Implications of supplementing mid-lactation multiparous Holstein cows fed high by-product low-forage diets with rumen-protected methionine and lysine in a commercial dairy

Effect of glucose and lysine supplementation on myogenic and adipogenic gene expression in muscle satellite cells isolated from Hanwoo with different genotypes of PLAG1: Implications for cell-based food production

Research on Hanwoo cattle has focused on the pleomorphic adenoma gene (PLAG) family, vital for traits like growth and carcass quality. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within this gene family profoundly impact economic traits. At the cellular level, energy and protein sources, notably glucose and lysine, crucially regulate muscle satellite cell (MSC) growth and differentiation. This study delved into how varied glucose and lysine levels affect gene expression patterns in Hanwoo MSC. MSC from 9 Hanwoo, aged 29-36 months, categorized into 3 PLAG1 genotypes (GG, GC, CC), were treated with six combinations of glucose (5.5 and 25 mM) and lysine (2, 4, and 8 mM). Analysis of myogenic and adipogenic genes linked to meat quality and quantity ensued. The GG genotype displayed superior dressed percentage, yield grade, and marbling score, hinting at genotype-associated carcass characteristic disparities. In cell culture, gene expression generally rose with lysine addition to high glucose in the GG group. Contrarily, significant differences across all treatments in the GC genotype suggested distinct responses. Significant effects of genotype, glucose, and lysine on cell proliferation-related gene expression were noted. Highest mRNA expression for MyoD, MyoG, and FASN occurred in the CC genotype, while Myf5 and Pax7 expression peaked in the GG genotype. Glucose significantly influenced Pax7 and FASN expression, while lysine positively impacted MyoD and MyoG genes. Notable interactions, especially in Genotype × Lysine, influenced MyoD, Myf5, and Pax7 expression, highlighting complex relationships in cell proliferation. Regarding cell differentiation, Pax7 expression was highest in PLAG1 GG type. High glucose prompted wider myotubes, while lower lysine concentrations slightly favored cell differentiation. Correspondingly, MyoG expression decreased with higher lysine levels. This study furnishes insights into lysine and glucose supplementation effects on bovine MSC proliferation and differentiation, considering PLAG1 genotype influence. It offers valuable data for beef production system establishment and optimizing cell-based food production.

Enhancing bovine immune, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses with vitamins, rumen-protected amino acids, and trace minerals to prevent periparturient mastitis

Mastitis, the inflammatory condition of mammary glands, has been closely associated with immune suppression and imbalances between antioxidants and free radicals in cattle. During the periparturient period, dairy cows experience negative energy balance (NEB) due to metabolic stress, leading to elevated oxidative stress and compromised immunity. The resulting abnormal regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), along with increased non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) are the key factors associated with suppressed immunity thereby increases susceptibility of dairy cattle to infections, including mastitis. Metabolic diseases such as ketosis and hypocalcemia indirectly contribute to mastitis vulnerability, exacerbated by compromised immune function and exposure to physical injuries. Oxidative stress, arising from disrupted balance between ROS generation and antioxidant availability during pregnancy and calving, further contributes to mastitis susceptibility. Metabolic stress, marked by excessive lipid mobilization, exacerbates immune depression and oxidative stress. These factors collectively compromise animal health, productive efficiency, and udder health during periparturient phases. Numerous studies have investigated nutrition-based strategies to counter these challenges. Specifically, amino acids, trace minerals, and vitamins have emerged as crucial contributors to udder health. This review comprehensively examines their roles in promoting udder health during the periparturient phase. Trace minerals like copper, selenium, and calcium, as well as vitamins; have demonstrated significant impacts on immune regulation and antioxidant defense. Vitamin B12 and vitamin E have shown promise in improving metabolic function and reducing oxidative stress followed by enhanced immunity. Additionally, amino acids play a pivotal role in maintaining cellular oxidative balance through their involvement in vital biosynthesis pathways. In conclusion, addressing periparturient mastitis requires a holistic understanding of the interplay between metabolic stress, immune regulation, and oxidative balance. The supplementation of essential amino acids, trace minerals, and vitamins emerges as a promising avenue to enhance udder health and overall productivity during this critical phase. This comprehensive review underscores the potential of nutritional interventions in mitigating periparturient bovine mastitis and lays the foundation for future research in this domain.

Enhancing Metabolism and Milk Production Performance in Periparturient Dairy Cattle through Rumen-Protected Methionine and Choline Supplementation

For dairy cattle to perform well throughout and following lactations, precise dietary control during the periparturient phase is crucial. The primary issues experienced by periparturient dairy cows include issues like decreased dry matter intake (DMI), a negative energy balance, higher levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and the ensuing inferior milk output. Dairy cattle have always been fed a diet high in crude protein (CP) to produce the most milk possible. Despite the vital function that dairy cows play in the conversion of dietary CP into milk, a sizeable percentage of nitrogen is inevitably expelled, which raises serious environmental concerns. To reduce nitrogen emissions and their production, lactating dairy cows must receive less CP supplementation. Supplementing dairy cattle with rumen-protected methionine (RPM) and choline (RPC) has proven to be a successful method for improving their ability to use nitrogen, regulate their metabolism, and produce milk. The detrimental effects of low dietary protein consumption on the milk yield, protein yield, and dry matter intake may be mitigated by these nutritional treatments. In metabolic activities like the synthesis of sulfur-containing amino acids and methylation reactions, RPM and RPC are crucial players. Methionine, a limiting amino acid, affects the production of milk protein and the success of lactation in general. According to the existing data in the literature, methionine supplementation has a favorable impact on the pathways that produce milk. Similarly, choline is essential for DNA methylation, cell membrane stability, and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, RPC supplementation during the transition phase improves dry matter intake, postpartum milk yield, and fat-corrected milk (FCM) production. This review provides comprehensive insights into the roles of RPM and RPC in optimizing nitrogen utilization, metabolism, and enhancing milk production performance in periparturient dairy cattle, offering valuable strategies for sustainable dairy farming practices.

An Evaluation of the Supplementation of Rumen-Protected Lysine and Methionine on the Lactation Performance of Fall Parturition Grazing Holstein Cows in Southern Chile

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the supplementation of rumen-protected (RP) methionine and lysine on milk yield, solids, and body weight over time on fall-calving grazing multiparous Holstein cows from Chile. Four treatment groups were studied and compared for the outcomes over time. The treatments were as follows: (i) CON: control (n = 26); (ii) RP lysine group (LYS; 20 g per cow per day; n = 26); (iii) RP methionine group (MET; 20 g per cow per day; n = 26); and (iv) LYS × MET (RP lysine and RP methionine 20 g of each amino acid per cow per day; n = 26). Data were analyzed with general linear mixed model ANOVAs for repeated measures to primarily test the main effects of each amino acid and their interactions. The supplementation of the amino acids was conducted from 2 to 70 days postpartum. Overall, milk production tended to be higher in the MET and in the LYS × MET group when compared to the control group. Furthermore, CON produced significantly less milk protein (kg) and milk fat (kg) than the LYS, MET, and LYS × MET groups. Milk urea tended to be lower during the entire study in the CON group than the rest of the groups. There was a trend for a reduction in the losses of postpartum body weight in the LYS × MET than the CON. In conclusion, RP methionine and lysine improved milk fat and protein yield in grazing multiparous cows with fall parturitions; consequently, both RP amino acids can be used as a strategy for improving grazing cows' production performance.