1
|
Abdel-Radi M, Eldaly Z, Alattar S, Goda I. Preservative-Free Topical Anesthetic Unit-Dose Eye Drops for the Management of Postoperative Pain Following Photorefractive Keratectomy. Ophthalmol Ther 2023; 12:3025-3038. [PMID: 37665497 PMCID: PMC10640409 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-023-00791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ocular pain is a common complication following photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). The level of patient satisfaction with current pain control strategies is not high. This study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of a novel regimen of preservative-free oxybuprocaine hydrochloride 0.4% unit-dose eye drops for post-PRK pain control. METHODS In a contralateral eye study, 144 eyes of 72 patients who underwent bilateral transepithelial PRK (TransPRK) were stratified into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received preservative-free oxybuprocaine hydrochloride 0.4% unit-dose eye drops five times daily postoperatively until complete epithelial healing, while the control group received sodium hyaluronate 0.2% instead. The main outcome measures were pain scores assessed by the verbal rating scale and visual analogue scale (VRS, VAS), the corneal epithelial defect (CED) area, epithelial healing duration evaluated by slit-lamp biomicroscopy and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), and endothelial cell density (ECD) measured before and 1 month after surgery. RESULTS Pain scores assessed by VRS and VAS were significantly lower in the experimental group 8 h after surgery, and 1, 2, and 3 days postoperatively (P < 0.001). The mean CED area showed no significant differences between the two groups at different follow-ups (P value > 0.05). The corneal epithelial healing had a mean duration of 3.32 ± 0.47 days in both studied groups and was parallel in both eyes of each patient. In each group, 49 eyes (68%) and 72 eyes (100%) had a fully epithelialized surface on the third and fourth postoperative days, respectively. No significant changes were observed in the mean ECD 1 month following surgery in both groups (P value > 0.05). CONCLUSION Preservative-free oxybuprocaine hydrochloride 0.4% unit-dose eye drops are effective and safe in controlling early postoperative pain following TransPRK. The availability of the single-dose unit preparation can overcome the problem of topical anesthetic abuse. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05733741.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Abdel-Radi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut University, 6th Floor, Asyût , 71516, Egypt.
| | - Zeiad Eldaly
- Department of Ophthalmology, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut University, 6th Floor, Asyût , 71516, Egypt
| | - Sara Alattar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut University, 6th Floor, Asyût , 71516, Egypt
| | - Islam Goda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut University, 6th Floor, Asyût , 71516, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Das A, Choi A, Coldham I. Photocatalysis and Kinetic Resolution by Lithiation to Give Enantioenriched 2-Arylpiperazines. Org Lett 2023; 25:987-991. [PMID: 36735675 PMCID: PMC9942196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Piperazines are important heterocycles in drug compounds. We report the asymmetric synthesis of arylpiperazines by photocatalytic decarboxylative arylation (metallaphotoredox catalysis) then kinetic resolution using n-BuLi/(+)-sparteine. This gave a range of piperazines with very high enantioselectivities. Further functionalizations gave enantioenriched 2,2-disubstituted piperazines, and either N-substituent can be removed selectively. Late-stage functionalizations of enantioenriched piperazine derivatives were demonstrated, including synthesis of a drug compound with glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β inhibitor activity with potential for treating Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
|
3
|
Shroff S, Mishra SK, Mohanta PP, Baitharu I, Behera AK. Synthesis of Novel 1,4-Disubstituted Piperazines and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Activities. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2022.2085994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Shroff
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha, India
| | - S. K. Mishra
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha, India
| | - P. P. Mohanta
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha, India
| | - I. Baitharu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha, India
| | - A. K. Behera
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
More than Antibiotics: Latest Therapeutics in the Treatment and Prevention of Ocular Surface Infections. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144195. [PMID: 35887958 PMCID: PMC9323953 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular surface infections have been common issues for ophthalmologists for decades. Traditional strategies for infection include antibiotics, antiviral agents, and steroids. However, multiple drug-resistant bacteria have become more common with the prevalence of antibiotic use. Furthermore, an ideal treatment for an infectious disease should not only emphasize eliminating the microorganism but also maintaining clear and satisfying visual acuity. Immunogenetic inflammation, tissue fibrosis, and corneal scarring pose serious threats to vision, and they are not attenuated or prevented by traditional antimicrobial therapeutics. Herein, we collected information about current management techniques including stem-cell therapy, probiotics, and gene therapy as well as preventive strategies related to Toll-like receptors. Finally, we will introduce the latest research findings in ocular drug-delivery systems, which may enhance the bioavailability and efficiency of ocular therapeutics. The clinical application of improved delivery systems and novel therapeutics may support people suffering from ocular surface infections.
Collapse
|
5
|
Hashemi H, Alvani A, Aghamirsalim M, Miraftab M, Asgari S. Comparison of transepithelial and conventional photorefractive keratectomy in myopic and myopic astigmatism patients: a randomized contralateral trial. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:68. [PMID: 35148689 PMCID: PMC8832736 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To assess transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (tPRK) in terms of corneal epithelial healing rate, postoperative pain, postoperative discomfort, and visual and refraction outcomes compared to mechanical epithelial debridement PRK (mPRK) and alcohol-assisted PRK (aaPRK). Methods In this double-masked, randomized clinical trial, thirty-nine patients underwent tPRK in one eye and mPRK in the fellow eye (arm A), and 33 patients underwent tPRK in one eye and aaPRK in the contralateral eye (arm B). All surgical procedures were done using the Schwind Amaris excimer laser. The area of corneal epithelial defect in all eyes was captured and analyzed using ImageJ software. Results Mean epithelial healing time was respectively 3.74 ± 0.82 and 3.59 ± 0.79 days in tPRK versus mPRK (P = 0.21) in arm A, and 3.67 ± 0.92 and 3.67 ± 0.74 days in tPRK versus aaPRK (P = 1.00) in arm B. Accounting for the initial corneal epithelial defect area, the epithelial healing rate was faster in conventional PRK groups compared to tPRK (both P<0.001) in both arms. However, there was no significant difference in safety, efficacy, spherical equivalent refractive accuracy, or corneal haze development between tPRK and conventional PRK groups (all P > 0.05). Conclusions All three methods are effective in terms of visual and refractive outcomes. However, although time to complete re-epithelialization was similar with the three methods, the epithelial healing rate was faster in conventional PRK considering the initial corneal epithelial defect area, and the patients experienced less pain and discomfort in the first postoperative day. Trial registration IRCT, IRCT20200317046804N1. Retrospectively registered 5 May 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, 96, Esfandiar Blvd, Valiasr St, Tehran, Tehran, 1968653111, Iran
| | - Azam Alvani
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, 96, Esfandiar Blvd, Valiasr St, Tehran, Tehran, 1968653111, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Miraftab
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, 96, Esfandiar Blvd, Valiasr St, Tehran, Tehran, 1968653111, Iran
| | - Soheila Asgari
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, 96, Esfandiar Blvd, Valiasr St, Tehran, Tehran, 1968653111, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Varpe BD, Kulkarni AA, Jadhav SB, Mali AS, Jadhav SY. Isatin Hybrids and Their Pharmacological Investigations. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:1182-1225. [PMID: 33302835 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520999201209213029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hybridization is an important strategy to design molecules that can be effectively used to treat fatal diseases known to mankind. Molecular hybrids and their pharmacological investigations aided in discovering several potent isatin (Indole 2, 3 dione) derivatives with anti-HIV, antimalarial, antitubercular, antibacterial, and anticancer activities. Indole-2,3-dione and their derivatives have diverse pharmacological properties and have a prominent role in the discovery of new drugs. To understand the various approaches for designing new molecules based on isatin nucleus analysis of various pharmacophore hybrids, spacers/linkers between pharmacophores and isatin for hybridization and their biological activities are important. This review discusses the progress in developing isatin hybrids as biologically effective agents and their crucial aspects of design and structure-activity relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan D Varpe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, DKSS's Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Swami Chincholi, Dist-Pune, 413130 Maharashtra, India
| | - Amol A Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, DKSS's Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Swami Chincholi, Dist-Pune, 413130 Maharashtra, India
| | - Shailaja B Jadhav
- PES's Modern College of Pharmacy, Nigdi, Pune, 411044, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anil S Mali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, DKSS's Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Swami Chincholi, Dist-Pune, 413130 Maharashtra, India
| | - Shravan Y Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, DBF Dayanand College of Arts & Science, Solapur 413002, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jalageri MD, Nagaraja A, Puttaiahgowda YM. Piperazine based antimicrobial polymers: a review. RSC Adv 2021; 11:15213-15230. [PMID: 35424074 PMCID: PMC8698587 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00341k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial infections are a life threatening concern in several areas, which include the biomedical sector, healthcare products, water purification systems, and food packaging. Polymers with low molecular weight bioactive agents or disinfectants help the scientific community to reduce the lethality rate caused by pathogenic microbes. Antimicrobial polymeric approach is one of the advanced approaches made by researchers in concern with the problems associated with small molecules that restrict their applications in broad spectrum. History reveals the synthesis of numerous antimicrobial polymers using various antimicrobial agents but lacks the use of piperazine molecule, which is of pharmaceutical importance. This review gives an insight into the current and future perspective for the development of piperazine-based antimicrobial polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manohara Dhulappa Jalageri
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal 576 104 India
| | - Akshatha Nagaraja
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal 576 104 India
| | - Yashoda Malgar Puttaiahgowda
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal 576 104 India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sari S, Yilmaz M. Synthesis and characterization of piperazine-substituted dihydrofuran derivatives viaMn(OAc) 3 mediated radical cyclizations. Turk J Chem 2021; 44:1303-1313. [PMID: 33488231 PMCID: PMC7751941 DOI: 10.3906/kim-2003-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to synthesize novel piperazine-containing dihydrofuran compounds (3a-n)from radical additions and cyclizations of diacyl and alkyl-acyl piperazine derivatives (1a-h) with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds (2a-c) mediated by Mn(OAc)
3
for the first time. From the reactions of 1a-c with dimedone (2a);1a, 1c, and 1d with acetylacetone (2b); and 1a with ethylacetoacetate(2c) ,the dihydrofuran-piperazine compounds 3a-c, 3d-f, and 3g were obtained in medium to high yields (31%–81%), respectively. In addition, dihydrofuran-piperazine compounds 3h-j and 3k-n were prepared at low to medium yields (20%–40%) from the reactions of
1e-g
with
2a
and
1e-h
with
2c
, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sait Sari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kocaeli University, 41380 Umuttepe, Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kocaeli University, 41380 Umuttepe, Kocaeli Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bąchor U, Mączyński M. Selected β 2-, β 3- and β 2,3-Amino Acid Heterocyclic Derivatives and Their Biological Perspective. Molecules 2021; 26:438. [PMID: 33467741 PMCID: PMC7829935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic moieties, especially five and six-membered rings containing nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atoms, are broadly distributed in nature. Among them, synthetic and natural alike are pharmacologically active compounds and have always been at the forefront of attention due to their pharmacological properties. Heterocycles can be divided into different groups based on the presence of characteristic structural motifs. The presence of β-amino acid and heterocyclic core in one compound is very interesting; additionally, it very often plays a vital role in their biological activity. Usually, such compounds are not considered to be chemicals containing a β-amino acid motif; however, considering them as this class of compounds may open new routes of their preparation and application as new drug precursors or even drugs. The possibility of their application as nonproteinogenic amino acid residues in peptide or peptide derivatives synthesis to prepare a new class of compounds is also promising. This review highlights the actual state of knowledge about β-amino acid moiety-containing heterocycles presenting antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial compounds, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors, as well as agonist and antagonists of the receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Bąchor
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Quan AV, Huang AM, Galor A. Ciprofloxacin Corneal Deposits With Complete Dissipation After Switching to Moxifloxacin. JAMA Ophthalmol 2020; 138:e190921. [DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.0921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann V. Quan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida
| | - Amy M. Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando
| | - Anat Galor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Utreja D, Sharma S, Goyal A, Kaur K, Kaushal S. Synthesis and Biological Activity of Quaternary Quinolinium Salts: A Review. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666191023122704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic chemistry is the only branch of chemistry that has applications in
varied areas such as dyes, photosensitizers, coordination compounds, polymeric materials,
biological, and many other fields. Quinoline and its derivatives have always engrossed
both synthetic chemists and biologists because of their diverse chemical and pharmacological
properties as these ring systems can be easily found in various natural products, especially
in alkaloids. Among alkaloids, quinoline derivatives i.e. quinolinium salts have
attracted much attention nowadays owing to their diverse biological profile such as antimicrobial,
antitumor, antifungal, hypotensive, anti-HIV, analgesics and anti-inflammatory,
etc. Quinoline and its analogs have recently been examined for their modes of function in
the inhibition of tyrosine kinases, proteasome, tubulin polymerization, topoisomerase, and
DNA repair. These observations have been guiding scientists for the expansion of new quinoline derivatives
with improved and varied biological activities. Quinolinium salts have immense possibilities and scope to investigate
these compounds as potential drug candidates. Therefore, we shall present a concise compilation of
this work to aid in present knowledge and to help researchers explore an interesting quinoline class having medicinal
potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Utreja
- Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Shivali Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Akhil Goyal
- Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Komalpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Sonia Kaushal
- Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xu B, Sui YL, Fan TJ. Gatifloxacin inducing apoptosis of stromal fibroblasts through cross-talk between caspase-dependent extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:1524-1530. [PMID: 31637186 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.10.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To reveal the cytotoxicity and related mechanisms of gatifloxacin (GFX) to stromal fibroblasts (SFs) in vitro. METHODS SFs were treated with GFX at different concentrations (0.009375%-0.3%), and their viability was detected by MTT method. The cell morphology was observed using light/transmission electron microscope. The plasma membrane permeability was measured by AO/EB double-staining. Then cell cycle, phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization, and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP) were analyzed by flow cytometry. DNA damage was analyzed by electrophoresis and immunostaining. ELISA was used to evaluate the caspase-3/-8/-9 activation. Finally, Western blotting was applied for detecting the expressions of apoptosis-related proteins. RESULTS Morphological changes and reduced viability of GFX-treated SFs demonstrated that GFX above 0.009375% had cytotoxicity to SFs with dependence of concentration and time. GFX-treating cells also showed G1 phase arrest, increased membrane permeability, PS externalization and DNA damage, which indicated that GFX induced apoptosis of SFs. Additionally, GFX could activate the caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3, induce MTP disruption, downregulate B-cell leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) and B-cell leukemia-XL (Bcl-XL), and upregulate Bcl-2 assaciated X protein (Bax), Bcl-2-associated death promoter (Bad), Bcl-2 interacting domain (Bid) and cytoplasmic cytochrome C in SFs, suggesting that caspase-dependent extrinsic and intrinsic pathways were related to GFX-contributed apoptosis of SFs. CONCLUSION The cytotoxicity of GFX induces apoptosis of SFs through triggering the caspase-dependent extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yun-Long Sui
- Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ting-Jun Fan
- Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Toxic keratoconjunctivitis (TK) is an underrecognized complication of ophthalmic drug use and various environmental or occupational exposures. A detailed history and clinical examination are important to identify the offending agent(s). Common drug-related causes of TK include preservatives in ophthalmic medications, topical antimicrobials, and topical anesthetics. Alternatives to benzalkonium chloride as well as preservative-free formulations should be considered in patients requiring long-term topical medication. More advanced cases of TK may require preservative-free topical steroids and/or antibiotics, and occasionally surgical intervention. Early recognition and appropriate management of TK may help prevent permanent ocular and visual damage.
Collapse
|
14
|
Dose and administration of intracameral moxifloxacin for prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis. J Cataract Refract Surg 2018; 42:1730-1741. [PMID: 28007104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review current and past practices of intracameral antibiotic administration for infection prophylaxis in cataract surgery; to review the benefits and liabilities of available prophylactic drugs, dosage determination, and administration protocols; and to devise an optimum dose and administration protocol for intracameral moxifloxacin. SETTING Humber River Hospital and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. DESIGN Retrospective evaluation of treatment modality. METHODS This study consisted of a detailed review of the history, drugs, and methods of intracameral prophylaxis and microbiological and pharmacodynamics analysis of options. A review of potential drug sources and doses was performed and 1 drug, dose, and administration protocol was selected. The current method's adoption reasons are described followed by the authors' experience. RESULTS A single infection in 3430 cases occurred with a moxifloxacin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis when moxifloxacin 100 mcg in 0.1 mL was used. Increasing the dose and changing the administration technique resulted in no infections in 4601 cases and no detrimental side effects or complications. CONCLUSION Intracameral moxifloxacin prepared by dilution of 3 cc moxifloxacin 0.5% (Vigamox) with 7 cc balanced salt solution and with the administration of 0.3 to 0.4 cc (450 to 600 mcg.) as the final step in cataract surgery via the side port after the main incision has been sealed and hydrated showed advantages over alternative intracameral antibiotic prophylactic methods, with minimum risk. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE Neither author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Collapse
|
15
|
Synthesis, docking, QSAR, ADMET and antimicrobial evaluation of new quinoline-3-carbonitrile derivatives as potential DNA-gyrase inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
16
|
Murueta-Goyena A, Cañadas P. Visual outcomes and management after corneal refractive surgery: A review. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2018; 11:121-129. [PMID: 29183707 PMCID: PMC5904824 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Corneal refractive surgery procedures are widely performed to permanently correct refractive errors. Overall, refractive surgeries are safe, predictable and present high rates of satisfaction. Nevertheless, the induced epithelial, stromal and nerve damage alters corneal integrity and function, triggering a regenerative response. Complications that arise from corneal wound healing process might directly impact on visual outcomes of keratorefractive procedures. Most of these complications can be prevented or effectively treated with minimal consequences and minor impact on optical quality. Nevertheless, it is crucial to accurately and timely identify these corneal regeneration-related complications for successful counseling and management. Optometrists, as primary eye care providers, play an essential role in detecting anatomic and functional alterations in vision. It is therefore of great interest for optometrists to be familiar with the principal postoperative complications derived from alterations in regenerative process after corneal laser refractive surgeries. This review aims to provide a basis for optometrists to better understand, identify and manage the main wound healing-related complications after refractive surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ane Murueta-Goyena
- Deparment of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.
| | - Pilar Cañadas
- Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA) Grupo de Superficie Ocular, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Departamento de Física Teórica Atómica y Óptica, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang M, Rakesh KP, Leng J, Fang WY, Ravindar L, Channe Gowda D, Qin HL. Amino acids/peptides conjugated heterocycles: A tool for the recent development of novel therapeutic agents. Bioorg Chem 2017; 76:113-129. [PMID: 29169078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids/peptide conjugated heterocycles represent an important class of therapeutical agents. Biologically active heterocycles are conjugated with amino acids or peptides to increase the drug resistance. Furthermore, the amino acid/peptide based drugs have low toxicity, ample bioavailability and permeability, modest potency and good metabolic and pharmacokinetic properties. Synthetic amino acid/peptides based heterocyclic conjugates constitute a promising choice for the development of new, less toxic and safer conventional pharmaceutical drugs in the near future. In this review, we discuss and highlight the recent findings of the structural features that encourage biological applications of amino acid/peptides based conjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430073, PR China
| | - K P Rakesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430073, PR China.
| | - Jing Leng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430073, PR China
| | - Wan-Yin Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430073, PR China
| | - L Ravindar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430073, PR China
| | - D Channe Gowda
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India.
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430073, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zahoor AF, Yousaf M, Siddique R, Ahmad S, Naqvi SAR, Rizvi SMA. Synthetic strategies toward the synthesis of enoxacin-, levofloxacin-, and gatifloxacin-based compounds: A review. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2017.1300921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yousaf
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Siddique
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ali Raza Naqvi
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Milne-Davies BA, Antonelli PJ, Orobello NC, Dirain CO. Collagen and α-Tubulin of Mouse Tympanic Membrane Fibroblasts Treated with Quinolones and Aminoglycosides. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 156:341-349. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599816672627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bailey A. Milne-Davies
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Patrick J. Antonelli
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nicklas C. Orobello
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Carolyn O. Dirain
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang Y, Wang X, Yin X, Shi M, Dahlgren RA, Wang H. Toxicity assessment of combined fluoroquinolone and tetracycline exposure in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:736-50. [PMID: 25504783 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) and tetracyclines (TCs), the two β-diketone antibiotics (DKAs), are two frequently detected pollutants in the environment; however, little data are available on their combined toxicity to zebrafish (Danio rerio). This study reports that toxicologic effects of combined DKA (FQs-TCs) exposure on zebrafish were comparable with or slightly less than those of TCs alone, showing that TCs played a major toxicologic role in the mixtures. The effects of FQs, TCs, and DKAs on malformation rates of zebrafish were dose dependent, with EC50 values of 481.3, 16.4, and 135.1 mg/L, respectively. According to the combined effects of DKAs on zebrafish hatching, mortality, and malformation rates, the interaction between FQs and TCs was shown to be antagonistic based on three assessment methods: Toxic Unit, Additional Index, and Mixture Toxic Index. The 1.56 mg/L TC and 9.38 mg/L DKA treatments resulted in higher zebrafish basal swimming rate compared with the control group at 120 hours postfertilization (hpf). in both light and light-to-dark photoperiod experiments. Under conditions of no obvious abnormality in cardiac development, the heart beats were decreased significantly because of DKA exposure, such as decreasing by ∼20% at 150 mg/L DKAs. Transmission electron microscopy observation of myocytes from DKA-exposed hearts displayed prominent interruptions and myofibrillar disorganization of the normal parallel alignment of thick and thin filaments, and partial edematous and dissolved membranes of cell nuclear tissues. At 90 mg/L DKAs, the transcriptional levels of the acta1a, myl7, and gle1b genes, related to heart development and skeletal muscle formation, were significantly changed. This is consistent with the swimming behavior and histopathologic results obtained by transmission electron microscopy. In summary, the toxicity of the combined DKAs to zebrafish was comparable with or less than that of TCs alone and had the ability to impair individual behaviors that are of great importance in the assessment of their ecologic fitness. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 736-750, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Zhang
- Wenzhou Applied Technology & Environmental Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, University-Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- Wenzhou Applied Technology & Environmental Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, University-Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Xiaohan Yin
- Wenzhou Applied Technology & Environmental Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, University-Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Mengru Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, University-Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Randy Alan Dahlgren
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Huili Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, University-Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hattori Y, Suzuki A, Otsuka M. Characterization of melt-quenched and milled amorphous solids of gatifloxacin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2016; 42:1851-6. [PMID: 27109418 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2016.1179752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to characterize and investigate the differences in amorphous states of gatifloxacin. We prepared two types of gatifloxacin amorphous solids coded as M and MQ using milling and melt-quenching methods, respectively. The amorphous solids were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and time-resolved near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Both the solids displayed halo XRD patterns, the characteristic of amorphous solids; however, in the non-isothermal DSC profiles, these amorphous solids were distinguished by their crystallization and melting temperatures. The Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose plots of non-isothermal crystallization temperatures at various heating rates indicated a lower activation energy of crystallization for the amorphous solid M than that of MQ. These results support the differentiation between two amorphous states with different physical and chemical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hattori
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University , Nishitokyo-shi , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Ayumi Suzuki
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University , Nishitokyo-shi , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Makoto Otsuka
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University , Nishitokyo-shi , Tokyo , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ye Z, Gettys KE, Dai M. Opportunities and challenges for direct C-H functionalization of piperazines. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:702-15. [PMID: 27340462 PMCID: PMC4901899 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Piperazine ranks within the top three most utilized N-heterocyclic moieties in FDA-approved small-molecule pharmaceuticals. Herein we summarize the current synthetic methods available to perform C-H functionalization on piperazines in order to lend structural diversity to this privileged drug scaffold. Multiple approaches such as those involving α-lithiation trapping, transition-metal-catalyzed α-C-H functionalizations, and photoredox catalysis are discussed. We also highlight the difficulties experienced when successful methods for α-C-H functionalization of acyclic amines and saturated mono-nitrogen heterocyclic compounds (such as piperidines and pyrrolidines) were applied to piperazine substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhishi Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kristen E Gettys
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mingji Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bacher F, Dömötör O, Chugunova A, Nagy NV, Filipović L, Radulović S, Enyedy ÉA, Arion VB. Strong effect of copper(II) coordination on antiproliferative activity of thiosemicarbazone-piperazine and thiosemicarbazone-morpholine hybrids. Dalton Trans 2016; 44:9071-90. [PMID: 25896351 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01076d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 2-formylpyridine thiosemicarbazones and three different heterocyclic pharmacophores were combined to prepare thiosemicarbazone–piperazine mPip-FTSC (HL1) and mPip-dm-FTSC (HL2), thiosemicarbazone–morpholine Morph-FTSC (HL3) and Morph-dm-FTSC (HL4), thiosemicarbazone–methylpyrrole-2-carboxylate hybrids mPyrr-FTSC (HL5) and mPyrr-dm-FTSC (HL6) as well as their copper(II) complexes [CuCl(mPipH-FTSC-H)]Cl (1 + H)Cl, [CuCl(mPipH-dm-FTSC-H)]Cl (2 + H)Cl, [CuCl(Morph-FTSC-H)] (3), [CuCl(Morph-dm-FTSC-H)] (4), [CuCl(mPyrr-FTSC-H)(H2O)] (5) and [CuCl(mPyrr-dm-FTSC-H)(H2O)] (6). The substances were characterized by elemental analysis, one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy (HL1–HL6), ESI mass spectrometry, IR and UV–vis spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction (1–5). All compounds were prepared in an effort to generate potential antitumor agents with an improved therapeutic index. In addition, the effect of structural alterations with organic hybrids on aqueous solubility and copper(II) coordination ability was investigated. Complexation of ligands HL2 and HL4 with copper(II) was studied in aqueous solution by pH-potentiometry, UV–vis spectrophotometry and EPR spectroscopy. Proton dissociation processes of HL2 and HL4 were also characterized in detail and microscopic constants for the Z/E isomers were determined. While the hybrids HL5, HL6 and their copper(II) complexes 5 and 6 proved to be insoluble in aqueous solution, precluding antiproliferative activity studies, the thiosemicarbazone–piperazine and thiosemicarbazone–morpholine hybrids HL1–HL4, as well as copper(II) complexes 1–4 were soluble in water enabling cytotoxicity assays. Interestingly, the metal-free hybrids showed very low or even a lack of cytotoxicity (IC50 values > 300 μM) in two human cancer cell lines HeLa (cervical carcinoma) and A549 (alveolar basal adenocarcinoma), whereas their copper(II) complexes were cytotoxic showing IC50 values from 25.5 to 65.1 μM and 42.8 to 208.0 μM, respectively in the same human cancer cell lines after 48 h of incubation. However, the most sensitive for HL4 and complexes 1–4 proved to be the human cancer cell line LS174 (colon carcinoma) as indicated by the calculated IC50 values varying from 13.1 to 17.5 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bacher
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Microwave-assisted synthesis, molecular docking and antimicrobial activity of novel 2-(3-aryl,1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-8H-pyrano[2,3-f]chromen-4-ones. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1505-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
25
|
Park HS, Lee JH, Kim HK. Comparative clinical study of conjunctival toxicities of newer generation fluoroquinolones without the influence of preservatives. Int J Ophthalmol 2015; 8:1220-3. [PMID: 26682177 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.06.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To compare the conjunctival epithelial toxicities of three newer-generation fluoroquinolones without preservatives. METHODS In a prospective, randomized, double blind comparative study, 47 eyes of 47 patients with a primary pterygium were enrolled, and divided randomly into three groups (levofloxacin 0.5%, gatifloxacin 0.3%, and moxifloxacin 0.5%). After pterygium surgery with the same conjunctival autograft technique, each patient maintained a regimen with a randomly assigned fluoroquinolone eye drop. Patients were examined every other day after surgery until the epithelium had completely healed. Photos were taken and used to measure the area of residual epithelial defects. Conjunctival healing time and speed (initial defect area/healing time (mm(2)/d) compared in each group using Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS There were no significant differences in mean age, gender, and conjunctival defect size of the donor site between these groups. However, the mean of conjunctival healing time and speed were statistically different in each group. The mean of conjunctival epithelial healing time was 8.93±2.69d (levofloxacin group), 10.31±2.96d (gatifloxacin group), and 13.50±4.10d (moxifloxacin group), P=0.006. The mean conjuctival epithelial healing speed was 6.18±1.39 mm(2)/d (levofloxacin group), 5.52±1.68 mm(2)/d (gatifloxacin group), and 4.40±1.30 mm(2)/d (moxifloxacin group), P=0. 003. CONCLUSION Without the influence of preservatives, levofloxacin and gatifloxacin might be less toxic to the regeneration of conjunctival epithelial cells and cause a faster conjunctival wound healing relative to moxifloxacin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Hun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine, Daegu 700-721, Korea
| | - Hong Kyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine, Daegu 700-721, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Adsorptive Removal of Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics Using Bamboo Biochar. SUSTAINABILITY 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/su70912947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
27
|
Tomás-Juan J, Murueta-Goyena Larrañaga A, Hanneken L. Corneal Regeneration After Photorefractive Keratectomy: A Review. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2015; 8:149-69. [PMID: 25444646 PMCID: PMC4502084 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) remodels corneal stroma to compensate refractive errors. The removal of epithelium and the ablation of stroma provoke the disruption of corneal nerves and a release of several peptides from tears, epithelium, stroma and nerves. A myriad of cytokines, growth factors, and matrix metalloproteases participate in the process of corneal wound healing. Their balance will determine if reepithelization and stromal remodeling are appropriate. The final aim is to achieve corneal transparency for restoring corneal function, and a proper visual quality. Therefore, wound-healing response is critical for a successful refractive surgery. Our goal is to provide an overview into how corneal wounding develops following PRK. We will also review the influence of intraoperative application of mitomycin C, bandage contact lenses, anti-inflammatory and other drugs in preventing corneal haze and post-PRK pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Tomás-Juan
- Department of Visual Science, VallmedicVision International Eye Clinic, Andorra.
| | | | - Ludger Hanneken
- Department of Visual Science, VallmedicVision International Eye Clinic, Andorra
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mimouni M, Geffen N, Rosen E, Segev F. The effect of gatifloxacin 0.3% or moxifloxacin 0.5% on corneal healing, ocular tolerability and toxicity following pterygium surgery. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2015; 35:8-12. [DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2014.1003266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
29
|
Atkinson SP, Lako M, Armstrong L. Potential for pharmacological manipulation of human embryonic stem cells. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:269-89. [PMID: 22515554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is vast, allowing disease modelling, drug discovery and testing and perhaps most importantly regenerative therapies. However, problems abound; techniques for cultivating self-renewing hESCs tend to give a heterogeneous population of self-renewing and partially differentiated cells and general include animal-derived products that can be cost-prohibitive for large-scale production, and effective lineage-specific differentiation protocols also still remain relatively undefined and are inefficient at producing large amounts of cells for therapeutic use. Furthermore, the mechanisms and signalling pathways that mediate pluripotency and differentiation are still to be fully appreciated. However, over the recent years, the development/discovery of a range of effective small molecule inhibitors/activators has had a huge impact in hESC biology. Large-scale screening techniques, coupled with greater knowledge of the pathways involved, have generated pharmacological agents that can boost hESC pluripotency/self-renewal and survival and has greatly increased the efficiency of various differentiation protocols, while also aiding the delineation of several important signalling pathways. Within this review, we hope to describe the current uses of small molecule inhibitors/activators in hESC biology and their potential uses in the future.
Collapse
|
30
|
Filak LK, Kalinowski DS, Bauer TJ, Richardson DR, Arion VB. Effect of the piperazine unit and metal-binding site position on the solubility and anti-proliferative activity of ruthenium(II)- and osmium(II)- arene complexes of isomeric indolo[3,2-c]quinoline-piperazine hybrids. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:6934-43. [PMID: 24927493 PMCID: PMC4087041 DOI: 10.1021/ic500825j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In this study, the indoloquinoline
backbone and piperazine were combined to prepare indoloquinoline–piperazine
hybrids and their ruthenium- and osmium-arene complexes in an effort
to generate novel antitumor agents with improved aqueous solubility.
In addition, the position of the metal-binding unit was varied, and
the effect of these structural alterations on the aqueous solubility
and antiproliferative activity of their ruthenium- and osmium-arene
complexes was studied. The indoloquinoline–piperazine hybrids
L1–3 were prepared in situ and
isolated as six ruthenium and osmium complexes [(η6-p-cymene)M(L1–3)Cl]Cl, where
L1 = 6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl-methylene)-11H-indolo[3,2-c]quinolin-2-N-amine, M = Ru ([1a]Cl), Os ([1b]Cl), L2 = 6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl-methylene)-11H-indolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-N-amine, M = Ru ([2a]Cl), Os ([2b]Cl), L3 = 6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl-methylene)-11H-indolo[3,2-c]quinolin-8-N-amine, M = Ru ([3a]Cl), Os ([3b]Cl). The
compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, one- and two-dimensional
NMR spectroscopy, ESI mass spectrometry, IR and UV–vis spectroscopy,
and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The antiproliferative activity
of the isomeric ruthenium and osmium complexes [1a,b]Cl–[3a,b]Cl was examined in
vitro and showed the importance of the position of the metal-binding
site for their cytotoxicity. Those complexes containing the metal-binding
site located at the position 4 of the indoloquinoline scaffold ([2a]Cl and [2b]Cl) demonstrated the most potent
antiproliferative activity. The results provide important insight
into the structure–activity relationships of ruthenium- and
osmium-arene complexes with indoloquinoline–piperazine hybrid
ligands. These studies can be further utilized for the design and
development of more potent chemotherapeutic agents. Three different structural isomers of the indoloquinoline−piperazine
hybrid were prepared in situ and isolated as ruthenium-
and osmium-arene complexes. The effect of the piperazine unit and
metal-binding site position on the aqueous solubility and antiproliferative
activity of the metal complexes was studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas K Filak
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chilet-Rosell E, Ruiz-Cantero MT, Pardo MA. Gender analysis of moxifloxacin clinical trials. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2013; 23:77-104. [PMID: 24180298 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2012.4171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the inclusion of women and the sex-stratification of results in moxifloxacin Clinical Trials (CTs), and to establish whether these CTs considered issues that specifically affect women, such as pregnancy and use of hormonal therapies. Previous publications about women's inclusion in CTs have not specifically studied therapeutic drugs. Although this type of drug is taken by men and women at a similar rate, adverse effects occur more frequently in the latter. METHODS We reviewed 158 published moxifloxacin trials on humans, retrieved from MedLine and the Cochrane Library (1998-2010), to determine whether they complied with the gender recommendations published by U.S. Food and Drug Administration Guideline. RESULTS Of a total of 80,417 subjects included in the moxifloxacin CTs, only 33.7% were women in phase I, in contrast to phase II, where women accounted for 45%, phase III, where they represented 38.3% and phase IV, where 51.3% were women. About 40.9% (n=52) of trials were stratified by sex and 15.3% (n=13) and 9% (n=7) provided data by sex on efficacy and adverse effects, respectively. We found little information about the influence of issues that specifically affect women. Only 3 of the 59 journals that published the moxifloxacin CTs stated that authors should stratify their results by sex. CONCLUSIONS Women are under-represented in the published moxifloxacin trials, and this trend is more marked in phase I, as they comprise a higher proportion in the other phases. Data by sex on efficacy and adverse effects are scarce in moxifloxacin trials. These facts, together with the lack of data on women-specific issues, suggest that the therapeutic drug moxifloxacin is only a partially evidence-based medicine.
Collapse
|
32
|
Chen TC, Chang SW, Wang TY. Moxifloxacin modifies corneal fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:1341-54. [PMID: 23072440 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation is associated with scarring, an important issue in corneal surgery. Moxifloxacin (MOX), commonly applied to prevent post-operative infection, would benefit more if it modifies fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation other than antimicrobial activity. Our purpose was to explore whether MOX has anti-fibrotic effect in human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH HCFs were incubated in MOX-containing medium concurrently with TGF-β1 (co-treatment), before (pretreatment) or after (post-treatment) adding TGF-β1. HCF contractility was evaluated with a type I collagen gel contraction assay. Expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Smad2, phospho-Smad2-Ser467, Smad4 and Smad7 was determined by immunoblotting. Formation of α-SMA-positive filaments and distribution of active Smad2 were observed under confocal microscopy. Expression of TGF-β receptor types I (TGFBR1) and II (TGFBR2) was assessed with flow cytometry. KEY RESULTS MOX did not affect gel contractility or α-SMA filament formation in HCFs without TGF-β1 stimulation. MOX did, however, retard HCF-containing gel contractility and α-SMA filament formation following TGF-β1 stimulation in the pretreatment and co-treatment groups but not in the post-treatment group. MOX blocked the expression of Smad2, phospho-Smad2-Ser467 and TGFBR1 under TGF-β1 incubation. Additionally, MOX enhanced Smad7 expression in TGF-β1-incubated HCFs, but did not interfere with TGF-β-triggered Smad2 nuclear translocation or Smad4 expression. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS MOX inhibited TGF-β-induced fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation via blocking TGFBR1 and enhancing Smad7 expression. MOX should be used before or during surgery to achieve these effects. These results suggest a de novo mechanism by which MOX participates in corneal wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T C Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Banqiao District, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bratzler DW, Dellinger EP, Olsen KM, Perl TM, Auwaerter PG, Bolon MK, Fish DN, Napolitano LM, Sawyer RG, Slain D, Steinberg JP, Weinstein RA. Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2013; 14:73-156. [PMID: 23461695 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2013.9999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 688] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dale W Bratzler
- College of Public Health, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126-0901, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bratzler DW, Dellinger EP, Olsen KM, Perl TM, Auwaerter PG, Bolon MK, Fish DN, Napolitano LM, Sawyer RG, Slain D, Steinberg JP, Weinstein RA. Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2013; 70:195-283. [DOI: 10.2146/ajhp120568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1364] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
35
|
Cernak M, Majtanova N, Cernak A, Majtan J. Honey Prophylaxis Reduces the Risk of Endophthalmitis During Perioperative Period of Eye Surgery. Phytother Res 2011; 26:613-6. [PMID: 22508360 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Cernak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine; Slovak Medical University; Antolska 11; 851 07; Bratislava; Slovakia
| | - Nora Majtanova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine; Slovak Medical University; Antolska 11; 851 07; Bratislava; Slovakia
| | - Andrej Cernak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine; Slovak Medical University; Antolska 11; 851 07; Bratislava; Slovakia
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Miller D. Review of moxifloxacin hydrochloride ophthalmic solution in the treatment of bacterial eye infections. Clin Ophthalmol 2011; 2:77-91. [PMID: 19668391 PMCID: PMC2698721 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Moxifloxacin hydrochloride ophthalmic solution 0.5% (Vigamox((R))) is the ocular formulation/adaptation of moxifloxacin. Moxifloxacin is a broad spectrum 8-methoxyfluoroquinolone which terminates bacterial growth by binding to DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV, essential bacterial enzymes involved in the replication, translation, repair and recombination of deoxyribonucleic acid. Affinity for both enzymes improves potency and reduces the probability of selecting resistant bacterial subpopulations. Vigamox is a bactericidal, concentration dependent, anti-infective. It is preservative free, and well tolerated with minimal ocular side effects. It provides increased penetration into ocular tissues and fluids with improved activity against Streptococci and Staphylococci species and moderate to excellent activity against clinically relevant, gram-negative ocular pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darlene Miller
- Abrams Ocular Microbiology, Laboratory, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Anne Bates Leach Eye Hospital, Miller School of Medicine-University of Miami, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Comparison of the effects of fourth-generation fluoroquinolones on epithelial healing after photorefractive keratectomy. Cornea 2010; 29:1236-40. [PMID: 20697276 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e3181d5d955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effects of fluoroquinolones gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin used for antimicrobial prophylaxis after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) on epithelial healing. METHODS Forty-four patients randomly received the prophylactic antibiotics gatifloxacin (Gatiflo; 0.3% gatifloxacin ophthalmic solution, Handok, Chungbuk, Korea, no preservative) in 1 eye and moxifloxacin (Vigamox; 0.5% moxifloxacin hydrochloride ophthalmic solution, Alcon Laboratories, Inc, Fort Worth, TX, no preservative) in the fellow eye after PRK. Corneal epithelium was circumferentially removed along a 7-mm zone mark. After PRK, all patients used topical antibiotics 4 times a day until the epithelium healed completely. Starting from postoperative day 1, epithelial healing times and defect sizes were recorded by slit-lamp examination and anterior segment photography. Postoperative pain and discomfort induced by the eyedrops were recorded. Additionally, therapeutic contact lenses were cultured to assess the antibacterial efficacy of fluoroquinolones. RESULTS The mean epithelial healing times after PRK were similar for the 2 groups: 2.97 ± 0.41 days for gatifloxacin and 2.95 ± 0.48 days for moxifloxacin (P = 0.81). There was no statistically significant difference in mean defect size on each postoperative day between the treatment groups. There was no difference in postoperative pain and discomfort. No statistically significant differences were observed between eyes treated with gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin in terms of uncorrected visual acuity or best-corrected visual acuity at 3 months postoperatively. CONCLUSION No significant differences were found in the effects of the preservative-free fourth-generation fluoroquinolones gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin on epithelial healing after PRK.
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the cytotoxicity of different fluoroquinolones (FQs) towards human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). METHODS HCECs were incubated with FQs (norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and gatifloxacin), both as commercial ophthalmic formulations and as unpreserved solutions. Cells incubated in different formulations of gentamicin, cefazolin, and benzalkonium chloride (BAC) were also compared. A cell viability assay, using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay, was used to evaluate the drug effects on cell viability after five incubation times (30 min, 1 h, 4 h, 8 h, and 24 h). Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured with a voltohmmeter to help understand changes in paracellular permeability at five time points (4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h). Cell morphology was observed with an inverted fluorescence microscope, with multiple stage position and in time-lapse mode. RESULTS The preserving solutions and BAC at concentrations above 0.005% significantly decreased cell viability, when assayed by MTS. Increased paracellular permeability and decreased membrane integrity were also observed by TEER measurements and inverted fluorescence microscopy. Ofloxacin and levofloxacin were both free of preservatives and showed the least cytotoxicity towards HCECs in commercial FQ eye drops. CONCLUSIONS The cytotoxicity observed with FQ eye drops seems to be caused mainly by the preservative, which induced a significant decrease in membrane integrity and increased paracellular permeability. We found the new generation of FQs (moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin) no less cytotoxic towards HCECs than the old generation ones.
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones are commonly used in ophthalmology, either for conjunctival infections or endophthalmitis. Use of these antibiotics requires good knowledge of the pharmacokinetic profile and adverse effects, and contraindications must be respected. Fluoroquinolones are useful in 2008 given their antibacterial spectrum, good ocular penetration, and the potential benefit of intravitreal injection.
Collapse
|
41
|
Williams KK, McCartney MD, Rice RL, Wax MB, Hiddemen JW. The effects of moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution 0.5% or gatifloxacin ophthalmic solution 0.3% treatment on corneal wound healing in pigmented rabbits following anterior keratectomy. Vet Ophthalmol 2008; 11:327-34. [PMID: 19046293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE These studies examined corneal healing rates, Type-IV collagen and zonula occludens membrane-associated protein (ZO-1) expression, as well as aqueous PGE(2) and IL-1 beta concentrations in pigmented rabbits treated with either moxifloxacin 0.5%, gatifloxacin 0.3% or BSS following anterior keratectomy. METHODS Anterior keratectomy surgery was followed by topical administration with commercial ophthalmic formulations of either moxifloxacin or gatifloxacin or BSS (TID for 96 h). Images of the fluorescein-stained healing corneas were analyzed for wound area. At 48 or 96 h following surgery, aqueous humor samples were collected and analyzed for the inflammatory mediators PGE(2) and IL-1 beta using an ELISA. The corneas were subsequently evaluated using both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In a second parallel study, corneas were evaluated at both 48 and 96 h for Type-IV collagen and ZO-1 expression using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Fluorescein-stained corneal images at 96 h postsurgery demonstrated that 90% +/- 8% re-epithelialization for moxifloxacin, 81% +/- 14% for gatifloxacin, and 88 +/- 6% for BSS((R)) (P > 0.05). PGE(2 )levels in the aqueous humor of fluoroquinolone treated eyes were reduced at 48 h compared to BSS treated eyes. IL-1 beta was undetectable in all samples. No differences in Type-IV collagen or ZO-1 expression were observed between any treatment groups. There were no differences between groups in histological appearance or in ultrastructural healing processes. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrated that the commercial ophthalmic formulations of moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin were similar to each other in their effects on the levels of aqueous humor PGE(2) and rates of corneal wound re-epithelialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Keven Williams
- Preclinical Sciences, Alcon Research Ltd. (R9-7), Fort Worth, TX 76134-2099, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kim SY, Park YH, Lee YC. Comparison of the effect of intracameral moxifloxacin, levofloxacin and cefazolin on rabbit corneal endothelial cells. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2008; 36:367-70. [PMID: 18700925 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2008.01771.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effect on corneal endothelial cells among intracameral moxifloxacin, levofloxacin and cefazoline in rabbits. METHODS Thirty-six eyes from eighteen rabbits were divided into four groups. The control solution (balanced salt solution), cefazolin 1000 microg/0.1 mL, levofloxain 500 microg/0.1 mL or moxifloxacin 500 microg/0.1 mL was injected into the anterior chamber of the rabbit eye. The central corneal thickness was assessed before the injection of intracameral antibiotics. Endothelial toxicity was evaluated according to the central corneal thickness, specular microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy 1 day after injection. RESULTS Before the injection, the central corneal thickness was not different among four groups. After injection, there was no significant difference of the corneal thickness and endothelial cell count between the control and study groups. The central corneal thickness after injection of antibiotics did not significantly change when compared with control. Scanning electron microscopy showed normal hexagonality. Normal architecture of the endothelial cells was noted in transmission electron microscopy in all four groups. CONCLUSIONS Intracameral injection of antibiotics (cefazolin 1000 microg/0.1 mL, levofloxain 500 microg/0.1 mL, moxifloxacin 500 microg/0.1 mL) did not show significant toxicity on the endothelial cells compared with the control group. Intracameral injection of one of these antibiotics appears to be safe for surgical prophylaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Young Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Moshirfar M, Chew J, Werner L, Meyer JJ, Hunter B, Stevens S, Jensen M, Kleinmann G, Mamalis N. Comparison of the effects of fourth-generation fluoroquinolones on corneal re-epithelialization in rabbit eyes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2008; 246:1455-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-008-0893-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
44
|
Balzli CL, McCormick CC, Caballero AR, Huang B, Wigington L, Smith E, Tang A, O'Callaghan RJ. Fluoroquinolone therapy in a rabbit model of post-LASIK methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus keratitis. J Cataract Refract Surg 2008; 34:295-301. [PMID: 18242457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2007.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a rabbit model of post-laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) keratitis for studying fluoroquinolone prophylaxis and treatment. SETTING Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA. METHODS An MRSA keratitis isolate (5 microL, 500 colony forming units [CFU]) was inoculated underneath a corneal flap. Bacterial growth and pathology were determined by quantitative cultures (CFU) and slitlamp examination, respectively. The effectiveness of commercial moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin formulations was compared in 3 regimens: prophylaxis (4 drops before inoculation), early therapy (single drop hourly from 4 to 9 hours postinfection), and late therapy (single drop hourly from 10 to 15 hours postinfection). Zones of bacterial inhibition to known in vivo antibiotic concentrations were determined. RESULTS Bacteria grew to a maximum of approximately 10(6) CFU/cornea within 10 hours postinfection. The slitlamp examination scores showed pathologic changes beginning 10 hours postinfection and progressed throughout the infection. For prophylaxis, eyes treated with moxifloxacin had significantly fewer CFU than gatifloxacin-treated eyes or untreated controls (both P < or = .0001). During early treatment, the antibiotics were equally effective in reducing CFU relative to untreated controls (P < or = .0001). In late treatment, gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin caused significant reductions in CFU relative to untreated controls (P < or = .0007 and P < or = .0001, respectively). Moxifloxacin produced zones of bacterial inhibition significantly larger than those produced by gatifloxacin. CONCLUSIONS Methicillin-resistant S aureus inoculation beneath a rabbit corneal flap produced an infection that was useful for quantitative microbiological studies. A significant advantage in using moxifloxacin relative to gatifloxacin was observed in prophylaxis of keratitis (P = .0001).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Balzli
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Reznik J, Kim A, Dekhayser J, Akpek EK. Gatifloxacin ophthalmic solution 0.3% in the treatment of bacterial keratitis. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.3.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
46
|
Williams KK, Shepard AR, Rice RL, McCartney MD, Wax MB, Hiddemen JW. Corneal Wound Healing in New Zealand White Rabbits Following Anterior Keratectomy and Treatment with Moxifloxacin Ophthalmic Solution 0.5% or Gatifloxacin Ophthalmic Solution 0.3%. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2007; 23:517-25. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2007.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
47
|
O'Brien TP, Arshinoff SA, Mah FS. Perspectives on antibiotics for postoperative endophthalmitis prophylaxis: Potential role of moxifloxacin. J Cataract Refract Surg 2007; 33:1790-800. [PMID: 17889778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2007.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To aid the cataract surgeon's understanding of rational approaches to antimicrobial prophylaxis and place the European Society of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons (ESCRS) postoperative endophthalmitis study in perspective, a review was conducted of published and unpublished data on intracameral antibiotic use during cataract surgery and the antimicrobial efficacy, pharmacodynamics, ocular penetration, and safety of moxifloxacin. The ESCRS-sponsored study of postoperative endophthalmitis prophylaxis reported rates of presumed infectious postoperative endophthalmitis of 0.07% with intracameral cefuroxime treatment and 0.34% in control groups. Postoperative endophthalmitis after cefuroxime use was mostly due to cefuroxime-resistant gram-positive bacteria. Intracameral cefuroxime also requires extemporaneous compounding, has short-term stability, and carries a risk for hypersensitivity. Moxifloxacin, a fourth-generation fluoroquinolone, has potent and rapid bactericidal activity against the most common gram-positive postoperative endophthalmitis pathogens, has excellent ocular penetration after topical administration, and is available in a self-preserved ophthalmic formulation that has been shown safe and effective in preventing endophthalmitis when administered intracamerally in an animal model. Available data suggest that the optimum antibiotic regimen and route of delivery for cataract surgery antimicrobial prophylaxis require further study. Moxifloxacin offers many theoretical advantages that make it an attractive first-line choice for topical use and of interest for intracameral administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terrence P O'Brien
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Palm Beach Gardens, Florida 33418, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Donnenfeld ED, Holland EJ, Durrie DS, Raizman MB. Double-masked study of the effects of nepafenac 0.1% and ketorolac 0.4% on corneal epithelial wound healing and pain after photorefractive keratectomy. Adv Ther 2007; 24:852-62. [PMID: 17901034 DOI: 10.1007/bf02849978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Two NSAIDs--nepafenac 0.1% and ketorolac tromethamine 0.4%-were compared in terms of their effects on corneal reepithelialization and pain after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in a randomized, double-masked, contralateral eye, multicenter study. A total of 40 healthy adult patients who were undergoing sequential bilateral PRK received nepafenac 0.1% and ketorolac 0.4% in contralateral eyes, 1 drop 3 times daily for 3 d after bandage contact lens insertion. Patients were assessed on postoperative days 1, 3, 4, 5, and 7. At each visit, patients provided a general rating of pain. Each patient also assessed the sensation of each eyedrop following instillation (after-drop pain, irritation, burning/stinging, and overall comfort). Starting on day 3, epithelial defect size was assessed. Mean epithelial defect size was similar between treatments at each postoperative visit (P>.05). The average time-to-healing was 4.18 d for nepafenac 0.1% and 4.00 d for ketorolac 0.4% (P=.3134). No statistical difference was observed between nepafenac 0.1% and ketorolac 0.4% in mean postoperative pain scores (P>.05). On day 3, the nepafenac 0.1% group had significantly lower mean sensation scores than did the ketorolac 0.4% group for after-drop pain (P=.0090), irritation (P=.0007), and burning/ stinging (P=.0003). Mean overall comfort score was also significantly better for nepafenac 0.1% on day 3 (7.43 vs 6.41; P<.0001). Nepafenac 0.1% and ketorolac 0.4% provide postoperative pain relief after PRK surgery without associated adverse effects on corneal epithelial healing. Nepafenac 0.1% treatment may offer greater comfort upon instillation in patients who have undergone PRK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Donnenfeld
- Ophthalmic Consultants of Long Island, Rockville Centre, New York 11570, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Barequet IS, Habot-Wilner Z, Lavinsky F, Ziv H, Belkin M, Rosner M. Effect of Fourth-Generation Fluoroquinolones on the Healing Rate of Corneal Erosions in an Animal Model. Cornea 2007; 26:606-9. [PMID: 17525660 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e318041f08e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the rate of epithelial healing of corneal erosion in an animal model with 2 commercial formulations of fourth-generation fluoroquinolones: 0.3% gatifloxacin and 0.5% moxifloxacin. METHODS Corneal erosions, 6 mm in diameter, were created in 28 rabbit eyes. The rabbits were randomized to receive topical gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, or nonpreserved saline. Drops were administered every 15 minutes for 1 hour, then hourly for 3 hours, and then 4 times daily until the erosion reepithelialized. Eyes were examined with fluorescein drops and photographed every 12 hours with a cobalt blue-filtered light. When reepithelialization was observed, the rabbits were euthanized, and their eyes were enucleated for histopathologic evaluation. RESULTS Reepithelialization of the corneal erosions was fastest in the saline-treated eyes (57.3 +/- 8 hours), followed by moxifloxacin (62.7 +/- 11.7 hours) and gatifloxacin (66 +/- 8.5 hours). These differences in the time to closure of the erosions among the 3 groups were not statistically significant. Although significant differences were found among the healing progression curves when all 3 groups were compared (P = 0.042), the difference between the 2 antibiotic-treated groups was not significant. CONCLUSIONS Only slight differences in epithelial healing rates were found between the gatifloxacin-, moxifloxacin-, and saline-treated groups, suggesting that the 2 fluoroquinolones may have an equivalent role as prophylactic treatment of trauma- or surgery-induced corneal erosions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina S Barequet
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Burka JM, Bower KS, VanRoekel RC, Stutzman RD, Kuzmowych CR. The Effect of Moxifloxacin and Gatifloxacin on Long-term Visual Outcomes Following Photorefractive Keratectomy. J Refract Surg 2007; 23:414-7. [PMID: 17455838 DOI: 10.3928/1081-597x-20070401-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effect of gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin on visual outcomes after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). METHODS Thirty-five PRK patients were treated postoperatively with gatifloxacin (Zymar) in one eye and moxifloxacin (Vigamox) in the fellow eye. Postoperative regimens were otherwise identical. In a previous study (initial phase), we evaluated epithelial healing. In this study (second phase), we compared uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), manifest spherical equivalent (MSE), and corneal haze at 6 months postoperatively for 32 patients using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test. RESULTS No statistically significant difference was noted between eyes treated with Zymar and Vigamox in terms of UCVA, BSCVA, MSE, or corneal haze at 6 months postoperatively. Two (6%) Vigamox-treated eyes versus 0 (0%) Zymar-treated eyes lost one line of BSCVA from preoperative examination. Median UCVA and MSE were equivalent for both groups. CONCLUSIONS At 6 months after PRK, there was no significant difference in visual outcomes with either antibiotic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Burka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Georgetown University/Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|