Long-Term Outcomes of Acute Myocardial Infarction With Concomitant Cardiogenic Shock and Cardiac Arrest

Machine learning in the prediction of in-hospital mortality in patients with first acute myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND

Persistent efforts are required to further reduce the in-hospital mortality of patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction (AMI), even in the face of a global trend of declining AMI-related fatalities. We investigated deep machine learning models for in-hospital death prediction in patients on their first AMI.

METHOD

In this 2-center retrospective analysis, first AMI patients from Hospital I and Hospital II were included; 4783 patients from Hospital 1 were split in a 7:3 ratio between the training and testing sets. Data from 1053 AMI patients in Hospital II was used for further validation. 70 clinical information and laboratory examination parameters as predictive indicators were included. Logistic Regression Classifier (LR), Random Forests Classifier (RF), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), Support Vector Machine Classifier (SVM), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), Bootstrapped Aggregation (Bagging) models with AMI patients were developed. The importance of selected variables was obtained through the Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method. The performance of each model was shown using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and the area under the precision-recall curve (Average Precision; AP).

RESULT

The in-hospital mortality for AMI in the training, testing, and validation sets were 5.7 %, 5.6 %, and 6.0 %, respectively. The top 8 predictors were D-dimer, brain natriuretic peptide, cardiogenic shock, neutrophil, prothrombin time, blood urea nitrogen, cardiac arrest, and phosphorus. In the testing cohort, the models of LR, RF, XGB, SVM, MLP, GBM, and Bagging yielded AUROC values of 0.929, 0.931, 0.907, 0.868, 0.907, 0.923, and 0.932, respectively. Bagging has good predictive value and certain clinical value in external validation with AUROC 0.893.

CONCLUSION

In order to improve the forecasting accuracy of the risk of AMI patients, guide clinical nursing practice, and lower AMI inpatient mortality, this study looked into significant indicators and the optimal models for predicting AMI inpatient mortality.

Indications for Cardiac Catheterization and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with Resuscitated Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The role of emergent cardiac catheterization after resuscitated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has evolved based on recent randomized evidence. This review aims to discuss the latest evidence and current indications for emergent coronary angiography (CAG) and mechanical circulatory support (MCS) use following OHCA.

RECENT FINDINGS

In contrast to previous observational data, recent RCTs evaluating early CAG in resuscitated OHCA patients without ST elevation have uniformly demonstrated a lack of benefit in terms of survival or neurological outcome. There is currently no randomized evidence supporting MCS use specifically in patients with resuscitated OHCA and cardiogenic shock. Urgent CAG should be considered in all patients with ST elevation, recurrent electrical or hemodynamic instability, those who are awake following resuscitated OHCA, and those receiving extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR). Recent evidence suggests that CAG may be safely delayed in hemodynamically stable patients without ST-segment elevation following resuscitated OHCA.

Effect of Concomitant Cardiac Arrest on Outcomes in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome-Related Cardiogenic Shock

Patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS)-related cardiogenic shock (CS) with or without concomitant CA may have disparate prognoses. We compared clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with CS secondary to ACS with and without cardiac arrest (CA). Between 2014 and 2020, 1,573 patients with ACS-related CS with or without CA who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention enrolled in a multicenter Australian registry were analyzed. Primary outcome was 30-day major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) (composite of mortality, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, target vessel revascularization and stroke). Long-term mortality was obtained through linkage to the National Death Index. Compared with the no-CA group (n = 769, 49%), the CA group (n = 804, 51%) was younger (62 vs 69 years, p <0.001) and had fewer comorbidities. Patients with CA more frequently had ST-elevation myocardial infarction (92% vs 86%), occluded left anterior descending artery (43% vs 33%), and severe preprocedural renal impairment (49% vs 42%) (all p <0.001). CA increased risk of 30-day MACCE by 45% (odds ratio 1.45, 95% confidence interval 1.05 to 2.00, p = 0.024) after adjustment. CA group had higher 30-day MACCE (55% vs 42%, p <0.001) and mortality (52% vs 37%, p <0.001). Three-year survival was lower for CA compared with no-CA patients (43% vs 52%, p <0.001). In Cox regression, CS with CA was associated with a trend toward greater long-term mortality hazard (hazard ratio 1.19, 95% confidence interval 1.00 to 1.41, p = 0.055). In conclusion, concomitant CA among patients with ACS-related CS conferred a particularly heightened short-term risk with a diminishing legacy effect over time for mortality. CS survivors continue to exhibit high sustained long-term mortality hazard regardless of CA status.

Association between lactate/albumin ratio and all-cause mortality in critical patients with acute myocardial infarction

It has been demonstrated that lactate/albumin (L/A) ratio is substantially relevant to the prognosis of sepsis, septic shock, and heart failure. However, there is still debate regarding the connection between the L/A ratio and severe acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The aim of this study is to determine the prognostic role of L/A ratio in patients with severe AMI. Our retrospective study extracted data from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) database, included 1,134 patients diagnosed with AMI. Based on the tertiles of L/A ratio, the patients were divided into three groups: Tertile1 (T1) group (L/A ratio<0.4063, n=379), Tertile2 (T2) group (0.4063≤L/A ratio≤0.6667, n =379), and Tertile3 (T3) group (L/A ratio>0.6667, n =376). Uni- and multivariate COX regression model were used to analyze the relationship between L/A ratio and 14-day, 28-day and 90-day all-cause mortality. Meanwhile, the restricted cubic spline (RCS) model was used to evaluate the effect of L/A ratio as a continuous variable. Higher mortality was observed in AMI patients with higher L/A ratio. Multivariate Cox proportional risk model validated the independent association of L/A ratio with 14-day all-cause mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 1.813, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.041-3.156 (T3 vs T1 group)], 28-day all-cause mortality [HR 1.725, 95% CI 1.035-2.874 (T2 vs T1 group), HR 1.991, 95% CI 1.214-3.266 (T3 vs T1 group)], as well as 90-day all-cause mortality [HR 1.934, 95% CI 1.176-3.183 (T2 vs T1 group), HR 2.307, 95% CI 1.426-3.733 (T3 vs T1 group)]. There was a consistent trend in subgroup analysis. The Kaplan-Meier (K-M) survival curves indicated that patients with L/A ratio>0.6667 had the highest mortality. Even after adjusting the confounding factors, RCS curves revealed a nearly linearity between L/A ratio and 14-day, 28-day and 90-day all-cause mortality. Meanwhile, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 14-day, 28-day and 90-day all-cause mortality were 0.730, 0.725 and 0.730, respectively. L/A ratio was significantly associated with 14-day, 28-day and 90-day all-cause mortality in critical patients with AMI. Higher L/A ratio will be considered an independent risk factor for higher mortality in AMI patients.

In-Hospital cardiac arrest complicating ST-elevation myocardial Infarction: Temporal trends and outcomes based on management strategy

BACKGROUND

There are limited data on the relationship of ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) management strategy and in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA).

AIMS

To investigate the trends and outcomes of IHCA in STEMI by management strategy.

METHODS

Adult with STEMI complicated by IHCA from the National Inpatient Sample (2000-2017) were stratified into early percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (day 0 of hospitalization), delayed PCI (PCI ≥ day 1), or medical management (no PCI). Coronary artery bypass surgery was excluded. Outcomes of interest included in-hospital mortality, adverse events, length of stay, and hospitalization costs.

RESULTS

Of 3,967,711 STEMI admissions, IHCA was noted in 102,424 (2.6%) with an increase in incidence during this study period. Medically managed STEMI had higher rates of IHCA (3.6% vs 2.0% vs 1.3%, p < 0.001) compared to early and delayed PCI, respectively. Revascularization was associated with lower rates of IHCA (early PCI: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.44 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43-0.44], p < 0.001; delayed PCI aOR 0.33 [95% CI 0.32-0.33], p < 0.001) compared to medical management. Non-revascularized patients had higher rates of non-shockable rhythms (62% vs 35% and 42.6%), but lower rates of multiorgan damage (44% vs 52.7% and 55.6%), cardiogenic shock (28% vs 65% and 57.4%) compared to early and delayed PCI, respectively (all p < 0.001). In-hospital mortality was lower with early PCI (49%, aOR 0.18, 95% CI 0.17-0.18), and delayed PCI (50.9%, aOR 0.18, 95% CI 0.17-0.19) (p < 0.001) compared to medical management (82.5%).

CONCLUSION

Early PCI in STEMI impacts the natural history of IHCA including timing and type of IHCA.

Contemporary Management of Concomitant Cardiac Arrest and Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Myocardial Infarction

Cardiogenic shock (CS) and cardiac arrest (CA) are the most life-threatening complications of acute myocardial infarction. Although there is a significant overlap in the pathophysiology with approximately half the patients with CS experiencing a CA and approximately two-thirds of patients with CA developing CS, comprehensive guideline recommendations for management of CA + CS are lacking. This paper summarizes the current evidence on the incidence, pathophysiology, and short- and long-term outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by concomitant CA + CS. We discuss the hemodynamic factors and unique challenges that need to be accounted for while developing treatment strategies for these patients. A summary of expert-based step-by-step recommendations to the approach and treatment of these patients, both in the field before admission and in-hospital management, are presented.

Acute Heart Failure

Heart failure impacts millions of Americans and has an approximate 5-year mortality rate of 50%-55%. Decompensation of this disease state could result in a patient's initial presentation and diagnosis or may reflect a worsening of a chronic condition that is being managed but needs optimization. Secondary to this, it is important for members of the health care team in the emergency department to recognize the presentation of this disease and manage the patient's signs and symptoms appropriately. Patients may be normotensive upon presentation or hemodynamically unstable. Those who are normotensive are often managed with loop diuretics and possibly low-dose vasodilators, whereas those who are hemodynamically unstable require more aggressive, focused care. It is important to note that some patients may present with respiratory failure and with no known history of heart failure. In these cases, a rapid and accurate diagnosis is critical. This article briefly summarizes the common acute clinical presentations of heart failure and the therapies considered first line for treatment based on the primary literature.

Newer P2Y12 Inhibitors vs Clopidogrel in Acute Myocardial Infarction With Cardiac Arrest or Cardiogenic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the outcomes, safety, and efficacy of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with newer P2Y₁₂ inhibitors compared with clopidogrel in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by cardiac arrest (CA) or cardiogenic shock (CS).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were queried systematically from inception to January 2021 for comparative studies of adults (≥18 years) with AMI-CA/CS receiving DAPT with newer P2Y₁₂ inhibitors as opposed to clopidogrel. We compared outcomes (30-day or in-hospital and 1-year all-cause mortality, major bleeding, and definite stent thrombosis) of newer P2Y₁₂ inhibitors and clopidogrel in patients with AMI-CA/CS.

RESULTS

Eight studies (1 randomized trial and 7 cohort studies) comprising 1100 patients (695 [63.2%] receiving clopidogrel and 405 [36.8%] receiving ticagrelor or prasugrel) were included. The population was mostly male (68.5%-86.7%). Risk of bias was low for these studies, with between-study heterogeneity and subgroup differences not statistically significant. Compared with the clopidogrel cohort, the newer P2Y₁₂ cohort had lower rates of early mortality (odds ratio [OR], 0.60; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.81; P=.001) (7 studies) and 1-year mortality (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.71; P<.001) (3 studies). We did not find a significant difference in major bleeding (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.71 to 2.06; P=.48) (6 studies) or definite stent thrombosis (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 0.63 to 6.45; P=.24) (7 studies).

CONCLUSION

In patients with AMI-CA/CS receiving DAPT, compared with clopidogrel, newer P2Y₁₂ inhibitors were associated with lower rates of early and 1-year mortality. Data on major bleeding and stent thrombosis were inconclusive.

A Comprehensive Appraisal of Risk Prediction Models for Cardiogenic Shock

ABSTRACT

Despite advances in early revascularization, percutaneous hemodynamic support platforms, and systems of care, cardiogenic shock (CS) remains associated with a mortality rate higher than 50%. Several risk stratification models have been derived since the 1990 s to identify patients at high risk of adverse outcomes. Still, limited information is available on the differences between scoring systems and their relative applicability to both acute myocardial infarction and advanced decompensated heart failure CS. Thus, we reviewed the similarities, differences, and limitations of published CS risk prediction models and herein discuss their suitability to the contemporary management of CS care.

Outcomes Associated With Cardiac Arrest in Patients in the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit With Cardiogenic Shock

Cardiac arrest (CA) is common and has been associated with adverse outcomes in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS). We sought to determine the prevalence, patient characteristics, and outcomes of CA in cardiovascular intensive care unit patients with CS. We queried cardiovascular intensive care unit admissions from 2007 to 2018 with an admission diagnosis of CS and compared patients with and without CA. Temporal trends were assessed using linear regression. The primary and secondary outcomes of in-hospital and 1-year mortality were analyzed using logistic regression and Cox proportional-hazards analysis, respectively. We included 1,498 patients, and CA was present in 510 patients (34%), with 258 (50.6% of patients with CA) having ventricular fibrillation (VF). Mean age was 68 ± 14 years, and 37% were females. The prevalence of CA decreased over time (from 43% in 2007 to 24% in 2018, p <0.001). Hospital mortality was 33.3% and decreased over time in patients without CA (from 30% in 2007 to 22% in 2018, p = 0.05), but not in patients with CA (p = 0.71). CA was associated with a higher risk of hospital mortality (51.0% vs 24.2%, adjusted odds ratio 2.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.52 to 3.05, p <0.001), with no difference between VF CA and non-VF CA (p = 0.64). CA was associated with higher 1-year mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 1.53, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.89, p <0.001). In conclusion, CA is present in 1 of 3 of CS hospitalizations and confers a substantially higher risk of hospital and 1-year mortality with no improvement during our 12-year study period contrary to prevailing trends.

Hospital-Level Disparities in the Management and Outcomes of Cardiac Arrest Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction

There are limited contemporary data evaluating the relation between hospital characteristics and outcomes of patients with cardiac arrest complicating acute myocardial infarction (AMI-CA). As such, we used the National Inpatient Sample database (2000 to 2017), to identify adult admissions with primary diagnosis of AMI and concomitant CA. Interhospital transfers were excluded, and hospitals were classified based on location and teaching status (rural, urban nonteaching, and urban teaching) and bed size (small, medium, and large). Among 494,083 AMI-CA admissions, 9.3% received care at rural hospitals, 43.4% at urban nonteaching hospitals, and 47.3% at urban teaching hospitals. Compared with urban nonteaching and teaching hospitals, AMI-CA admissions at rural hospitals received lower rates of cardiac and noncardiac procedures. Admissions to urban teaching hospitals had higher rates of acute organ failure, concomitant cardiogenic shock, and cardiac and noncardiac procedures. When hospitals were stratified by bed size, 9.8% of AMI-CA admissions were admitted to small capacity hospitals, 26.0% to medium capacity, and 64.2% to large capacity hospitals. The use of cardiac and noncardiac procedures was lower in small hospitals with higher rates of use in medium and large hospitals. In-hospital mortality was higher in urban nonteaching (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI]1.14 to 1.20; p <0.001) and urban teaching hospitals (adjusted OR 1.36; 95% CI 1.32 to 1.39; p <0.001) compared with rural hospitals. Compared with small hospitals, medium (adjusted OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.14; p <0.001) and large hospitals (adjusted OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.19 to 1.25; p <0.001) were associated with higher in-hospital mortality. In conclusion, AMI-CA admissions to large and urban hospitals had higher in-hospital mortality compared with small and rural hospitals potentially owing to greater acuity.

A Clinical Update on Vasoactive Medication in the Management of Cardiogenic Shock

This is a focused review looking at the pharmacological support in cardiogenic shock. There are a plethora of data evaluating vasopressors and inotropes in septic shock, but the data are limited for cardiogenic shock. This review article describes in detail the pathophysiology of cardiogenic shock, the mechanism of action of different vasopressors and inotropes emphasizing their indications and potential side effects. This review article incorporates the currently used specific risk-prediction models in cardiogenic shock as well as integrates data from many trials on the use of vasopressors and inotropes. Lastly, this review seeks to discuss the future direction for vasoactive medications in cardiogenic shock.

Pulmonary artery catheterization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: A review of contemporary literature

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction patients, the most common cause of cardiogenic shock (CS), have acutely deteriorating hemodynamic status. The frequent use of vasopressor and inotropic pharmacologic interventions along with mechanical circulatory support (MCS) in these patients necessitates invasive hemodynamic monitoring. After the pivotal Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness trial failed to show a significant improvement in clinical outcomes in shock patients managed with a pulmonary artery catheter (PAC), the use of PAC has become less popular in clinical practice. In this review, we summarize currently available literature to summarize the indications, clinical relevance, and recommendations for use of PAC in the setting of AMI-CS.

Temporal Trends, Predictors and Outcomes of Inpatient Palliative Care Use in Cardiac Arrest Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction

BACKGROUND

Utilization of inpatient palliative care services (PCS) has been infrequently studied in patients with cardiac arrest complicating acute myocardial infarction (AMI-CA).

METHODS

Adult AMI-CA admissions were identified from the National Inpatient Sample (2000-2017). Outcomes of interest included temporal trends and predictors of PCS use and in-hospital mortality, length of stay, hospitalization costs and discharge disposition in AMI-CA admissions with and without PCS use. Multivariable logistic regression and propensity matching were used to adjust for confounding.

RESULTS

Among 584,263 AMI-CA admissions, 26,919 (4.6%) received inpatient PCS. From 2000 to 2017 PCS use increased from <1% to 11.5%. AMI-CA admissions that received PCS were on average older, had greater comorbidity, higher rates of cardiogenic shock, acute organ failure, lower rates of coronary angiography (48.6% vs 63.3%), percutaneous coronary intervention (37.4% vs 46.9%), and coronary artery bypass grafting (all p < 0.001). Older age, greater comorbidity burden and acute non-cardiac organ failure were predictive of PCS use. In-hospital mortality was significantly higher in the PCS cohort (multivariable logistic regression: 84.6% vs 42.9%, adjusted odds ratio 3.62 [95% CI 3.48-3.76]; propensity-matched analysis: 84.7% vs. 66.2%, p < 0.001). The PCS cohort received a do- not-resuscitate status more often (47.6% vs. 3.7%), had shorter hospital stays (4 vs 5 days), and were discharged more frequently to skilled nursing facilities (73.6% vs. 20.4%); all p < 0.001. These results were consistent in the propensity-matched analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite an increase in PCS use in AMI-CA, it remains significantly underutilized highlighting the role for further integrating of these specialists in AMI-CA care.

Geographic variation and temporal trends in management and outcomes of cardiac arrest complicating acute myocardial infarction in the United States

BACKGROUND

Limited studies have evaluated regional disparities in the care of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients with cardiac arrest (CA). This study sought to evaluate 18-year national trends, resource utilization, and geographical variation in outcomes in AMI-CA admissions.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Using the National Inpatient Sample (2000-2017), we identified adults with AMI and concomitant CA admitted to the United States census regions of Northeast, Midwest, South, and West. Clinical outcomes of interest included in-hospital mortality, use of coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), mechanical circulatory support (MCS), hospitalization costs and length of stay. Of 9,680,257 admissions for AMI, 494,083 (5.1%) had concomitant CA. The West (6.0%) had higher prevalence compared to the Northeast (4.4%), Midwest (5.0%), and South (5.1%), p < 0.001. Admissions in the West had higher rates of STEMI, cardiogenic shock, multiorgan failure, mechanical ventilation, and hemodialysis. Northeast admissions had lower use of coronary angiography (52.0% vs. 67.9% vs. 60.9% vs. 61.5%), PCI (38.7% vs. 51.9% vs. 44.8% vs. 46.7%), and MCS (18.4% vs. 21.8% vs. 18.1%, vs. 20.0%) compared to the Midwest, West and South (all p < 0.001). Compared with the Northeast, adjusted in-hospital mortality was higher in the Midwest (odds ratio [OR] 1.06 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.03-1.08]), South (OR 1.11 [95% CI 1.09-1.13]) and highest in the West (OR 1.16 [95% CI 1.13-1.18]), all p < 0.001. Temporal trends showed a decline in in-hospital mortality except in the West, which showed a slight increase.

CONCLUSIONS

There remain significant regional disparities in the management and outcomes of AMI-CA.

Impact of concomitant respiratory infections in the management and outcomes acute myocardial infarction-cardiogenic shock

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the prevalence and impact of respiratory infections in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction (AMI-CS).

METHODS

Using the National Inpatient Sample (2000-2017), this study identified adult (≥18 years) admitted with AMI-CS complicated by respiratory infections. Outcomes of interest included in-hospital mortality of AMI-CS admissions with and without respiratory infections, hospitalization costs, hospital length of stay, and discharge disposition. Temporal trends of prevalence, in-hospital mortality and cardiac procedures were evaluated.

RESULTS

Among 557,974 AMI-CS admissions, concomitant respiratory infections were identified in 84,684 (15.2%). Temporal trends revealed a relatively stable trend in prevalence of respiratory infections over the 18-year period. Admissions with respiratory infections were on average older, less likely to be female, with greater comorbidity, had significantly higher rates of NSTEMI presentation, and acute non-cardiac organ failure compared to those without respiratory infections (all p < 0.001). These admissions received lower rates of coronary angiography (66.8% vs 69.4%, p < 0.001) and percutaneous coronary interventions (44.8% vs 49.5%, p < 0.001), with higher rates of mechanical circulatory support, pulmonary artery catheterization, and invasive mechanical ventilation compared to AMI-CS admissions without respiratory infections (all p < 0.001). The in-hospital mortality was lower among AMI-CS admissions with respiratory infections (31.6% vs 38.4%, adjusted OR 0.58 [95% CI 0.57-0.59], p < 0.001). Admissions with respiratory infections had longer lengths of hospital stay (12^7-20 vs 6^3-11 days, p < 0.001), higher hospitalization costs and less frequent discharges to home (27.1% vs 44.7%, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Respiratory infections in AMI-CS admissions were associated with higher resource utilization but lower in-hospital mortality.

Prognosis of myocardial infarction-related cardiogenic shock according to preadmission out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

AIMS

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is highly prevalent among patients with myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock (MI-CS). We aimed to examine the prognostic importance of OHCA in patients with MI-CS.

METHODS

Using Danish nationwide registries, we identified first-time hospitalized MI-CS patients (2010-2015) by OHCA status. Cumulative incidence curves and adjusted Cox regression models were used to compare in-hospital mortality, and among hospital survivors we compared 5-year rates of heart failure hospitalization and mortality.

RESULTS

We identified 3107 MI-CS patients of whom 979 presented with OHCA (32%). OHCA patients were younger (median age: 65 vs. 74 years) and had less comorbidity. In-hospital mortality was 57% in those with OHCA compared with 67% in those without, but after adjustment the hazard ratio (HR) was 0.99 [95% CI: 0.87-1.11]. Hospital survivors consisted of 1375 MI-CS patients including 531 OHCA patients (39%). Five-year mortality was 22% for OHCA patients and 42% for patients without OHCA (adjusted HR: 0.90 [95% CI: 0.70-0.1.17]). The HR for five-year cardiovascular mortality was 0.80 [95% CI: 0.62-0.98]. Lastly, 5-year rate of heart failure hospitalization was 17% for patients with OHCA compared with 34% in those without (HR: 0.44 [95% CI: 0.34-0.57]).

CONCLUSION

Among patients hospitalized with MI-CS, OHCA did not influence all-cause in-hospital or long-term mortality but was a marker for reduced long-term rates of heart failure hospitalization and cardiovascular mortality. Future randomized studies are needed to improve prognosis of MI-CS, however, the importance of OHCA must be considered.