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Oh SY, Na SB, Kang YK, Do JT. In Vitro Embryogenesis and Gastrulation Using Stem Cells in Mice and Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13655. [PMID: 37686459 PMCID: PMC10563085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
During early mammalian embryonic development, fertilized one-cell embryos develop into pre-implantation blastocysts and subsequently establish three germ layers through gastrulation during post-implantation development. In recent years, stem cells have emerged as a powerful tool to study embryogenesis and gastrulation without the need for eggs, allowing for the generation of embryo-like structures known as synthetic embryos or embryoids. These in vitro models closely resemble early embryos in terms of morphology and gene expression and provide a faithful recapitulation of early pre- and post-implantation embryonic development. Synthetic embryos can be generated through a combinatorial culture of three blastocyst-derived stem cell types, such as embryonic stem cells, trophoblast stem cells, and extraembryonic endoderm cells, or totipotent-like stem cells alone. This review provides an overview of the progress and various approaches in studying in vitro embryogenesis and gastrulation in mice and humans using stem cells. Furthermore, recent findings and breakthroughs in synthetic embryos and gastruloids are outlined. Despite ethical considerations, synthetic embryo models hold promise for understanding mammalian (including humans) embryonic development and have potential implications for regenerative medicine and developmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.O.); (S.B.N.); (Y.K.K.)
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Kaya SA, Okuyan HM, Erboğa ZF, Güzel S, Yılmaz A, Karaboğa İ. Prenatal immobility stress: Relationship with oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and intrauterine growth restriction in rats. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:1398-1410. [PMID: 37403489 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal stress is a significant risk factor affecting pregnant women and fetal health. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of immobility stress at different periods of pregnancy on oxidative stress, inflammation, placental apoptosis and intrauterine growth retardation in rats. METHODS Fifty adult virgin female Wistar albino rats were used. Pregnant rats were exposed to 6 h/day immobilization stress in a wire cage at different stages of pregnancy. Groups I and II (Day 1-10 stress group) were sacrificed on the 10th day of pregnancy, and Group III, Group IV (10-19th-day stress group), and Group V (1-19th-day stress group) were sacrificed on the 19th day of pregnancy. Inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), serum corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and corticosterone levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) levels in the placenta were spectrophotometrically measured. Histopathological analyses of the placenta were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and caspase-3 immunoreactivity in placenta tissues were determined by the indirect immunohistochemical method. Placental apoptosis was determined by the TUNEL staining method. RESULTS We found that the immobility stress during pregnancy significantly increased serum corticosterone levels. Our results showed that the immobility stress diminished the number and weight of fetuses in rats compared to the non-stress group. The immobility stress caused significant histopathological changes in the connection zone and labyrinth zone and increased placental TNF-α and caspase-3 immunoreactivity and placental apoptosis. In addition, immobility stress significantly increased the levels of pro-inflammatory IL-6 and MDA and caused a significant decrease in the levels of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, and anti-inflammatory IL-10. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that immobility stress causes intrauterine growth retardation by activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and deteriorating placental histomorphology and deregulating inflammatory and oxidative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Albayrak Kaya
- Department of Midwifery, Biruni University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Hamza Malik Okuyan
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation-Faculty of Health Sciences, Biomedical Technologies Application and Research Center, Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Sakarya, Türkiye
| | - Zeynep Fidanol Erboğa
- Department of Histology and Embriology, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Medicine, Tekirdağ, Türkiye
| | - Savaş Güzel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Türkiye
| | - Ahsen Yılmaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa Istanbul, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - İhsan Karaboğa
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kırklareli University, Kırklareli, Türkiye
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Chelslín F, Lodefalk M, Kruse R. Smoking during pregnancy is associated with the placental proteome. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 119:108409. [PMID: 37209868 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) is a significant risk factor for the development of foetal, neonatal, and childhood morbidities. We hypothesized that infants exposed to MSDP have a distinct proteomic expression in their term placentas compared to infants without such an exposure. A total of 39 infants exposed (cord blood cotinine levels of >1 ng/mL) and 44 infants not exposed to MSDP were included in the study. Women with chronic disease, body mass index of > 30, or a history of uterine surgery were excluded. Total proteome abundance was analysed with quantitative mass spectrometry. For univariate analysis of differences in placental protein levels between groups, ANOVA with multiple testing corrections by the Benjamini-Hochberg method was used. For multivariate analysis, we used principal component analysis, partial least squares, lasso, random forest, and neural networks. The univariate analyses showed four differentially abundant proteins (PXDN, CYP1A1, GPR183, and KRT81) when heavy and moderate smoking groups were compared to non-smokers. With the help of machine learning, we found that an additional six proteins (SEPTIN3, CRAT, NAAA, CD248, CADM3, and ZNF648) were discriminants of MSDP. The placental abundance of these ten proteins together explained 74.1% of the variation in cord blood cotinine levels (p = 0.002). Infants exposed to MSDP showed differential abundance of proteins in term placentas. We report differential placental abundance of several proteins for the first time in the setting of MSDP. We believe that these findings supplement the current understanding of how MSDP affects the placental proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Chelslín
- University Health Care Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Maria Lodefalk
- University Health Care Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Robert Kruse
- Department of Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden; Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC) and X-HiDE Consortium, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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Qi W, Gundogan F, Gilligan J, Monte SDL. Dietary soy prevents fetal demise, intrauterine growth restriction, craniofacial dysmorphic features, and impairments in placentation linked to gestational alcohol exposure: Pivotal role of insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling networks. Alcohol 2023; 110:65-81. [PMID: 36898643 PMCID: PMC10272094 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prenatal alcohol exposure can impair placentation and cause intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), fetal demise, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Previous studies showed that ethanol's inhibition of placental insulin and insulin-like growth factor, type 1 (IGF-1) signaling compromises trophoblastic cell motility and maternal vascular transformation at the implantation site. Since soy isolate supports insulin responsiveness, we hypothesized that dietary soy could be used to normalize placentation and fetal growth in an experimental model of FASD. METHODS Pregnant Long-Evans rat dams were fed with isocaloric liquid diets containing 0% or 8.2% ethanol (v/v) from gestation day (GD) 6. Dietary protein sources were either 100% soy isolate or 100% casein (standard). Gestational sacs were harvested on GD19 to evaluate fetal resorption, fetal growth parameters, and placental morphology. Placental insulin/IGF-1 signaling through Akt pathways was assessed using commercial bead-based multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS Dietary soy markedly reduced or prevented the ethanol-associated fetal loss, IUGR, FASD dysmorphic features, and impairments in placentation/maturation. Furthermore, ethanol's inhibitory effects on the placental glycogen cell population at the junctional zone, invasive trophoblast populations at the implantation site, maternal vascular transformation, and signaling through the insulin and IGF1 receptors, Akt and PRAS40 were largely abrogated by co-administration of soy. CONCLUSION Dietary soy may provide an economically feasible and accessible means of reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes linked to gestational ethanol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qi
- Liver Research Center of the Department of Medicine at Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02905, US
| | - Fusun Gundogan
- Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, 02905, US; Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, 02905, US
| | - Jeffrey Gilligan
- Liver Research Center of the Department of Medicine at Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02905, US
| | - Suzanne de la Monte
- Liver Research Center of the Department of Medicine at Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02905, US; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02905, USA; Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, 02905, US; Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, 02905, US.
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A Kaleidoscope of Keratin Gene Expression and the Mosaic of Its Regulatory Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065603. [PMID: 36982676 PMCID: PMC10052683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratins are a family of intermediate filament-forming proteins highly specific to epithelial cells. A combination of expressed keratin genes is a defining property of the epithelium belonging to a certain type, organ/tissue, cell differentiation potential, and at normal or pathological conditions. In a variety of processes such as differentiation and maturation, as well as during acute or chronic injury and malignant transformation, keratin expression undergoes switching: an initial keratin profile changes accordingly to changed cell functions and location within a tissue as well as other parameters of cellular phenotype and physiology. Tight control of keratin expression implies the presence of complex regulatory landscapes within the keratin gene loci. Here, we highlight patterns of keratin expression in different biological conditions and summarize disparate data on mechanisms controlling keratin expression at the level of genomic regulatory elements, transcription factors (TFs), and chromatin spatial structure.
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Hafez SMNA, Elbassuoni E, Abdelzaher WY, Welson NN, Batiha GES, Alzahrani KJ, Abdelbaky FAF. Efficacy of vitamin E in protection against methotrexate induced placental injury in albino rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111637. [PMID: 33965732 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methotrexate (MXT) is a chemotherapeutic drug that has been used in a wide range of clinical practices. Unfortunately, the administration of MXT during pregnancy may induce abortion, fetal deformities, and intrauterine growth retardation. Vitamin E is an antioxidant agent that can ameliorate free radical damage. The current work aimed to shed more light on the possible protective effect of vitamin E against MXT induced placental toxicity and to determine the possible mechanisms; biochemically, histologically, and immunohistochemically. Four groups were used: control pregnant, Vitamin E (VIT E) pregnant, Methotrexate (MXT) pregnant, and Vitamin E Methotrexate (VIT E-MXT) pregnant. The placental tissues were processed for light, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic study. Other samples were obtained for biochemical study; the placental oxidant/antioxidant status was evaluated. The results showed that MXT caused various placental morphological changes in the form of distorted chorionic projection with an accumulation of hemosiderin granules in the trophoblastic cells. Maternal blood vessels showed a homogenous acidophilic material Edema of the extra-embryonic fetal membranes was noticed. A significant decreased in placental weight as well as increase in the oxidative and inflammatory markers were detected. Increased COX2 and decreased eNOS expressions were observed in the MXT group if compared to the control group. VIT E significantly restored the normal histological and immunohistochemical appearance, placental weight, and oxidant/antioxidant balance. It could be concluded the biochemical, morphological, and morphometric findings suggested that vitamin E coadministration is promising in attenuating the placental toxic effect of methotrexate. In this study, VIT E decreased the inflammatory and oxidative stress effect of methotrexate on the placental tissue by enhancing the level of eNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eman Elbassuoni
- Physiology Department, Minia University, Faculty of Medicine, Minia, Egypt.
| | | | - Nermeen N Welson
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt.
| | - Khalid J Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia.
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Acquisition of a hybrid E/M state is essential for tumorigenicity of basal breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:7353-7362. [PMID: 30910979 PMCID: PMC6462070 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812876116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As carcinoma cells progress toward high-grade malignancy, they often if not invariably activate the cell-biological program termed the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). We discovered that, both in vitro and in vivo, certain breast cancer cells can reside stably and thus with low cell plasticity in a highly tumorigenic, hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal state driven by Snail and canonical Wnt signaling. However, if such cells are forced into a fully mesenchymal state, this results in a poorly tumorigenic cell population under the control of Zeb1 and noncanonical Wnt signaling. These findings suggest that the design of future therapeutic approaches will need to consider the various subpopulations of carcinoma cells that reside at various positions along the E–M spectrum. Carcinoma cells residing in an intermediate phenotypic state along the epithelial–mesenchymal (E–M) spectrum are associated with malignant phenotypes, such as invasiveness, tumor-initiating ability, and metastatic dissemination. Using the recently described CD104+/CD44hi antigen marker combination, we isolated highly tumorigenic breast cancer cells residing stably—both in vitro and in vivo—in an intermediate phenotypic state and coexpressing both epithelial (E) and mesenchymal (M) markers. We demonstrate that tumorigenicity depends on individual cells residing in this E/M hybrid state and cannot be phenocopied by mixing two cell populations that reside stably at the two ends of the spectrum, i.e., in the E and in the M state. Hence, residence in a specific intermediate state along the E–M spectrum rather than phenotypic plasticity appears critical to the expression of tumor-initiating capacity. Acquisition of this E/M hybrid state is facilitated by the differential expression of EMT-inducing transcription factors (EMT-TFs) and is accompanied by the expression of adult stem cell programs, notably, active canonical Wnt signaling. Furthermore, transition from the highly tumorigenic E/M state to a fully mesenchymal phenotype, achieved by constitutive ectopic expression of Zeb1, is sufficient to drive cells out of the E/M hybrid state into a highly mesenchymal state, which is accompanied by a substantial loss of tumorigenicity and a switch from canonical to noncanonical Wnt signaling. Identifying the gatekeepers of the various phenotypic states arrayed along the E–M spectrum is likely to prove useful in developing therapeutic approaches that operate by shifting cancer cells between distinct states along this spectrum.
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Placental function and structure at term is altered in broodmares fed with cereals from mid-gestation. Placenta 2018; 64:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Nejabati HR, Latifi Z, Ghasemnejad T, Fattahi A, Nouri M. Placental growth factor (PlGF) as an angiogenic/inflammatory switcher: lesson from early pregnancy losses. Gynecol Endocrinol 2017; 33:668-674. [PMID: 28447504 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2017.1318375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Placental growth factor (PlGF) is an angiogenic factor which belongs to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family. In addition to the angiogenic function of PlGF, in some conditions such as preeclampsia and early pregnancy losses, it can induce inflammatory reactions which could be accompanied with reduced angiogenesis. Hence, it is crucial to investigate inflammatory and angiogenic switching states and understand underlying mechanisms. PlGF is expressed in endometrium, placenta and trophoblast cells and is involved in maturation of uterine NK cells. Up-regulation of PlGF directs VEGF to VEGFR-2 and reinforces angiogenesis. However, when VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling pathway is impaired, PlGF may shift to severe inflammation and cause tissue damages which could lead to early pregnancy losses. Downregulation of PlGF has also been reported in pregnancy complications. In this review, we discussed the role of PlGF in embryo implantation failure and early pregnancy loss and also possible mechanisms regarding the role of PlGF in angiogenic/inflammatory switching in early pregnancy losses. Furthermore, we summarized the effects of various compounds on PlGF expression and briefly talked about its therapeutic potential that may be an opportunity for prevention of pregnancy loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Nejabati
- a Women's Reproductive Health Research Center
- b Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine , and
| | - Zeinab Latifi
- b Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine , and
| | | | - Amir Fattahi
- a Women's Reproductive Health Research Center
- c Department of Reproductive Biology , Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- c Department of Reproductive Biology , Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
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Kumar V, Bouameur JE, Bär J, Rice RH, Hornig-Do HT, Roop DR, Schwarz N, Brodesser S, Thiering S, Leube RE, Wiesner RJ, Vijayaraj P, Brazel CB, Heller S, Binder H, Löffler-Wirth H, Seibel P, Magin TM. A keratin scaffold regulates epidermal barrier formation, mitochondrial lipid composition, and activity. J Cell Biol 2016; 211:1057-75. [PMID: 26644517 PMCID: PMC4674273 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201404147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal keratin filaments are important components and organizers of the cornified envelope and regulate mitochondrial metabolism by modulating their membrane composition. Keratin intermediate filaments (KIFs) protect the epidermis against mechanical force, support strong adhesion, help barrier formation, and regulate growth. The mechanisms by which type I and II keratins contribute to these functions remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that mice lacking all type I or type II keratins display severe barrier defects and fragile skin, leading to perinatal mortality with full penetrance. Comparative proteomics of cornified envelopes (CEs) from prenatal KtyI−/− and KtyII−/−K8 mice demonstrates that absence of KIF causes dysregulation of many CE constituents, including downregulation of desmoglein 1. Despite persistence of loricrin expression and upregulation of many Nrf2 targets, including CE components Sprr2d and Sprr2h, extensive barrier defects persist, identifying keratins as essential CE scaffolds. Furthermore, we show that KIFs control mitochondrial lipid composition and activity in a cell-intrinsic manner. Therefore, our study explains the complexity of keratinopathies accompanied by barrier disorders by linking keratin scaffolds to mitochondria, adhesion, and CE formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine Leipzig, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany Institute of Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jamal-Eddine Bouameur
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine Leipzig, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany Institute of Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janina Bär
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine Leipzig, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany Institute of Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Hue-Tran Hornig-Do
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Dennis R Roop
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80045 Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80045
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Susanne Brodesser
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sören Thiering
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine Leipzig, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany Institute of Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rudolf E Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rudolf J Wiesner
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Christina B Brazel
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine Leipzig, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany Institute of Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Heller
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans Binder
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henry Löffler-Wirth
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Seibel
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine Leipzig, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany Institute of Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Maderer A, Plutizki S, Kramb JP, Göpfert K, Linnig M, Khillimberger K, Ganser C, Lauermann E, Dannhardt G, Galle PR, Moehler M. Moguntinones--new selective inhibitors for the treatment of human colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1399-409. [PMID: 24743703 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
3-Indolyl and 3-azaindolyl-4-aryl maleimide derivatives, called moguntinones (MOG), have been selected for their ability to inhibit protein kinases associated with angiogenesis and induce apoptosis. Here, we characterize their mode of action and their potential clinical value in human colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo. MOG-19 and MOG-13 were characterized in vitro using kinase, viability, and apoptosis assays in different human colon cancer (HT-29, HCT-116, Caco-2, and SW480) and normal colon cell lines (CCD-18Co, FHC, and HCoEpiC) alone or in combination with topoisomerase I inhibitors. Intracellular signaling pathways were analyzed by Western blotting. To determine their potential to inhibit tumor growth in vivo, the human HT-29 tumor xenograft model was used. Moguntinones prominently inhibit several protein kinases associated with tumor growth and metastasis. Specific signaling pathways such as GSK3β and mTOR downstream targets were inhibited with IC(50) values in the nanomolar range. GSK3β signaling inhibition was independent of KRAS, BRAF, and PI3KCA mutation status. While moguntinones alone induced apoptosis only in concentrations >10 μmol/L, MOG-19 in combination with topoisomerase I inhibitors induced apoptosis synergistically at lower concentrations. Consistent with in vitro data, MOG-19 significantly reduced tumor volume and weight in combination with a topoisomerase I inhibitor in vivo. Our in vitro and in vivo data present significant proapoptotic, antiangiogenic, and antiproliferative effects of MOG-19 in different human colon cancer cells. Combination with clinically relevant topoisomerase I inhibitors in vitro and xenograft mouse model demonstrate a high potency of moguntinones to complement and improve standard chemotherapy options in human colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Maderer
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Internal Medicine I and Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stanislav Plutizki
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Internal Medicine I and Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan-Peter Kramb
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Internal Medicine I and Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katrin Göpfert
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Internal Medicine I and Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Monika Linnig
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Internal Medicine I and Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katrin Khillimberger
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Internal Medicine I and Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christopher Ganser
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Internal Medicine I and Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva Lauermann
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Internal Medicine I and Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gerd Dannhardt
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Internal Medicine I and Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter R Galle
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Internal Medicine I and Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Moehler
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Internal Medicine I and Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Skin Fragility and Impaired Desmosomal Adhesion in Mice Lacking All Keratins. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1012-1022. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Beyond expectations: novel insights into epidermal keratin function and regulation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 311:265-306. [PMID: 24952920 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800179-0.00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is a stratified epithelium that relies on its cytoskeleton and cell junctions to protect the body against mechanical injury, dehydration, and infections. Keratin intermediate filament proteins are involved in many of these functions by forming cell-specific cytoskeletal scaffolds crucial for the maintenance of cell and tissue integrity. In response to various stresses, the expression and organization of keratins are altered at transcriptional and posttranslational levels to restore tissue homeostasis. Failure to restore tissue homeostasis in the presence of keratin gene mutations results in acute and chronic skin disorders for which currently no rational therapies are available. Here, we review the recent progress on the role of keratins in cytoarchitecture, adhesion, signaling, and inflammation. By focusing on epidermal keratins, we illustrate the contribution of keratin isotypes to differentiated epithelial functions.
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Downregulation of keratin 76 expression during oral carcinogenesis of human, hamster and mouse. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70688. [PMID: 23936238 PMCID: PMC3728316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Keratins are structural marker proteins with tissue specific expression; however, recent reports indicate their involvement in cancer progression. Previous study from our lab revealed deregulation of many genes related to structural molecular integrity including KRT76. Here we evaluate the role of KRT76 downregulation in oral precancer and cancer development. Methods We evaluated KRT76 expression by qRT-PCR in normal and tumor tissues of the oral cavity. We also analyzed K76 expression by immunohistochemistry in normal, oral precancerous lesion (OPL), oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and in hamster model of oral carcinogenesis. Further, functional implication of KRT76 loss was confirmed using KRT76-knockout (KO) mice. Results We observed a strong association of reduced K76 expression with increased risk of OPL and OSCC development. The buccal epithelium of DMBA treated hamsters showed a similar trend. Oral cavity of KRT76-KO mice showed preneoplastic changes in the gingivobuccal epithelium while no pathological changes were observed in KRT76 negative tissues such as tongue. Conclusion The present study demonstrates loss of KRT76 in oral carcinogenesis. The KRT76-KO mice data underlines the potential of KRT76 being an early event although this loss is not sufficient to drive the development of oral cancers. Thus, future studies to investigate the contributing role of KRT76 in light of other tumor driving events are warranted.
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Kröger C, Loschke F, Schwarz N, Windoffer R, Leube RE, Magin TM. Keratins control intercellular adhesion involving PKC-α-mediated desmoplakin phosphorylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 201:681-92. [PMID: 23690176 PMCID: PMC3664716 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201208162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Keratins limit PKC-α phosphorylation activity and desmosome turnover to ensure the stability of epithelial intracellular adhesion. Maintenance of epithelial cell adhesion is crucial for epidermal morphogenesis and homeostasis and relies predominantly on the interaction of keratins with desmosomes. Although the importance of desmosomes to epidermal coherence and keratin organization is well established, the significance of keratins in desmosome organization has not been fully resolved. Here, we report that keratinocytes lacking all keratins show elevated, PKC-α–mediated desmoplakin phosphorylation and subsequent destabilization of desmosomes. We find that PKC-α activity is regulated by Rack1–keratin interaction. Without keratins, desmosomes assemble but are endocytosed at accelerated rates, rendering epithelial sheets highly susceptible to mechanical stress. Re-expression of the keratin pair K5/14, inhibition of PKC-α activity, or blocking of endocytosis reconstituted both desmosome localization at the plasma membrane and epithelial adhesion. Our findings identify a hitherto unknown mechanism by which keratins control intercellular adhesion, with potential implications for tumor invasion and keratinopathies, settings in which diminished cell adhesion facilitates tissue fragility and neoplastic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Kröger
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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König K, Meder L, Kröger C, Diehl L, Florin A, Rommerscheidt-Fuss U, Kahl P, Wardelmann E, Magin TM, Buettner R, Heukamp LC. Loss of the keratin cytoskeleton is not sufficient to induce epithelial mesenchymal transition in a novel KRAS driven sporadic lung cancer mouse model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57996. [PMID: 23536778 PMCID: PMC3594220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), the phenotypical change of cells from an epithelial to a mesenchymal type, is thought to be a key event in invasion and metastasis of adenocarcinomas. These changes involve loss of keratin expression as well as loss of cell polarity and adhesion. We here aimed to determine whether the loss of keratin expression itself drives increased invasion and metastasis in adenocarcinomas and whether keratin loss leads to the phenotypic changes associated with EMT. Therefore, we employed a recently described murine model in which conditional deletion of the Keratin cluster II by Cre-recombinase leads to the loss of the entire keratinmultiprotein family. These mice were crossed into a newly generated Cre-recombinase inducible KRAS-driven murine lung cancer model to examine the effect of keratin loss on morphology, invasion and metastasis as well as expression of EMT related genes in the resulting tumors. We here clearly show that loss of a functional keratin cytoskeleton did not significantly alter tumor morphology or biology in terms of invasion, metastasis, proliferation or tumor burden and did not lead to induction of EMT. Further, tumor cells did not induce synchronously expression of vimentin, which is often seen in EMT, to compensate for keratin loss. In summary, our data suggest that changes in cell shape and migration that underlie EMT are dependent on changes in signaling pathways that cause secondary changes in keratin expression and organization. Thus, we conclude that loss of the keratin cytoskeleton per se is not sufficient to causally drive EMT in this tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina König
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lydia Meder
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cornelia Kröger
- Whitehead Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Linda Diehl
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Philip Kahl
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Wardelmann
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Magin
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Lukas C. Heukamp
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Pan X, Hobbs RP, Coulombe PA. The expanding significance of keratin intermediate filaments in normal and diseased epithelia. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2013; 25:47-56. [PMID: 23270662 PMCID: PMC3578078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments are assembled from a diverse group of evolutionary conserved proteins and are specified in a tissue-dependent, cell type-dependent, and context-dependent fashion in the body. Genetic mutations in intermediate filament proteins account for a large number of diseases, ranging from skin fragility conditions to cardiomyopathies and premature aging. Keratins, the epithelial-specific intermediate filaments, are now recognized as multi-faceted effectors in their native context. In this review, we emphasize the recent progress made in defining the role of keratins towards the regulation of cytoarchitecture, cell growth and proliferation, apoptosis, and cell motility during embryonic development, in normal adult tissues, and in select diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoou Pan
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan P. Hobbs
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pierre A. Coulombe
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Chen Z, Zhang J, Hatta K, Lima PDA, Yadi H, Colucci F, Yamada AT, Croy BA. DBA-lectin reactivity defines mouse uterine natural killer cell subsets with biased gene expression. Biol Reprod 2012; 87:81. [PMID: 22875907 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.102293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial decidualization, a process essential for blastocyst implantation in species with hemochorial placentation, is accompanied by an enormous but transient influx of natural killer (NK) cells. Mouse uterine NK (uNK) cell subsets have been defined by diameter and cytoplasmic granule number, reflecting stage of maturity, and by histochemical reactivity with Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) reagent with or without co-reactivity with Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) lectin. We asked whether DBA- and DBA+ mouse uNK cells were equivalent using quantitative RT-PCR analyses of flow-separated, midpregnancy (Gestation Day [gd] 10) cells and immunohistochemistry. CD3E (CD3)-IL2RB (CD122)+DBA cells were identified as the dominant Ifng transcript source. Skewed IFNG production by uNK cell subsets was confirmed by analysis of uNK cells from eYFP-tagged IFNG-reporter mice. In contrast, CD3E-IL2RB+DBA+ uNK cells expressed genes compatible with significantly greater potential for IL22 synthesis, angiogenesis, and participation in regulation mediated by the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). CD3E-IL2RB+DBA+ cells were further divided into VEGFA+ and VEGFA- subsets. CD3E-IL2RB+DBA+ uNK cells but not CD3E-IL2RB+DBA- uNK cells arose from circulating, bone marrow-derived progenitor cells by gd6. These findings indicate the heterogeneous nature of mouse uNK cells and suggest that studies using only DBA+ uNK cells will give biased data that does not fully represent the uNK cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Chen
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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