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Liu R, Sun W, Sun T, Zhang W, Nan Y, Zhang Z, Xiang K, Yang H, Wang F, Ge J. Nano selenium-enriched probiotic Lactobacillus enhances alum adjuvanticity and promotes antigen-specific systemic and mucosal immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1116223. [PMID: 36793732 PMCID: PMC9922588 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1116223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano selenium-enriched probiotics have been identified to improve immune responses, such as alleviating inflammation, antioxidant function, treatment of tumors, anticancer activity, and regulating intestinal flora. However, so far, there is little information on improving the immune effect of the vaccine. Here, we prepared nano selenium-enriched Levilactobacillus brevis 23017 (SeL) and heat-inactivated nano selenium-enriched L. brevis 23017 (HiSeL) and evaluated their immune enhancing functions on the alum-adjuvanted, inactivated Clostridium perfringens type A vaccine in mouse and rabbit models, respectively. We found that SeL enhanced immune responses of the vaccine by inducing a more rapid antibody production, eliciting higher immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titers, improving secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) antibody level and cellular immune response, and regulating Th1/Th2 immune response, thus helping to induce better protective efficacy after challenge. Moreover, we confirmed that the immunoenhancement effects are related to regulating oxidative stress, cytokine secretion, and selenoprotein expression. Meanwhile, similar effects were observed in HiSeL. In addition, they show enhanced humoral immune response at 1/2 and 1/4 standard vaccine doses, which confirms their prominent immune enhancement effect. Finally, the effect of improving vaccine immune responses was further confirmed in rabbits, which shows that SeL stimulates the production of IgG antibodies, generates α toxin-neutralizing antibodies rapidly, and reduces the pathological damage to intestine tissue. Our study demonstrates that nano selenium-enriched probiotics improve the immune effect of the alum adjuvants vaccine and highlight its potential usage in remedying the disadvantages of alum adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Weijiao Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianzhi Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenzhi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongchao Nan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Kongrui Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongliang Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China,*Correspondence: Fang Wang, ; Junwei Ge,
| | - Junwei Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Harbin, China,*Correspondence: Fang Wang, ; Junwei Ge,
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Siqueira FDF, Silva ROS, do Carmo AO, de Oliveira-Mendes BBR, Horta CCR, Lobato FCF, Kalapothakis E. Immunization with a nontoxic naturally occurring Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin induces neutralizing antibodies in rabbits. Anaerobe 2017; 49:48-52. [PMID: 29246841 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin, encoded by plc gene, has been implicated in gas gangrene, a life threatening infection. Vaccination is considered one of the best solutions against Clostridium infections. Although studies have identified many low quality clostridial vaccines, the use of recombinant proteins has been considered a promising alternative. Previously, a naturally occurring alpha toxin isoform (αAV1b) was identified with a mutation at residue 11 (His/Tyr), which can affect its enzymatic activity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the mutation in the αAV1b isoform could result in an inactive toxin and was able to induce protection against the native alpha toxin. We used recombinant protein techniques to determine whether this mutation in αAV1b could result in an inactive toxin compared to the active isoform, αZ23. Rabbits were immunized with the recombinant toxins (αAV1b and αZ23) and with native alpha toxin. αAV1b showed no enzymatic and hemolytic activities. ELISA titration assays showed a high titer of both anti-recombinant toxin (anti-rec-αAV1b and anti-rec-αZ23) antibodies against the native alpha toxin. The alpha antitoxin titer detected in the rabbits' serum pool was 24.0 IU/mL for both recombinant toxins. These results demonstrate that the inactive naturally mutated αAV1b is able to induce an immune response, and suggest it can be considered as a target for the development of a commercial vaccine against C. perfringens alpha toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia de Faria Siqueira
- Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Betim, Betim, 32656-840, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anderson Oliveira do Carmo
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Campolina Rebello Horta
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Mestrado Profissional em Biotecnologia e Gestão da Inovação, Centro Universitário de Sete Lagoas, Sete Lagoas, 32701-242, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Francisco Carlos Faria Lobato
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Evanguedes Kalapothakis
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Wang D, Yue Y, Wu G, Tian Y, Liu Y, Yu J, Ji Y, Wang J, Li J, Pan R, Ma H, Zhang G. Preparation and characterization of a human scFv against the Clostridium perfringens type A alpha-toxin. Toxicon 2017; 130:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Ferreira MRA, Moreira GMSG, Cunha CEPD, Mendonça M, Salvarani FM, Moreira ÂN, Conceição FR. Recombinant Alpha, Beta, and Epsilon Toxins of Clostridium perfringens: Production Strategies and Applications as Veterinary Vaccines. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E340. [PMID: 27879630 PMCID: PMC5127136 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8110340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a spore-forming, commensal, ubiquitous bacterium that is present in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy humans and animals. This bacterium produces up to 18 toxins. The species is classified into five toxinotypes (A-E) according to the toxins that the bacterium produces: alpha, beta, epsilon, or iota. Each of these toxinotypes is associated with myriad different, frequently fatal, illnesses that affect a range of farm animals and humans. Alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins are the main causes of disease. Vaccinations that generate neutralizing antibodies are the most common prophylactic measures that are currently in use. These vaccines consist of toxoids that are obtained from C. perfringens cultures. Recombinant vaccines offer several advantages over conventional toxoids, especially in terms of the production process. As such, they are steadily gaining ground as a promising vaccination solution. This review discusses the main strategies that are currently used to produce recombinant vaccines containing alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins of C. perfringens, as well as the potential application of these molecules as vaccines for mammalian livestock animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Roberto A Ferreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas CEP 96160-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Marçal S G Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas CEP 96160-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Eduardo P da Cunha
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas CEP 96160-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Mendonça
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Garanhuns CEP 55292-270, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Felipe M Salvarani
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal CEP 68740-970, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Ângela N Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas CEP 96160-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas CEP 96010-610, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Fabricio R Conceição
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas CEP 96160-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Jiang Z, De Y, Chang J, Wang F, Yu L. Induction of potential protective immunity against enterotoxemia in calves by single or multiple recombinant Clostridium perfringens toxoids. Microbiol Immunol 2015; 58:621-7. [PMID: 25197030 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cattle enterotoxemia caused by Clostridium perfringens toxins is a noncontagious, sporadic, and fatal disease characterized by sudden death. Strategies for controlling and preventing cattle enterotoxemia are based on systematic vaccination of herds with toxoids. Because the process of producing conventional clostridial vaccines is dangerous, expensive, and time-consuming, the prospect of recombinant toxoid vaccines against diseases caused by C. perfringens toxins is promising. In this study, nontoxic recombinant toxoids derived from α-, β- and ε-toxins of C. perfringens, namely, rCPA247-370 , rCPB and rEtxHP, respectively, were expressed in Escherichia coli. High levels of specific IgG antibodies and neutralizing antibodies against the toxins were detected in sera from calves vaccinated with either a single recombinant toxoid or a mixed cocktail of all three recombinant toxoids, indicating the potential of these recombinant toxoids to provide calves with protective immunity against enterotoxemia caused by C. perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Jiang
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427, Maduan Street, Harbin, 150001, China
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Lancto CA, Foster LK, Kromm MM, McComb B, Williams J, Luke J, Carnes A, Hodgson CP, Foster DN. A Noncytolytic α Toxin Recombinant Protein Protects Turkeys AgainstClostridium septicumChallenge. Avian Dis 2014; 58:566-71. [DOI: 10.1637/10826-032314-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Gonzales y Tucker RD, Frazee B. View from the front lines: an emergency medicine perspective on clostridial infections in injection drug users. Anaerobe 2014; 30:108-15. [PMID: 25230330 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Injection drug use (IDU), specifically non-intravenous "skin-popping" of heroin, seems to provide optimal conditions for Clostridial infection and toxin production. IDU is therefore a major risk factor for wound botulism and Clostridial necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTI) and continues to be linked to cases of tetanus. Case clusters of all 3 diseases have occurred among IDUs in Western U.S. and Europe. Medical personnel who care for the IDU population must be thoroughly familiar with the clinical presentation and management of these diseases. Wound botulism presents with bulbar symptoms and signs that are easily overlooked; rapid acquisition and administration of antitoxin can prevent neuromuscular respiratory failure. In addition to Clostridium perfringens, IDU-related NSTIs can be caused by Clostridium sordellii and Clostridium novyi, which may share a distinct clinical presentation. Early definitive NSTI management, which decreases mortality, requires a low index of suspicion on the part of emergency physicians and low threshold for surgical exploration and debridement on the part of the surgeon. Tetanus should be preventable in the IDU population through careful attention to vaccination status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradley Frazee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alameda Health System - Highland Hospital, USA; University of California San Francisco, USA.
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Potential protective immunogenicity of recombinant Clostridium perfringens α–β2–β1 fusion toxin in mice, sows and cows. Vaccine 2011; 29:5459-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lebrun M, Mainil JG, Linden A. Cattle enterotoxaemia and Clostridium perfringens
: description, diagnosis and prophylaxis. Vet Rec 2010; 167:13-22. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.167.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Lebrun
- Association de Santé et d'Identification Animale; Allée des Artisans 2 5590 Ciney Belgium
| | - J. G. Mainil
- Bacteriology Section; Department of Infectious Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liège; B43A Boulevard de Colonster 20 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - A. Linden
- Bacteriology Section; Department of Infectious Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liège; B43A Boulevard de Colonster 20 4000 Liège Belgium
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10
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Titball RW. Clostridium perfringens vaccines. Vaccine 2009; 27 Suppl 4:D44-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Recombinant attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium expressing the carboxy-terminal domain of alpha toxin from Clostridium perfringens induces protective responses against necrotic enteritis in chickens. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:805-16. [PMID: 18337376 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00457-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis (NE) is a widespread disease in chickens that causes high mortality and reduced growth performance. Traditionally, NE was controlled by the routine application of antimicrobials in the feed, a practice that currently is unpopular. Consequently, there has been an increase in the occurrence of NE, and it has become a threat to the current objective of antimicrobial-free farming. The pathogenesis of NE is associated with the proliferation of C. perfringens in the small intestine and the secretion of large amounts of alpha toxin, the major virulence factor. Since there is no vaccine for NE, we have developed a candidate live oral recombinant attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine (RASV) that delivers a nontoxic fragment of alpha toxin. The 3' end of the plc gene, encoding the C-terminal domain of alpha toxin (PlcC), was cloned into plasmids that enable the expression and secretion of PlcC fused to a signal peptide. Plasmids were inserted into Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium host strain chi8914, which has attenuating pabA and pabB deletion mutations. Three-day-old broiler chicks were orally immunized with 10(9) CFU of the vaccine strain and developed alpha toxin-neutralizing serum antibodies. When serum from these chickens was added into C. perfringens broth cultures, bacterial growth was suppressed. In addition, immunofluorescent microscopy showed that serum antibodies bind to the bacterial surface. The immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA titers in RASV-immunized chickens were low; however, when the chickens were given a parenteral boost injection with a purified recombinant PlcC protein (rPlcC), the RASV-immunized chickens mounted rapid high serum IgG and bile IgA titers exceeding those primed by rPlcC injection. RASV-immunized chickens had reduced intestinal mucosal pathology after challenge with virulent C. perfringens. These results indicate that oral RASV expressing an alpha toxin C-terminal peptide induces protective immunity against NE.
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Neeson BN, Clark GC, Atkins HS, Lingard B, Titball RW. Analysis of protection afforded by a Clostridium perfringens α-toxoid against heterologous clostridial phospholipases C. Microb Pathog 2007; 43:161-5. [PMID: 17604945 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The major virulence determinant in clostridial myonecrosis caused by Clostridium perfringens is a phospholipase C (PLC), the alpha-toxin. Previously, mice have been protected against challenge with heterologous alpha-toxin or Clostridium perfringens spores by immunisation with the C-domain (known as Cpa(247-370) or alpha-toxoid) of the alpha-toxin. In this study, we have determined the ability of the alpha-toxoid to protect against the lethal effects of a divergent C. perfringens alpha-toxin and against the PLCs of C. absonum or C. bifermentans, species which have been isolated from cases of clostridial myonecrosis. Protection against the C. perfringens alpha-toxin variant, the C. absonum alpha-toxin or the C. bifermentans PLC was elicited by immunisation with the alpha-toxoid in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan N Neeson
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK.
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Porto TS, Pessôa-Filho PA, Neto BB, Filho JLL, Converti A, Porto ALF, Pessoa A. Removal of proteases from Clostridium perfringens fermented broth by aqueous two-phase systems (PEG/citrate). J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 34:547-52. [PMID: 17566805 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-007-0230-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to reduce the toxicity of Clostridium perfringens fermentation broths used in vaccine preparation, we developed two-phase aqueous systems for removal of toxin-activating proteases. Removal of the proteases inhibits the conversion of protoxin to active toxin. In order to establish the conditions under which the phase separation occurs, binodal curves, formed by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and sodium citrate, were investigated at different values of pH and PEG molar mass. A 2(4)-experimental design was used to evaluate the influence of PEG molar mass and concentration, citrate concentration and pH on protease partition coefficient, removal.factor and protease removal yield. It has been found that simultaneous increase in PEG molar mass and decrease in citrate concentration remarkably improved the removal factor, whereas the protease removal yield showed an opposite trend. The best conditions for the system under consideration (removal factor of 2.69 and yield of 116%) were obtained at pH 8.0 using PEG molar mass of 8000 g mol(-1) and concentrations of PEG and citrate of 24 and 15%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Souza Porto
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 Sio Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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