeny accurately clustered all haplotypes belonging to a specific haplogroup in accordance with Haplogrep2. By incorporating the geographic source of each sequence and subclade age estimates into this framework, inferences about the diversification of U5 mtDNAs were made. Haplogroup U5 has been present in northern Europe since the Mesolithic, and spread in both eastern and western directions, undergoing significant diversification within Scandinavia. A review of historical and archeological evidence attests to some of the population interactions contributing to this pattern. Conclusions The hierBAPS algorithm accurately grouped mitogenome sequences into subclades in a phylogenetically robust manner. This analysis provided new insights into the phylogeographic structure of haplogroup U5 diversity in northern Europe, revealing a detailed perspective on the diversity of subclades in this region and their distribution in Scandinavian populations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08572-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Kristjansson
- Center for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jon Bohlin
- Center for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Method Development and Analytics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Truc Trung Nguyen
- IT Systems Bergen, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Astanand Jugessur
- Center for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Theodore G Schurr
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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