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Kim JH, Ko GP, Son KH, Ku BH, Bang MA, Kang MJ, Park HY. Arazyme in combination with dietary carbohydrolases influences odor emission and gut microbiome in growing-finishing pigs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157735. [PMID: 35926625 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of supplementing feed with arazyme and dietary carbohydrolases derived from invertebrate gut-associated symbionts on the noxious gas emissions, gut microbiota, and host-microbiome interactions of pigs. Here, 270 and 260 growing pigs were assigned to control and treatment groups, respectively. The tested feed additives contained a mixture of arazyme (2,500,000 Unit/kg) and synergetic enzymes, xylanase (200,000 Unit/kg) and mannanase (200,000 Unit/kg), derived from insect gut-associated symbionts in a 7.5:1:1 ratio. The control group was fed a basal diet and the treatment group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.1 % enzyme mixture (v/v) for 2 months. Odorous gases were monitored in ventilated air from tested houses. Fecal samples were collected from steel plate under the cage at the completion of the experiment to determine chemical composition, odor emissions, and bacterial communities. There was a significant decrease in the concentration of NH3 (22.5 vs. 11.2 ppm; P < 0.05), H2S (7.35 vs. 3.74 ppm; P < 0.05), trimethylamine (TMA) (0.066 vs. 0.001 ppm; P < 0.05), and p-cresol (0.004 ppm vs. 0 ppm; P < 0.05) at 56 d in treatment group compared with the control group. Moreover, fecal analysis results showed that exogenous enzyme supplementation caused a reduction in VFAs and indole content with approximately >60 % and 72.7 %, respectively. The result of gas emission analysis showed that NH3 (9.9 vs. 5.3 ppm; P < 0.05) and H2S (5.8 vs. 4.1 ppm; P < 0.05) were significantly reduced in the treatment group compared to the control group. The gut microbiota of the treatment group differed significantly from that of the control group, and the treatment group altered predicted metabolic pathways, including sulfur and nitrogen related metabolism, urea degradation. The results demonstrated that supplementing feed with arazyme with dietary carbohydrolases effectively controls noxious gas emissions and improves health and meat quality of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hoon Kim
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Pyo Ko
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Son
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon-Hwan Ku
- Insect Biotech Co. Ltd., Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ae Bang
- Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Jong Kang
- Department of Food Industry Research Center, Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Naju 58275, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho-Yong Park
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Aranda-Aguirre E, Robles-Jimenez LE, Osorio-Avalos J, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Gonzalez-Ronquillo M. A systematic-review on the role of exogenous enzymes on the productive performance at weaning, growing and finishing in pigs. Vet Anim Sci 2021; 14:100195. [PMID: 34522821 PMCID: PMC8427232 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation of exogenous enzymes in the general diet improves production characteristics in all stages of production. Phytases are the most supplemented enzymes in all productive stages of pigs. The inclusion of Phytases, used in the pig's diet showed an average dry matter digestibility (g/kg) 840.6 ± 25.5 in weaning, 862.5 ± 7.4 in growing and 802.0 ± 1.41 in finishing. The inclusion of xylanases used in the pig's diet showed an average in dry matter digestibility (g/kg) 829.5 ± 7.14 in weaning and 759.1 ± 6.93 in finishing stages.
Supplementing exogenous enzymes in pig diets is an alternative solution to increase dietary energy and fiber digestibility to improve pig production performance at a low production cost and to reduce environmental impact with lower N and P excretions. The production stage, diet composition, enzyme source, amount and number of enzymes added, are factors to consider before using them. A database composed by 227 individual diets, resulting from 43 studies with 48 experimental records were divided in different production stages, with 19 records for weaning, 17 records for growing and 12 records for finishing. A descriptive statistical analysis of the chemical composition of the diets and enzyme doses was carried out. The data with normal distribution were analyzed calculating the mean, the minimum and maximum length, the standard deviation and the coefficient of variation. It was found that combined enzymes are the most widely reported enzyme combination in the supplementation of pigs at all stages of production. Phytases and Mannanases are commonly used at weaning and growing stages. Xylanases and Proteases have been reported to be used in all production stages. However, the highest yielding enzymes at weaning, growing and finishing stages were Phytases and Mannanases. Dietary supplementation of exogenous enzymes improves production characteristics at all stages of production. However, an improvement in growth performance and nutrient digestibility is not always observed. Future studies should focus on the interaction between production stages, composition of the diet, origin of the enzyme and the amount and number of enzymes added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Aranda-Aguirre
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100 Ote. Toluca, Estado de México. 50000. Mexico
| | - Lizbeth E Robles-Jimenez
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100 Ote. Toluca, Estado de México. 50000. Mexico
| | - Jorge Osorio-Avalos
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100 Ote. Toluca, Estado de México. 50000. Mexico
| | - Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Manuel Gonzalez-Ronquillo
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100 Ote. Toluca, Estado de México. 50000. Mexico
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Effects of increasing levels of palm kernel meal containing β-mannanase to growing-finishing pig diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and pork quality. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Pan L, An D. Comparative energy and nitrogen excretion from growing pigs fed on corn, sorghum and wheat-based diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Supplementation of Non-Starch Polysaccharide Enzymes Cocktail in a Corn-Miscellaneous Meal Diet Improves Nutrient Digestibility and Reduces Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Finishing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020232. [PMID: 32024084 PMCID: PMC7070354 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of the non-starch polysaccharide enzymes cocktail (NSPEC) on growth performance, nutrient digestion and gas emissions on finishing pigs. The addition of the NSPEC into a corn-miscellaneous meal diet improved feed conversion ratio and increased the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude protein and gross energy of the finishing pigs. Furthermore, the digestible energy of the diet was also increased by the NSPEC supplementation in the diet. In addition, the inclusion of NSPEC in the corn-miscellaneous meal diet reduced carbon dioxide emissions of a finishing pig house. The accumulation of manure could increase the release of ammonia in a pig house. Abstract This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the addition of the non-starch polysaccharide enzymes cocktail (NSPEC) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and gas emissions in a corn-miscellaneous meal-based diet for finishing pigs. The NSPEC is a combination of cellulase, xylanase, β-glucanase, β-mannanase, α-galactosidase and pectinase optimized by assessing the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of corn-miscellaneous meal diet using an in vitro method of simulating digestion in the stomach and intestine of growing pigs. Growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and energy were measured. The gas concentration of ammonia, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane in the environmental assessment chambers were determined. The gas detecting period was divided into three frequencies of manure removal of every 1d, 2d and 3d. The addition of NSPEC into the corn-miscellaneous meal diet decreased feed conversation rate (FCR) and increased the ATTD of dry matter, crude protein, gross energy, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of pigs (p < 0.05). The digestible energy was also improved (p < 0.05) significantly by NSPEC supplementation in the diet. Furthermore, the supplementation of the NSPEC reduced (p < 0.05) carbon dioxide concentration in the chambers. The ammonia emissions were significantly increased according to average 1d, 2d and 3d manure removal procedures (p < 0.01). These results indicated that the inclusion of optimal NSPEC in a corn-miscellaneous meal diet improved growth performance, nutrient digestibility and reduced carbon dioxide emissions on finishing pigs. The accumulated manure could increase the release of ammonia in a pig house.
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Rho Y, Wey D, Zhu C, Kiarie E, Moran K, van Heugten E, de Lange CFM. Growth performance, gastrointestinal and digestibility responses in growing pigs when fed corn-soybean meal-based diets with corn DDGS treated with fiber degrading enzymes with or without liquid fermentation. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:5188-5197. [PMID: 30239817 PMCID: PMC6276586 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermenting high fiber ingredients such as distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with feed enzymes may improve their feeding value. We investigated the effects of fermenting corn DDGS with a blend of β-glucanase and xylanases (XB) on growth performance, gut parameters, and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and energy in growing pigs. Dietary treatments were: (1) corn soybean meal-based diet + 30% DDGS (control), (2) control + XB without fermentation (XBNS), and (3) control + DDGS fermented with XB (16% DM) for 3 to 10 d at 40 °C (XBS). Target activities in XB were 1,050 and 5,500 U/g of DDGS for XB, respectively. Diets contained phytase at 750 FTU/kg. Feed samples were taken during fermentation and at feeding for analysis of pH and organic acids. A total of 144 pigs (25 ± 1.0 kg BW) were assigned to pens (three barrows and three gilts) and allocated to the three diets in a two-phase feeding program (3 wk/phase). Diets were fed on ad libitum and were delivered by a computer-controlled liquid feeding system at a feed to water ratio of 1:4, four times per day. Pigs had free access to water. Fecal samples were taken in the final 3 d of phase 2 to determine ATTD using TiO2 marker method and one pig per pen was euthanized for gastrointestinal (GIT) measurements. The pH of diets at feeding time was lower (P < 0.01) for XBS (4.72) compared with control (5.45) and XBNS (5.45). Pigs fed XBNS had higher (P = 0.04) ADG than control in phase 1. In phase 2 and the overall (weeks 0 to 6), ADG and final BW were higher (P = 0.01) for XBNS than XBS but were not different (P > 0.05) from control. There were no diet effects (P > 0.05) on ADFI. Feed to gain (FCR) for XBNS (1.68) and XBS pigs (1.69) was better (P < 0.01) than for control pigs (1.78) in phase 1. There were no diet effects (P > 0.05) on FCR in phase 2 or in the overall. Pigs fed XBNS had lower (P < 0.01) ATTD of CP than control and XBS-fed pigs. Although not different (P > 0.05) from control, pigs fed XBNS had lower (P < 0.05) jejunal crypt depth and ATTD of gross energy than pigs fed XBS. In conclusion, treating corn DDGS with XB with or without liquid fermentation improved feed efficiency in phase 1, suggesting degradation of dietary fibrous components that may limit nutrient utilization in younger pigs. However, these benefits were not observed in phase 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngji Rho
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Doug Wey
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Cuilan Zhu
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Elijah Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kory Moran
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
| | - Eric van Heugten
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
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Nguyen D, Tran H, Yun H, Kim I. Influence of a cocktail of protease and xylanase in different energy densities of corn- and soybean-meal-based diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass quality, and gas emission in broilers. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2017-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A total of 480 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers with an average initial body weight (BW) of 42 ± 1 g was randomly divided into four treatments (8 replicates/treatment, 15 birds/replicate) by their BW to evaluate the influence of a cocktail of protease and xylanase in different energy density of corn- and soybean-meal-based diet on broilers. This experiment lasted for 35 d and there were two phases; starter (1–18 d) and finisher (19–35 d). The experiment was a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two levels of metabolizable energy and the cocktail enzyme with 200 mg of protease kg−1 diet and 100 FXU xylanase kg−1 diet. Both high-nutrient density and cocktail enzyme supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the body weight gain (BWG) during day 1–18 and day 1–35 as well as dry matter retention on day 35. Broilers fed the high-nutrient-density diets had higher (P < 0.05) energy retention on day 35 and relative breast muscle weight. Broilers fed the cocktail enzyme diets significantly increased nitrogen (N) retention and decreased the levels of ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) emission. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of the cocktail enzyme component improved BWG, N retention, and reduced excreta noxious gas emission in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.H. Nguyen
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
| | - H.N. Tran
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
| | - H.M. Yun
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
| | - I.H. Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
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Lee KY, Balasubramanian B, Kim JK, Kim IH. Dietary inclusion of xylanase improves growth performance, apparent total tract nutrient digestibility, apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients and amino acids and alters gut microbiota in growing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lan R, Li T, Kim I. Effects of xylanase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, fecal microbiota, fecal score and fecal noxious gas emission of weaning pigs fed corn-soybean meal-based diet. Anim Sci J 2017; 88:1398-1405. [PMID: 28226409 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of xylanase supplementation on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, blood parameters, fecal microflora shedding, fecal score and fecal noxious gas emission of weaning pigs fed corn-soybean meal based diet. A total of 150 weaning pigs with an average initial body weight (BW) of 7.85 ± 0.93 kg were randomly allocated to three treatments based on BW and sex (10 replicate pens with five pigs, two gilts and three barrows) were used in this 42-day trial. Dietary treatments were: (1) CON, basal diet; (2) X1, basal diet +0.005% xylanase; (2) X2, basal diet +0.01% xylanase. The xylanase supplementation linearly increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG), and gain : feed ratio (G:F) from days 29 to 42 and the in overall period, dry matter, nitrogen and energy digestibility, and fecal Lactobacilli counts, and linearly decreased (P < 0.05) blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration, fecal NH3 and H2 S emission. Additionally, at weeks 5 and 6, there was a linear decrease in fecal score with xylanase supplementation. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of xylanase improved growth performance, nutrient digestibility, shifted microbiota by increasing fecal Lactobacillus counts, decreased BUN concentration, fecal score, and fecal NH3 and H2 S emission in weaning pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Lan
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Tianshui Li
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Inho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
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Tagawa SI, Holtshausen L, McAllister TA, Yang WZ, Beauchemin KA. Effects of particle size of processed barley grain, enzyme addition and microwave treatment on in vitro disappearance and gas production for feedlot cattle. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 30:479-485. [PMID: 27507183 PMCID: PMC5394833 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of particle size of processed barley grain, enzyme addition and microwave treatment on in vitro dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD), gas production and fermentation pH were investigated for feedlot cattle. METHODS Rumen fluid from four fistulated feedlot cattle fed a diet of 860 dry-rolled barley grain, 90 maize silage and 50 supplement g/kg DM was used as inoculum in 3 batch culture in vitro studies. In Experiment 1, dry-rolled barley and barley ground through a 1-, 2-, or 4-mm screen were used to obtain four substrates differing in particle size. In Experiment 2, cellulase enzyme (ENZ) from Acremonium cellulolyticus Y-94 was added to dry-rolled and ground barley (2-mm) at 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/g, while Experiment 3 examined the interactions between microwaving (0, 30, and 60 s microwaving) and ENZ addition (0, 1, and 2 mg/g) using dry-rolled barley and 2-mm ground barley. RESULTS In Experiment 1, decreasing particle size increased DMD and gas production, and decreased fermentation pH (p<0.01). The DMD (g/kg DM) of the dry-rolled barley after 24 h incubation was considerably lower (p<0.05) than that of the ground barley (119.1 dry-rolled barley versus 284.8 for 4-mm, 341.7 for 2-mm; and 358.6 for 1-mm). In Experiment 2, addition of ENZ to dry-rolled barley increased DMD (p<0.01) and tended to increase (p = 0.09) gas production and decreased (p<0.01) fermentation pH, but these variables were not affected by ENZ addition to ground barley. In Experiment 3, there were no interactions between microwaving and ENZ addition after microwaving for any of the variables. Microwaving had minimal effects (except decreased fermentation pH), but consistent with Experiment 2, ENZ addition increased (p<0.01) DMD and gas production, and decreased (p<0.05) fermentation pH of dry-rolled barley, but not ground barley. CONCLUSION We conclude that cellulase enzymes can be used to increase the rumen disappearance of barley grain when it is coarsely processed as in the case of dry-rolled barley. However, microwaving of barley grain offered no further improvements in ruminal fermentation of barley grain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tim A McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Wen Zhu Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
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Jha R, Berrocoso JF. Dietary fiber and protein fermentation in the intestine of swine and their interactive effects on gut health and on the environment: A review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Nasir Z, Wang L, Young M, Swift M, Beltranena E, Zijlstra R. The effect of feeding barley on diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance of starter pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Effects of energy levels of diet and β-mannanase supplementation on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility and blood metabolites in growing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Metzler-Zebeli BU, Zebeli Q. Cereal β-glucan alters nutrient digestibility and microbial activity in the intestinal tract of pigs, and lower manure ammonia emission: a meta-analysis. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:3188-99. [PMID: 23572264 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereal β-glucan may be detrimental in pig production because of negative effects on nutrient digestibility, but they may act as functional ingredients by stimulating the intestinal microbiota. This study primarily aimed to investigate relations between dietary β-glucan and nutrient digestibility, intestinal fermentation, and manure NH3 emission in weaned, growing, and finishing pigs. Effects of dietary xylose, NDF, and CP, and pig BW on animal responses were also evaluated. A meta-analytical approach, accounting for inter- and intraexperiment variations, was used to compute prediction models. Data from 26 studies including 107 different dietary treatments with appropriate dietary and physiological measurements were used to parameterize these models. Dietary β-glucan inclusion ranged from 0 to 6.7%. Increasing dietary β-glucan reduced apparent ileal (AID) and total tract digestibility (ATTD) of CP and energy (R(2) = 0.12 to 0.29; P < 0.05), whereas the ATTD of DM was reduced by 10% up to a threshold β-glucan of 3.5%, above which the response became asymptotic (R(2) = 0.34; P < 0.01). Increasing dietary NDF content decreased ATTD of DM and energy, and increasing xylose concentration reduced ATTD of energy and CP (R(2) = 0.24 to 0.85; P < 0.05). Broken-line model indicated that cecal total VFA and butyrate concentrations increased up to a threshold of 2.5 and 1.4% β-glucan in the diet, respectively, above which these responses became asymptotic (R(2) = 0.77 to 0.96; P < 0.05). Ileal butyrate was negatively and colonic iso-butyrate was positively linked to increasing β-glucan concentration (R(2) = 0.17 to 0.41; P < 0.05). Greater β-glucan concentration were negatively related (R(2) = 0.86; P < 0.01) to NH3 emission, indicating a reduction in NH3 emission by one-half with 6% β-glucan. Backward elimination analysis indicated that greater BW of pigs counteracted (P < 0.05) the negative effect of β-glucan on AID of CP and energy and ATTD of DM and CP. Pig BW also enhanced effects of β-glucan on cecal total VFA, colonic iso-butyrate, ileal butyrate, and NH3 emission (P < 0.05). Dietary CP potentiated (P < 0.01) the β-glucan effects on cecal total VFA, cecal butyrate, and colonic iso-butyrate. In conclusion, this study indicates that β-glucan can stimulate cecal butyrate and ameliorate manure NH3 emission, thereby decreasing nutrient digestibility. Because greater BW ameliorates β-glucan effects, finishing diets may be formulated to contain more β-glucan than weaner diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- B U Metzler-Zebeli
- Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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O'Shea CJ, Sweeney T, Bahar B, Ryan MT, Thornton K, O'Doherty JV. Indices of gastrointestinal fermentation and manure emissions of growing-finishing pigs as influenced through singular or combined consumption of Lactobacillus plantarum and inulin. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3848-57. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C. J. O'Shea
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Lyons Research Farm, Newcastle, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - T. Sweeney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Lyons Research Farm, Newcastle, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - B. Bahar
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Lyons Research Farm, Newcastle, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - M. T. Ryan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Lyons Research Farm, Newcastle, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - K. Thornton
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Lyons Research Farm, Newcastle, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - J. V. O'Doherty
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Lyons Research Farm, Newcastle, Co. Dublin, Ireland
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Jo JK, Ingale SL, Kim JS, Kim YW, Kim KH, Lohakare JD, Lee JH, Chae BJ. Effects of exogenous enzyme supplementation to corn- and soybean meal-based or complex diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood metabolites in growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3041-8. [PMID: 22585797 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of exogenous enzymes on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and nutrients, blood metabolites, fecal VFA, and fecal ammonia-N in growing pigs (Sus scrofa) fed a corn (Zea mays L.)- and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] meal (SBM)-based diet. In Exp. 1, 240 growing barrows (initial BW: 55.6 ± 0.9 kg) were randomly allotted to 5 treatments on the basis of BW. There were 4 replicates in each treatment with 12 pigs per replicate. The 5 treatments consisted of a corn-SBM-based control diet and 4 additional diets were similar to the control diet, with the exception that 0.05% β-mannanase (M), α-amylase + β-mannanase (AM), β-mannanase + protease (MPr), or α-amylase + β-mannanase + protease (AMP) was added to the diets, which were fed for 28 d. Pigs fed the AM, MPr, or AMP diet had greater (P < 0.05) ADG than pigs fed the control diet. Pigs fed the AMP diet also had greater (P < 0.05) ADG than pigs fed the M, AM, or MPr diet. Pigs fed the AMP diet had greater (P < 0.05) G:F than pigs fed the control diet. The G:F of the pigs fed the M, AM, or MPr diet were not different (P > 0.05) from the G:F in pigs fed the AMP or control diet. The ADFI, ATTD of nutrients, blood metabolites, and fecal VFA and ammonia-N concentrations were not different among treatments. In Exp. 2, 192 growing barrows (initial BW: 56.9 ± 1.0 kg) were allotted to 4 treatments. There were 4 replicates in each treatment with 12 pigs per replicate. Pigs were fed a corn-SBM-based diet (CSD) or a complex diet (CD) that contained corn, SBM, 3% rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) meal, 3% copra (Cocos nucifera L.) meal, and 3% palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) kernel meal. Each diet was prepared without exogenous enzymes or with 0.05% AMP and all diets were fed for 28 d. The ADG and G:F of pigs fed the CSD were greater (P < 0.05) than pigs fed the CD. However, the type of diet had no effect on the ATTD of nutrients, blood metabolites, or fecal VFA and ammonia-N, and there was no diet × enzyme interaction for any of the measured variables. Supplementation of diets with exogenous enzymes resulted in greater (P < 0.05) ADG, G:F, ATTD of DM, GE, and CP, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration. These results indicate that supplementation of 0.05% of AMP enzymes to a corn-SBM diet or a complex diet may improve the performance of growing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Jo
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
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Susenbeth A, Naatjes M, Blank † B, Kühl R, Ader P, Dickhoefer U. Effect of xylanase and glucanase supplementation to a cereal-based, threonine-limited diet on the nitrogen balance of growing pigs. Arch Anim Nutr 2011; 65:123-33. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2010.534896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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The effect of introducing purified β-glucans to a wheat-based diet on total tract digestibility and gaseous manure emissions from pigs as compared with consumption of a β-glucan-rich, barley-based diet. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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O'Shea CJ, Lynch MB, Sweeney T, Gahan DA, Callan JJ, O'Doherty JV. Comparison of a wheat-based diet supplemented with purified β-glucans, with an oat-based diet on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilization, distal gastrointestinal tract composition, and manure odor and ammonia emissions from finishing pigs1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:438-47. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-2882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Li Y, Fang Z, Dai J, Partridge G, Ru Y, Peng J. Corn extrusion and enzyme addition improves digestibility of corn/soy based diets by pigs: In vitro and in vivo studies. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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The effect of cereal type and enzyme addition on pig performance, intestinal microflora, and ammonia and odour emissions. Animal 2007; 1:751-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731107720190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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