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Zohourian N, Brown JA. Current trends in clinical trials and the development of small molecule epigenetic inhibitors as cancer therapeutics. Epigenomics 2024. [PMID: 38639711 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2023-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms control and regulate normal chromatin structure and gene expression patterns, with epigenetic dysregulation observed in many different cancer types. Importantly, epigenetic modifications are reversible, offering the potential to silence oncogenes and reactivate tumor suppressors. Small molecule drugs manipulating these epigenetic mechanisms are at the leading edge of new therapeutic options for cancer treatment. The clinical use of histone deacetyltransferases inhibitors (HDACi) demonstrates the effectiveness of targeting epigenetic mechanisms for cancer treatment. Notably, the development of new classes of inhibitors, including lysine acetyltransferase inhibitors (KATi), are the future of epigenetic-based therapeutics. We outline the progress of current classes of small molecule epigenetic drugs for use against cancer (preclinical and clinical) and highlight the potential market growth in epigenetic-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Zohourian
- Department of Biological Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - James Al Brown
- Department of Biological Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
- Limerick Digital Cancer Research Centre (LDCRC), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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2
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Wang X, Zong X, Ye M, Jin C, Xu T, Yang J, Gao C, Wang X, Yan H. Lysine Distinctively Manipulates Myogenic Regulatory Factors and Wnt/Ca 2+ Pathway in Slow and Fast Muscles, and Their Satellite Cells of Postnatal Piglets. Cells 2024; 13:650. [PMID: 38607088 PMCID: PMC11011516 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Muscle regeneration, representing an essential homeostatic process, relies mainly on the myogenic progress of resident satellite cells, and it is modulated by multiple physical and nutritional factors. Here, we investigated how myogenic differentiation-related factors and pathways respond to the first limiting amino acid lysine (Lys) in the fast and slow muscles, and their satellite cells (SCs), of swine. Thirty 28-day-old weaned piglets with similar body weights were subjected to three diet regimens: control group (d 0-28: 1.31% Lys, n = 12), Lys-deficient group (d 0-28: 0.83% Lys, n = 12), and Lys rescue group (d 0-14: 0.83% Lys; d 15-28: 1.31% Lys, n = 6). Pigs on d 15 and 29 were selectively slaughtered for muscular parameters evaluation. Satellite cells isolated from fast (semimembranosus) and slow (semitendinosus) muscles were also selected to investigate differentiation ability variations. We found Lys deficiency significantly hindered muscle development in both fast and slow muscles via the distinct manipulation of myogenic regulatory factors and the Wnt/Ca2+ pathway. In the SC model, Lys deficiency suppressed the Wnt/Ca2+ pathways and myosin heavy chain, myogenin, and myogenic regulatory factor 4 in slow muscle SCs but stimulated them in fast muscle SCs. When sufficient Lys was attained, the fast muscle-derived SCs Wnt/Ca2+ pathway (protein kinase C, calcineurin, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, and nuclear factor of activated T cells 1) was repressed, while the Wnt/Ca2+ pathway of its counterpart was stimulated to further the myogenic differentiation. Lys potentially manipulates the differentiation of porcine slow and fast muscle myofibers via the Wnt/Ca2+ pathway in opposite trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.J.); (T.X.); (C.G.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoyin Zong
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.J.); (T.X.); (C.G.); (X.W.)
| | - Mao Ye
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.J.); (T.X.); (C.G.); (X.W.)
| | - Chenglong Jin
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.J.); (T.X.); (C.G.); (X.W.)
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Tao Xu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.J.); (T.X.); (C.G.); (X.W.)
| | - Jinzeng Yang
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA;
| | - Chunqi Gao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.J.); (T.X.); (C.G.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiuqi Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.J.); (T.X.); (C.G.); (X.W.)
| | - Huichao Yan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.J.); (T.X.); (C.G.); (X.W.)
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3
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Mason M, Belvisi L, Pignataro L, Dal Corso A. A Tight Contact: The Expanding Application of Salicylaldehydes in Lysine-Targeting Covalent Drugs. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300743. [PMID: 37986243 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The installation of aldehydes into synthetic protein ligands is an efficient strategy to engage protein lysine residues in remarkably stable imine bonds and augment the compound affinity and selectivity for their biological targets. The high frequency of lysine residues in proteins and the reversibility of the covalent ligand-protein bond support the application of aldehyde-bearing ligands, holding promises for their future use as drugs. This review highlights the increasing exploitation of salicylaldehyde modules in various classes of protein binders, aimed at the reversible-covalent engagement of lysine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Mason
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Dal Corso
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
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Hurst JP, Sato S, Ferris T, Yobi A, Zhou Y, Angelovici R, Clemente TE, Holding DR. Editing the 19 kDa alpha-zein gene family generates non-opaque2-based quality protein maize. Plant Biotechnol J 2024; 22:946-959. [PMID: 37988568 PMCID: PMC10955486 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Maize grain is deficient in lysine. While the opaque2 mutation increases grain lysine, o2 is a transcription factor that regulates a wide network of genes beyond zeins, which leads to pleiotropic and often negative effects. Additionally, the drastic reduction in 19 kDa and 22 kDa alpha-zeins causes a floury kernel, unsuitable for agricultural use. Quality protein maize (QPM) overcame the undesirable kernel texture through the introgression of modifying alleles. However, QPM still lacks a functional o2 transcription factor, which has a penalty on non-lysine amino acids due to the o2 mutation. CRISPR/cas9 gives researchers the ability to directly target genes of interest. In this paper, gene editing was used to specifically target the 19 kDa alpha zein gene family. This allows for proteome rebalancing to occur without an o2 mutation and without a total alpha-zein knockout. The results showed that editing some, but not all, of the 19 kDa zeins resulted in up to 30% more lysine. An edited line displayed an increase of 30% over the wild type. While not quite the 55% lysine increase displayed by QPM, the line had little collateral impact on other amino acid levels compared to QPM. Additionally, the edited line containing a partially reduced 19 kDa showed an advantage in kernel texture that had a complete 19 kDa knockout. These results serve as proof of concept that editing the 19 kDa alpha-zein family alone can enhance lysine while retaining vitreous endosperm and a functional O2 transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Preston Hurst
- Department of Agronomy and HorticultureUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraskaUSA
- Center for Plant Science InnovationLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Shirley Sato
- Department of Agronomy and HorticultureUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Tyler Ferris
- Department of Agronomy and HorticultureUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraskaUSA
- Center for Plant Science InnovationLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Abou Yobi
- University of Missouri‐ColumbiaColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - You Zhou
- Department of Agronomy and HorticultureUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | | | - Tom E. Clemente
- Department of Agronomy and HorticultureUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - David R. Holding
- Department of Agronomy and HorticultureUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraskaUSA
- Center for Plant Science InnovationLincolnNebraskaUSA
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5
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Ghosh T, Jahangirnejad S, Chauvier A, Stringer AM, Korepanov AP, Côté JP, Wade JT, Lafontaine DA. Direct and indirect control of Rho-dependent transcription termination by the Escherichia coli lysC riboswitch. RNA 2024; 30:381-391. [PMID: 38253429 PMCID: PMC10946432 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079779.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial riboswitches are molecular structures that play a crucial role in controlling gene expression to maintain cellular balance. The Escherichia coli lysC riboswitch has been previously shown to regulate gene expression through translation initiation and mRNA decay. Recent research suggests that lysC gene expression is also influenced by Rho-dependent transcription termination. Through a series of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo experiments, we provide experimental evidence that the lysC riboswitch directly and indirectly modulates Rho transcription termination. Our study demonstrates that Rho-dependent transcription termination plays a significant role in the cotranscriptional regulation of lysC expression. Together with previous studies, our work suggests that lysC expression is governed by a lysine-sensing riboswitch that regulates translation initiation, transcription termination, and mRNA degradation. Notably, both Rho and RNase E target the same region of the RNA molecule, implying that RNase E may degrade Rho-terminated transcripts, providing a means to selectively eliminate these incomplete messenger RNAs. Overall, this study sheds light on the complex regulatory mechanisms used by bacterial riboswitches, emphasizing the role of transcription termination in the control of gene expression and mRNA stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tithi Ghosh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, RNA Group, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - Shirin Jahangirnejad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, RNA Group, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - Adrien Chauvier
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, RNA Group, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - Anne M Stringer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12208, USA
| | - Alexey P Korepanov
- Expression Génétique Microbienne, UMR8261 CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean Phillippe Côté
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, RNA Group, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - Joseph T Wade
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, New York 12201, USA
| | - Daniel A Lafontaine
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, RNA Group, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1K 2R1
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Wu Y, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wen Z, Li Y, Zhang K, Gosar N, Li Q, Mao J, Gong S. Proanthocyanidins Ameliorate LPS-Inhibited Osteogenesis of PDLSCs by Restoring Lysine Lactylation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2947. [PMID: 38474198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a bacteria-induced inflammatory disease characterized by the progressive destruction of periodontal supporting tissues. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are capable of differentiating into osteoblasts, which is an important stem cell source for endogenous periodontal tissue regeneration. Lysine lactylation (Kla) is a novel post-translational modification of proteins that is recently thought to be associated with osteogenic differentiation. Here, we found that lactylation levels are reduced both in the periodontal tissue of rats with periodontitis and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human PDLSCs. Proanthocyanidins were able to promote the osteogenesis of inflamed PDLSCs by restoring lactylation levels. Mechanistically, proanthocyanidins increased lactate production and restored the lactylation levels of PDLSCs, which recovered osteogenesis of inflamed PDLSCs via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. These results provide evidence on how epigenetic regulation by pharmacological agents influence the osteogenic phenotype of stem cells and the process of periodontal tissue repair. Our current study highlights the valuable potential of natural product proanthocyanidins in the regenerative engineering of periodontal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Xiangyao Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Yuxiao Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Zhihao Wen
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Kehan Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Nuerlan Gosar
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Qilin Li
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Jing Mao
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Shiqiang Gong
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430033, China
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Farshi P, Amamcharla J, Getty K, Smith JS. Effect of Immersion Time of Chicken Breast in Potato Starch Coating Containing Lysine on PhIP Levels. Foods 2024; 13:222. [PMID: 38254522 PMCID: PMC10814811 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of immersion time of chicken breasts in potato starch (PS) coating containing amino acids (AAs) on the formation of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine (PhIP) and to evaluate a possible mechanism to inhibit the formation of PhIP in chicken breasts during frying. The chicken breasts with standardized dimensions were dipped in the potato starch (PS) coating solution containing 0.25% w/v lysine (Lys) for different times (15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 3 h, and 6 h). After drying the coating on the chickens, samples were fried at 195 °C for 7.5 min on each side. Results showed that the immersion time does not significantly decrease (p < 0.05) the PhIP level, suggesting that 15 min immersion time is enough for PhIP reduction compared to the control chicken samples (without coating). Phenylacetaldehyde (PheAce) was increased in chicken breast coated with PS-0.25% Lys after frying, suggesting that there should be another pathway to prevent the formation of PhIP by the addition of PS-0.25% Lys. Volatile compound analysis also confirmed this and showed increases in many aroma compounds in the coated chicken. Moreover, no significant differences (p < 0.05) were shown between the cooking loss percentage, color parameters, texture profile, and tenderness of chicken with the PS-0.25% coating and chicken without coating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - J. Scott Smith
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (P.F.); (J.A.); (K.G.)
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Martineau R, Ouellet DR, Pellerin D, Firkins JL, Hanigan MD, White RR, LaPierre PA, Van Amburgh ME, Lapierre H. Ability of three dairy feed evaluation systems to predict postruminal outflows of amino acids in dairy cows: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00012-2. [PMID: 38216041 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Adequate prediction of postruminal outflows of essential AA (EAA) is the starting point of balancing rations for EAA in dairy cows. The objective of this meta-analysis was to compare the performance of 3 dairy feed evaluation systems (National Research Council [NRC], Cornell Net Protein and Carbohydrate System version 6.5.5 [CNCPS], and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine [NASEM]) to predict EAA outflows (Trp was not tested). The data set included a total of 354 treatment means from 70 duodenal and 24 omasal studies. To avoid Type I error, mean and linear biases were considered of concern if statistically significant and representing > 5.0% of the observed mean. Analyses were conducted on raw observed values and on observations adjusted for the random effect of study. The analysis on raw data indicates the ability of the feed evaluation system to predict absolute values whereas the analysis on adjusted values indicates its ability to predict responses of EAA outflows to dietary changes. For the prediction of absolute values (based on raw data), NRC underpredicted outflows of all EAA, from 5.3 to 8.6% of the observed mean (%obs.mean) except for Leu, Lys, and Val; NASEM overpredicted Lys (10.8%obs.mean); and CNCPS overpredicted Arg, His, Lys, Met, and Val (5.2 to 26.0%obs.mean). No EAA had a linear bias of concern with NASEM, followed by NRC for His (6.8%obs.mean), and CNCPS for all EAA (5.6 to 12.2%obs.mean) except Leu, Phe, and Thr. On the other hand, for the prediction of responses to dietary changes (based on adjusted data), NRC had 2 EAA presenting a linear bias of concern, followed by NASEM and CNCPS with 4 and 6 EAA, respectively. Predictions of His showed a linear bias of concern (5.3 to 9.6%obs.mean) with the 3 feed evaluation systems. Measured chemistry of crude protein and EAA were reported for 1 or more feed ingredients of the ration in 36% of the studies, and resulted in decreased linear biases in the 3 feed evaluation systems. The difference in mean biases of Met outflows was systematically positive when comparing omasal versus duodenal studies. Predictions of Met outflows with NRC had a higher concordance correlation coefficient in duodenal (used to develop NRC equations) versus omasal studies, whereas the opposite was observed with CNCPS, the latter showing the lowest mean bias for Met in omasal sampling studies. The 30% difference in Met mean biases between sampling sites appeared related to a similar difference found for observed Met versus NAN outflows between duodenal and omasal studies, which is independent of predictions. In conclusion, NRC and NASEM yielded accurate predictions of EAA outflows, with a small superiority of NASEM to predict absolute values, and slight superiority of NRC to predict the responses to dietary changes. In comparison, CNCPS may present mean and linear biases of concern for many EAA. Moreover, it remains to determine which sampling site is more representative of the true supply of EAA to the cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martineau
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, QC, Canada, J1M 0C8.
| | - D R Ouellet
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, QC, Canada, J1M 0C8
| | - D Pellerin
- Department of Animal Science, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - J L Firkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - M D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24060
| | - R R White
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24060
| | - P A LaPierre
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - M E Van Amburgh
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - H Lapierre
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, QC, Canada, J1M 0C8
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9
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Johannsen JC, Sørensen MT, Theil PK, Bruun TS, Farmer C, Feyera T. Optimal protein concentration in diets for sows during the transition period. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae082. [PMID: 38517473 PMCID: PMC11017514 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the optimal concentration of dietary protein required in transition diets for multiparous sows that enhance the farrowing process, colostrum production, and subsequent lactation performance. Forty-eight multiparous sows were allotted to one of six dietary treatments according to body weight (290 ± 3 kg) and parity (3.8 ± 0.2) from day 108 of gestation until 24 h after the onset of farrowing. The diets were isoenergetic and contained increasing concentrations of dietary protein (expressed as standardized ileal digestible [SID] Lys) and were supplied at a daily feed supply of 3.8 kg. On day 108 of gestation and days 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28 of lactation, body weight, and back fat thickness were recorded, and blood was sampled on day 108 of gestation, at the onset of farrowing, and days 3, 10, 17, and 24 of lactation from the sows for analysis of plasma metabolites. On day 115 of gestation, urine, and feces were collected for nitrogen (N) balance. The number of liveborn and stillborn piglets and time of birth were recorded and blood from every fourth piglet was sampled at birth for blood gas analysis. Piglets were weighed individually from birth until weaning, to estimate the colostrum and milk yield of the sows. Colostrum and milk samples were collected, and their compositions were determined. On days 3 and 28 of lactation, sows were injected with deuterium oxide to estimate body composition. The N utilization was maximized when the concentration of SID Lys in the transition diet was 6.06 g/kg (P < 0.01). When urinary concentrations of urea were expressed relative to creatinine, the relative concentration of urea remained low until a dietary concentration of 6.08 g SID Lys/kg, above which the relative concentration of urea increased (P < 0.01). Stillbirth rate increased linearly with increasing SID Lys concentration in the transition diet (P < 0.001), thus the concentration of SID Lys should be kept as low as possible without impairing sow performance excessively. A carry-over effect on milk yield was observed, showing that a dietary SID Lys concentration of 5.79 g/kg during transition optimized milk production at an average yield of 13.5 kg/d (P = 0.04). Increasing loss of body fat in lactation was observed with increasing SID Lys concentration in the transition diet (P = 0.03). In conclusion, the transition diet of multiparous sows should contain 5.79 g SID Lys/kg when fed 3.8 kg/d (13.0 MJ ME/kg), for a total SID Lys intake of 22 g/d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob C Johannsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Campus Viborg, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Martin T Sørensen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Campus Viborg, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Peter K Theil
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Campus Viborg, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | | | - Chantal Farmer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, CanadaJ1M 0C8
| | - Takele Feyera
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Campus Viborg, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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10
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Watzeck MC, Huber LA. The standardized ileal digestible lysine-to-net energy ratio in the diets of sows to optimize milk nitrogen retention is dynamic during lactation. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae094. [PMID: 38558239 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Fifty-two multiparous sows (average parity 3.1 ± 0.9 and initial BW 245.6 ± 32.5 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys-to-net energy (NE) ratios on nitrogen (N) utilization throughout a 24-d lactation period. Sows were randomly assigned to one of five isoenergetic feeding programs that provided equally spaced and increasing SID Lys-to-NE ratios between 2.79 and 5.50 g SID Lys/Mcal NE. The feeding programs were generated by blending the two extreme diets in varying proportions and were provided to sows immediately after farrowing (day 1) and until weaning at day 24 ± 1. Nitrogen balances were conducted between days 4 and 7, 12 and 15, and 20 and 23 ± 1 of lactation to represent weeks 1, 2, and 3, respectively, using total urine collection and fecal grab sampling. Contrast statements were used to determine the linear and quadratic effects of increasing Lys-to-NE ratios. Linear and quadratic broken-line and polynomial quadratic (QPM) models were used to determine the optimum dietary Lys-to-NE ratios for N retention in milk. The Bayesian information criterion was used to assess the best fit. Feeding program did not influence sow average daily feed intake (5.8 ± 0.1 kg), BW change (-8.2 ± 3.1 kg), or change in back fat thickness (-2.6 ± 0.7 mm) over the 24-d lactation period, but piglet average daily gain increased with dietary SID Lys-to-NE ratio (linear; P < 0.05). Sow N intake increased with increasing dietary Lys-to-NE ratio in weeks 2 and 3 (linear; P < 0.001). Whole-body N retention (N intake - N output in urine and feces) increased with increasing dietary Lys-to-NE ratio in all weeks (linear; P < 0.05). The N retention in milk tended to increase then decrease with increasing dietary Lys-to-NE ratio in weeks 1 and 2 (quadratic; P = 0.051 and P = 0.081) and the QPM showed optimal milk N retention at 4.28, 4.42, and 4.67 g Lys/Mcal NE for weeks 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Maternal N retention (N intake - N output in urine, feces, and milk) decreased and then increased in week 1 (quadratic; P < 0.01) and increased in weeks 2 and 3 (linear; P < 0.01) with increasing dietary Lys-to-NE ratio. Therefore, the SID Lys-to-NE ratio necessary to optimize milk N output is dynamic throughout lactation. A two-diet feeding program could be created to match optimal weekly or daily SID Lys-to-NE ratios, which could lead to improved piglet ADG and body weights at weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelaine C Watzeck
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lee-Anne Huber
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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11
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Rong Y, Darnell AM, Sapp KM, Vander Heiden MG, Spencer SL. Cells use multiple mechanisms for cell-cycle arrest upon withdrawal of individual amino acids. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113539. [PMID: 38070134 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are required for cell growth and proliferation, but it remains unclear when and how amino acid availability impinges on the proliferation-quiescence decision. Here, we used time-lapse microscopy and single-cell tracking of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) activity to assess the response of individual cells to withdrawal of single amino acids and found strikingly different cell-cycle effects depending on the amino acid. For example, upon leucine withdrawal, MCF10A cells complete two cell cycles and then enter a CDK2-low quiescence, whereas lysine withdrawal causes immediate cell-cycle stalling. Methionine withdrawal triggers a restriction point phenotype similar to serum starvation or Mek inhibition: upon methionine withdrawal, cells complete their current cell cycle and enter a CDK2-low quiescence after mitosis. Modulation of restriction point regulators p21/p27 or cyclin D1 enables short-term rescue of proliferation under methionine and leucine withdrawal, and to a lesser extent lysine withdrawal, revealing a checkpoint connecting nutrient signaling to cell-cycle entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Rong
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Alicia M Darnell
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kiera M Sapp
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sabrina L Spencer
- Department of Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
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12
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Tan Y, Chrysopoulou M, Rinschen MM. Integrative physiology of lysine metabolites. Physiol Genomics 2023; 55:579-586. [PMID: 37781739 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00061.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysine is an essential amino acid that serves as a building block in protein synthesis. Beside this, the metabolic activity of lysine has only recently been unraveled. Lysine metabolism is tissue specific and is linked to several renal, cardiovascular, and endocrinological diseases through human metabolomics datasets. As a free molecule, lysine takes part in the antioxidant response and engages in protein modifications, and its chemistry shapes both proteome and metabolome. In the proteome, it is an acceptor for a plethora of posttranslational modifications. In the metabolome, it can be modified, conjugated, and degraded. Here, we provide an update on integrative physiology of mammalian lysine metabolites such as α-aminoadipic acid, saccharopine, pipecolic acid, and lysine conjugates such as acetyl-lysine, and sugar-lysine conjugates such as advanced glycation end products. We also comment on their emerging associative and mechanistic links to renal disease, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Tan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Markus M Rinschen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- III Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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13
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Hasan MS, Wang Y, Feugang JM, Zhou H, Liao SF. RNA sequencing analysis revealed differentially expressed genes and their functional annotation in porcine longissimus dorsi muscle affected by dietary lysine restriction. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1233292. [PMID: 38026666 PMCID: PMC10668494 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1233292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary lysine restriction on the global gene expression profile of skeletal muscle in growing pigs. Twelve crossbred (Yorkshire × Landrace) barrows (initial BW 22.6 ± 2.04 kg) were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments (LDD: a lysine-deficient diet; LAD: a lysine-adequate diet) according to a completely randomized experiment design (n = 6). After feeding for 8 weeks, skeletal muscle was sampled from the longissimus dorsi of individual pigs. The muscle total RNA was isolated and cDNA libraries were prepared for RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis. The RNA-Seq data obtained was then analyzed using the CLC Genomics Workbench to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). A total of 80 genes (padj ≤ 0.05) were differentially expressed in the longissimus dorsi muscle of the pigs fed LDD vs. LAD, of which 46 genes were downregulated and 34 genes were upregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of the DEGs (padj ≤ 0.05) for functional annotation identified those GO terms that are mostly associated with the molecular functions of structural molecules and metabolic enzymes (e.g., oxidoreductase and endopeptidase), biological process of acute-phase response, and amino acid metabolism including synthesis and degradation in the extracellular matrix region. Collectively, the results of this study have provided some novel insight regarding the molecular mechanisms of muscle growth that are associated with dietary lysine supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Shamimul Hasan
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jean M. Feugang
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Shengfa F. Liao
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
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14
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Manzano M, Girón MD, Salto R, Burgio C, Reinoso A, Cabrera E, Rueda R, López-Pedrosa JM. Arginine and Lysine Supplementation Potentiates the Beneficial β-Hydroxy ß-Methyl Butyrate (HMB) Effects on Skeletal Muscle in a Rat Model of Diabetes. Nutrients 2023; 15:4706. [PMID: 38004100 PMCID: PMC10674618 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the key tissue for maintaining protein and glucose homeostasis, having a profound impact on the development of diabetes. Diabetes causes deleterious changes in terms of loss of muscle mass, which will contribute to reduced glucose uptake and therefore progression of the disease. Nutritional approaches in diabetes have been directed to increase muscle glucose uptake, and improving protein turnover has been at least partially an oversight. In muscle, β-hydroxy β-methyl butyrate (HMB) promotes net protein synthesis, while arginine and lysine increase glucose uptake, albeit their effects on promoting protein synthesis are limited. This study evaluates if the combination of HMB, lysine, and arginine could prevent the loss of muscle mass and function, reducing the progression of diabetes. Therefore, the combination of these ingredients was tested in vitro and in vivo. In muscle cell cultures, the supplementation enhances glucose uptake and net protein synthesis due to an increase in the amount of GLUT4 transporter and stimulation of the insulin-dependent signaling pathway involving IRS-1 and Akt. In vivo, using a rat model of diabetes, the supplementation increases lean body mass and insulin sensitivity and decreases blood glucose and serum glycosylated hemoglobin. In treated animals, an increase in GLUT4, creatine kinase, and Akt phosphorylation was detected, demonstrating the synergic effects of the three ingredients. Our findings showed that nutritional formulations based on the combination of HMB, lysine, and arginine are effective, not only to control blood glucose levels but also to prevent skeletal muscle atrophy associated with the progression of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Manzano
- Abbott Nutrition R&D, E18004 Granada, Spain; (M.M.); (R.R.); (J.M.L.-P.)
| | - María D. Girón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, E18071 Granada, Spain; (M.D.G.); (C.B.); (A.R.); (E.C.)
| | - Rafael Salto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, E18071 Granada, Spain; (M.D.G.); (C.B.); (A.R.); (E.C.)
| | - Chiara Burgio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, E18071 Granada, Spain; (M.D.G.); (C.B.); (A.R.); (E.C.)
| | - Antonio Reinoso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, E18071 Granada, Spain; (M.D.G.); (C.B.); (A.R.); (E.C.)
| | - Elena Cabrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, E18071 Granada, Spain; (M.D.G.); (C.B.); (A.R.); (E.C.)
| | - Ricardo Rueda
- Abbott Nutrition R&D, E18004 Granada, Spain; (M.M.); (R.R.); (J.M.L.-P.)
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15
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Yeganeh M, Auray‐Blais C, Maranda B, Sabovic A, DeVita RJ, Lazarus MB, Houten SM. A case of hyper lysinemia identified by urine newborn screening. JIMD Rep 2023; 64:440-445. [PMID: 37927488 PMCID: PMC10623103 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperlysinemia is a rare autosomal recessive deficiency of 2-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase (AASS) affecting the initial step in lysine degradation. It is thought to be a benign biochemical abnormality, but reports on cases remain scarce. The description of additional cases, in particular, those identified without ascertainment bias, may help counseling of new cases in the future. It may also help to establish the risks associated with pharmacological inhibition of AASS, a potential therapeutic strategy that is under investigation for other inborn errors of lysine degradation. We describe the identification of a hyperlysinemia case identified in the Provincial Neonatal Urine Screening Program in Sherbrooke, Quebec. This case presented with a profile of cystinuria but with a very high increase in urinary lysine. A diagnosis of hyperlysinemia was confirmed through biochemical testing and the identification of biallelic variants in AASS. The p.R146W and p.T371I variants are novel and affect the folding of the lysine-2-oxoglutarate domain of AASS. The 11-month-old boy is currently doing well without any therapeutic interventions. The identification of this case through newborn urine screening further establishes that hyperlysinemia is a biochemical abnormality with limited clinical consequences and may not require any intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Yeganeh
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Centre Mère‐Enfant SoleilUniversité LavalQuébec CityQuébecCanada
| | - Christiane Auray‐Blais
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre de recherche—CIUSSS de l'Estrie‐CHUSUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQuébecCanada
| | - Bruno Maranda
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre de recherche—CIUSSS de l'Estrie‐CHUSUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQuébecCanada
| | - Amanda Sabovic
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Robert J. DeVita
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Drug Discovery InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Michael B. Lazarus
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Drug Discovery InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Sander M. Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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16
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Singh J, Karunaraj P, Luf M, Pfleger CM. Lysines K117 and K147 play conserved roles in Ras activation from Drosophila to mammals. G3 (Bethesda) 2023; 13:jkad201. [PMID: 37665961 PMCID: PMC10627255 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Ras signaling plays an important role in growth, proliferation, and developmental patterning. Maintaining appropriate levels of Ras signaling is important to establish patterning in development and to prevent diseases such as cancer in mature organisms. The Ras protein is represented by Ras85D in Drosophila and by HRas, NRas, and KRas in mammals. In the past dozen years, multiple reports have characterized both inhibitory and activating ubiquitination events regulating Ras proteins. Inhibitory Ras ubiquitination mediated by Rabex-5 or Lztr1 is highly conserved between flies and mammals. Activating ubiquitination events at K117 and K147 have been reported in mammalian HRas, NRas, and KRas, but it is unclear if these activating roles of K117 and K147 are conserved in flies. Addressing a potential conserved role for these lysines in Drosophila Ras activation requires phenotypes strong enough to assess suppression. Therefore, we utilized oncogenic Ras, RasG12V, which biases Ras to the GTP-loaded active conformation. We created double mutants RasG12V,K117R and RasG12V,K147R and triple mutant RasG12V,K117R,K147R to prevent lysine-specific post-translational modification of K117, K147, or both, respectively. We compared their phenotypes to RasG12V in the wing to reveal the roles of these lysines. Although RasG12V,K147R did not show compelling or quantifiable differences from RasG12V, RasG12V,K117R showed visible and quantifiable suppression compared to RasG12V, and triple mutant RasG12V,K117R,K147R showed dramatic suppression compared to RasG12V and increased suppression compared to RasG12V,K117R. These data are consistent with highly conserved roles for K117 and K147 in Ras activation from flies to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiya Singh
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Prashath Karunaraj
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Max Luf
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Cathie M Pfleger
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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17
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Pérez-Carreón K, Martínez LM, Videa M, Cruz-Angeles J, Gómez J, Ramírez E. Effect of Basic Amino Acids on Folic Acid Solubility. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2544. [PMID: 38004524 PMCID: PMC10675447 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To prevent neural tube defects and other cardiovascular diseases in newborns, folic acid (FA) is recommended in pregnant women. A daily dose of 600 µg FA consumption is widely prescribed for women during pregnancy and 400 µg for women with childbearing potential. FA is a class IV compound according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) due to its low permeability (1.7 × 10-6 cm/s) and low solubility (1.6 mg/L); therefore, it must be administered via a formulation that enhances its solubility. Studies reported in the literature have proved that co-amorphization and salt formation of a poorly soluble drug with amino acids (AA) can significantly increase its solubility. Although arginine has been used with FA as a supplement, there is no information on the effect of basic AA (arginine and lysine) on the physical and chemical properties of FA-AA binary formulations. The present study implemented a conductimetric titration methodology to find the effective molar ratio to maximize FA solubility. The results showed that a 1:2.5 FA:AA molar ratio maximized solubility for arginine and lysine. Binary formulations were prepared using different methods, which led to an amorphous system confirmed by the presence of a glass transition, broad FTIR bands, and the absence of an X-ray diffraction pattern. Results of FA:AA (1:2.5) solubility increased in the range of 5500-6000 times compared with pure FA. In addition to solubility enhancement, the binary systems presented morphological properties that depend on the preparation method and whose consideration could be strategic for scaling purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luz María Martínez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur. Monterrey N.L., Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Marcelo Videa
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur. Monterrey N.L., Monterrey 64849, Mexico
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18
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Añazco C, Ojeda PG, Guerrero-Wyss M. Common Beans as a Source of Amino Acids and Cofactors for Collagen Biosynthesis. Nutrients 2023; 15:4561. [PMID: 37960212 PMCID: PMC10649776 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are widely consumed in diets all over the world and have a significant impact on human health. Proteins, vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, and other micro- and macronutrients are abundant in these legumes. On the other hand, collagens, the most important constituent of extracellular matrices, account for approximately 25-30 percent of the overall total protein composition within the human body. Hence, the presence of amino acids and other dietary components, including glycine, proline, and lysine, which are constituents of the primary structure of the protein, is required for collagen formation. In this particular context, protein quality is associated with the availability of macronutrients such as the essential amino acid lysine, which can be acquired from meals containing beans. Lysine plays a critical role in the process of post-translational modifications facilitated with enzymes lysyl hydroxylase and lysyl oxidase, which are directly involved in the synthesis and maturation of collagens. Furthermore, collagen biogenesis is influenced by the cellular redox state, which includes important minerals and bioactive chemicals such as iron, copper, and certain quinone cofactors. This study provides a novel perspective on the significant macro- and micronutrients present in Phaseolus vulgaris L., as well as explores the potential application of amino acids and cofactors derived from this legume in the production of collagens and bioavailability. The utilization of macro- and micronutrients obtained from Phaseolus vulgaris L. as a protein source, minerals, and natural bioactive compounds could optimize the capacity to promote the development and durability of collagen macromolecules within the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Añazco
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Nutricional, Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, General Lagos #1190, Valdivia 5110773, Chile
| | - Paola G. Ojeda
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | - Marion Guerrero-Wyss
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Nutricional, Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, General Lagos #1190, Valdivia 5110773, Chile
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19
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Martín D, Ordás MC, Carvalho I, Díaz-Rosales P, Nuñez-Ortiz N, Vicente-Gil S, Arrogante A, Zarza C, Machado M, Costas B, Tafalla C. L-methionine supplementation modulates IgM + B cell responses in rainbow trout. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1264228. [PMID: 37881437 PMCID: PMC10597660 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1264228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The interest in dietary amino acids (AAs) as potential immunomodulators has been growing the recent years, since specific AAs are known to regulate key metabolic pathways of the immune response or increase the synthesis of some immune-related proteins. Methionine, tryptophan and lysine are among the ten essential AAs for fish, meaning that they cannot be produced endogenously and must be provided through the diet. To date, although dietary supplementation of fish with some of these AAs has been shown to have positive effects on some innate immune parameters and disease resistance, the effects that these AAs provoke on cells of the adaptive immune system remained unexplored. Hence, in the current study, we have investigated the effects of these three AAs on the functionality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) IgM+ B cells. For this, splenic leukocytes were isolated from untreated adult rainbow trout and incubated in culture media additionally supplemented with different doses of methionine, tryptophan or lysine in the presence or absence of the model antigen TNP-LPS (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl hapten conjugated to lipopolysaccharide). The survival, IgM secreting capacity and proliferation of IgM+ B cells was then studied. In the case of methionine, the phagocytic capacity of IgM+ B cells was also determined. Our results demonstrate that methionine supplementation significantly increases the proliferative effects provoked by TNP-LPS and also up-regulates the number of cells secreting IgM, whereas tryptophan or lysine have either minor or even negative effects on rainbow trout IgM+ B cells. This increase in the number of IgM-secreting cells in response to methionine surplus was further verified in a feeding experiment, in which the beneficial effects of methionine on the specific response to anal immunization were also confirmed. The results presented demonstrate the beneficial effects of dietary supplementation with methionine on the adaptive immune responses of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Martín
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Laboratory, Animal Health and Research Center (CISA), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Camino Ordás
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Laboratory, Animal Health and Research Center (CISA), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Inês Carvalho
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patricia Díaz-Rosales
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Laboratory, Animal Health and Research Center (CISA), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Nuñez-Ortiz
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Laboratory, Animal Health and Research Center (CISA), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Samuel Vicente-Gil
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Laboratory, Animal Health and Research Center (CISA), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aitor Arrogante
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Laboratory, Animal Health and Research Center (CISA), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Zarza
- Skretting Aquaculture Innovation, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Marina Machado
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Benjamín Costas
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Laboratory, Animal Health and Research Center (CISA), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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20
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Melendez P, Möller J, Arevalo A, Stevens C, Pinedo P. An Evaluation of the Supplementation of Rumen-Protected Lysine and Methionine on the Lactation Performance of Fall Parturition Grazing Holstein Cows in Southern Chile. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3118. [PMID: 37835724 PMCID: PMC10571525 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the supplementation of rumen-protected (RP) methionine and lysine on milk yield, solids, and body weight over time on fall-calving grazing multiparous Holstein cows from Chile. Four treatment groups were studied and compared for the outcomes over time. The treatments were as follows: (i) CON: control (n = 26); (ii) RP lysine group (LYS; 20 g per cow per day; n = 26); (iii) RP methionine group (MET; 20 g per cow per day; n = 26); and (iv) LYS × MET (RP lysine and RP methionine 20 g of each amino acid per cow per day; n = 26). Data were analyzed with general linear mixed model ANOVAs for repeated measures to primarily test the main effects of each amino acid and their interactions. The supplementation of the amino acids was conducted from 2 to 70 days postpartum. Overall, milk production tended to be higher in the MET and in the LYS × MET group when compared to the control group. Furthermore, CON produced significantly less milk protein (kg) and milk fat (kg) than the LYS, MET, and LYS × MET groups. Milk urea tended to be lower during the entire study in the CON group than the rest of the groups. There was a trend for a reduction in the losses of postpartum body weight in the LYS × MET than the CON. In conclusion, RP methionine and lysine improved milk fat and protein yield in grazing multiparous cows with fall parturitions; consequently, both RP amino acids can be used as a strategy for improving grazing cows' production performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Melendez
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jan Möller
- Fundo Los Laureles, Chahuilco, Región de Los Lagos, Río Negro 5390000, Chile; (J.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Alejandra Arevalo
- Fundo Los Laureles, Chahuilco, Región de Los Lagos, Río Negro 5390000, Chile; (J.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Claudio Stevens
- Independent researcher, Valle del Limarí, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
| | - Pablo Pinedo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
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21
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Lohinai ZM, Ruksakiet K, Földes A, Dinya E, Levine M. Genetic Control of GCF Exudation: Innate Immunity Genes and Periodontitis Susceptibility. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14249. [PMID: 37762554 PMCID: PMC10532312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic periodontitis is a bacterial infection associated with dentally adherent biofilm (plaque) accumulation and age-related comorbidities. The disease begins as an inflammatory exudate from gingival margins, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in response to biofilm lysine. After a week of experimental gingivitis (no oral hygiene), biofilm lysine concentration was linearly related to biofilm accumulation (plaque index) but to GCF as an arch-shaped double curve which separated 9 strong from 6 weak GCF responders (hosts). Host DNA was examined for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of alleles reported in 7 periodontitis-associated genes. Across all 15 hosts, an adenine SNP (A) at IL1B-511 (rs16944), was significant for strong GCF (Fisher's exact test, p < 0.05), and a thymidine SNP (T) at IL1B+3954 (rs1143634) for weak GCF provided 2 hosts possessing IL6-1363(T), rs2069827, were included. The phenotype of IL1B+3954(T) was converted from weak to strong in one host, and of the non-T allele from strong to weak in the other (specific epistasis, Fisher's exact test, p < 0.01). Together with homozygous alternate or reference SNPs at IL10-1082 or CD14-260 in 4 hosts, all hosts were identified as strong or weak GCF responders. The GCF response is therefore a strong or weak genetic trait that indicates strong or weak innate immunity in EG and controllable or uncontrollable periodontal disease, dental implant survival and late-life comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt M. Lohinai
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Semmelweis University, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Kasidid Ruksakiet
- Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary; (K.R.); (A.F.)
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Anna Földes
- Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary; (K.R.); (A.F.)
| | - Elek Dinya
- Digital Health Department, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Martin Levine
- Department of Periodontology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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22
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Han S, Xin P, Guo Q, Cao Z, Huang H, Wu J. Oral Delivery of Protein Drugs via Lysine Polymer-Based Nanoparticle Platforms. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300311. [PMID: 36992627 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Oral delivery of proteins has opened a new perspective for the treatment of different diseases. However, advances of oral protein formulation are usually hindered by protein susceptibility and suboptimal absorption in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Polymeric nano drug delivery systems are considered revolutionary candidates to solve these issues, which can be preferably tunable against specific delivery challenges. Herein, a tailored family of lysine-based poly(ester amide)s (Lys-aaPEAs) is designed as a general oral protein delivery platform for efficient protein loading and protection from degradation. Insulin, as a model protein, can achieve effective internalization by epithelial cells and efficient transport across the intestinal epithelium layer into the systemic circulation, followed by controlled release in physiological environments. After the oral administration of insulin carried by Lys-aaPEAs with ornamental hyaluronic acid (HA), mice with type 1 diabetes mellitus showed an acceptable hypoglycemic effect with alleviated complications. A successful oral insulin delivery is associated with patient comfort and convenience and simultaneously avoids the risk of hypoglycemia compared with injections, which is of great feasibility for daily diabetes therapy. More importantly, this versatile Lys-aaPEAs polymeric library can be recognized as a universal vehicle for oral biomacromolecule delivery, providing more possibilities for treating various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Peikun Xin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Qilun Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yet-sen University, 5181107, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Cao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510120, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, P. R. China
- Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511400, China
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong Univeristy of Science and Technology, Hongkong SAR,, China
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23
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Bockisch F, Taubert J, Coenen M, Vervuert I. Protein Evaluation of Feedstuffs for Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2624. [PMID: 37627415 PMCID: PMC10451164 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The German Society of Nutrition Physiology has proposed a new protein evaluation system for horse feeds to estimate pre-cecally digestible crude protein (pcdCP) and amino acids (pcdAA) from chemical properties. A total of 71 feeds for horses were chemically tested and evaluated according to the new protein evaluation system. A feeding trial with eight horses tested whether differences in estimated pcdAA and neutral detergent soluble CP (NDSCP) in the diet were reflected by post-prandial (ppr) kinetics of plasma lysine (Lys) by feeding a complementary feed (control = CTRL) with 1.02 g Lys/100 kg body weight (BW) as well as three diets with 3.02 g Lys/100 kg BW, as follows: (i) CTRL with synthetic AA (CTRL + synAA); (ii) CTRL with soybean meal (CTRL + SBM); and (iii) lucerne pellets (LUC). In comparison to CTRL, the areas of curves (AUCs) of ppr plasma Lys differed: CTRL < CTRL + SBM (p < 0.01) < CTRL + synAA (p < 0.05). For 71 feeds, the estimated pcdCP was correlated with the CP content (p < 0.001), NDSCP (p < 0.001), and ash-free neutral detergent fiber (p < 0.001). A mean neutral detergent insoluble CP content of at least 3-5% can be assumed in horse feed. It is speculated that the predicted availability of Lys from LUC seems to be underestimated by the new protein evaluating system. The influence of chewing and microbiota in vivo needs to be considered in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ingrid Vervuert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 9, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (F.B.); (J.T.); (M.C.)
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24
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Hagen CS, Spencer JD, Krahn GT, Greiner LL. Compensatory gain based on lysine level in finishing pigs after being fed lysine deficient 97% corn diets for 3 or 6 wk. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 7:txad095. [PMID: 37649651 PMCID: PMC10465265 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate increasing the concentration of lysine on the compensatory gain of finishing pigs during their recovery period after being fed a 97% corn holding diet for 3 or 6 wk. One thousand six hundred and eighty pigs with a starting body weight of 73.5 ± 2.2 kg were blocked by starting body weight and assigned to a nested arrangement. Twenty replicates of seven treatments were comprised of two restriction lengths [3 weeks (3 wk) vs. 6 weeks (6 wk)], and three lysine concentrations during recovery (Lys:ME same as control:100; control + 10%: 110; control + 20%: 120) plus one control (CONT) that remained nutrient unrestricted. Pen weight and feed intake were recorded on days 0, 21, 41, and at marketing. Whole pens were marketed when the pen average met 130 kg and carcass measurements were collected. Data were analyzed by pen with the fixed effects of restriction length and lysine within restriction length. Nutrient restriction lowered (P < 0.01) average daily gain (ADG) compared to control, with 1.2, 0.4, and 0.5 kg for control, 3 wk, and 6 wk treatments, respectively. Restricted pigs showed decreased feed intake while restricted. After the respective restriction period, pigs were allowed a recovery diet until market. Previously restricted pigs had 16.7% and 27.3% greater (P < 0.01) ADG over control pigs for 3 and 6 wk treatments, respectively, in the first 3-wk of recovery. The lysine concentration in the recovery diet impacted (P < 0.01) the ADG with pigs allowed the highest lysine concentration having a 10% greater ADG than pigs fed the lower Lys:ME concentrations, for both restriction treatments. The increase in ADG was not paralleled by an increase in feed intake over control, thus, there was an improvement (P < 0.01) in gain to feed ratio in the recovery period. Control pigs reached market weight (131.5 kg) on experiment day 49 while pigs fed corn diets for 3 wk or 6 wk were slower to market (57 and 69 days, respectively; P < 0.01). Restricted pigs had greater backfat (CONT: 1.47, 3 wk: 1.55, 6 wk: 1.65 cm; P < 0.01), and decreased loin depth (CONT: 7.32, 3 wk: 7.03, 6 wk: 6.61 cm, P < 0.02) which was also impacted (P < 0.01) by lysine concentration. In conclusion, the use of restrictive diets reduced ADG and increased days to market. The use of recovery diets in which the Lys:ME ratio was greater than control pigs, resulted in increased compensatory growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe S Hagen
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | | | - Greg T Krahn
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Laura L Greiner
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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25
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Leignadier J, Drago M, Lesouhaitier O, Barreau M, Dashi A, Worsley O, Attia-Vigneau J. Lysine-Dendrimer, a New Non-Aggressive Solution to Rebalance the Microbiota of Acne-Prone Skin. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2083. [PMID: 37631297 PMCID: PMC10459463 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects the quality of life of patients. Several treatments exist for acne, but their effectiveness tends to decrease over time due to increasing resistance to treatment and associated side effects. To circumvent these issues, a new approach has emerged that involves combating the pathogen Cutibacterium acnes while maintaining the homeostasis of the skin microbiome. Recently, it was shown that the use of a G2 lysine dendrigraft (G2 dendrimer) could specifically decrease the C. acnes phylotype (IAI) involved in acne, compared to non-acne-causing C. acnes (phylotype II) bacteria. In the present study, we demonstrate that the efficacy of this technology is related to its 3D structure, which, in contrast to the linear form, significantly decreases the inflammation factor (IL-8) linked to acne. In addition, our in-vitro data confirm the specific activity of the G2 dendrimer: after treatment of bacterial cultures and biofilms, the G2 dendrimer affected neither non-acneic C. acnes nor commensal bacteria of the skin (Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. hominis, and Corynebacterium minutissimum). In parallel, comparative in-vitro and in-vivo studies with traditional over-the-counter molecules showed G2's effects on the survival of commensal bacteria and the reduction of acne outbreaks. Finally, metagenomic analysis of the cutaneous microbiota of volunteers who applied a finished cosmetic product containing the G2 dendrimer confirmed the ability of G2 to rebalance cutaneous acne microbiota dysbiosis while maintaining commensal bacteria. These results confirm the value of using this G2 dendrimer to gently prevent the appearance of acne vulgaris while respecting the cutaneous microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Leignadier
- Lucas Meyer Cosmetics, 195 Route d’Espagne, 31036 Toulouse, France;
| | - Marie Drago
- Shiseido EMEA, 56A Rue du Faubourg St Honoré, 75008 Paris, France;
| | - Olivier Lesouhaitier
- Research Unit Bacterial Communication and Anti-Infectious Strategies (CBSA, UR4312), University of Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (O.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Magalie Barreau
- Research Unit Bacterial Communication and Anti-Infectious Strategies (CBSA, UR4312), University of Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (O.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Albert Dashi
- Sequential Skin Ltd., 85 Great Portland Street, London W1W 7LT, UK; (A.D.); (O.W.)
| | - Oliver Worsley
- Sequential Skin Ltd., 85 Great Portland Street, London W1W 7LT, UK; (A.D.); (O.W.)
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26
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Zhu L, Chang X, Zhang S, Bai X, Finko AV, Xu X, Bian J, Liu X, Huang H. Enhancing the affinity of novel GLS1 allosteric inhibitors by targeting key residue Lys320. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:1393-1414. [PMID: 37610850 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: A series of novel GLS1 irreversible allosteric inhibitors targeting Lys320 might have robust enzyme inhibitory activity and potent antitumor activity. Materials & methods: Novel GLS1 allosteric inhibitors targeting Lys320 were synthesized and their anticancer activity was assessed. Moreover, GLS1 protein was used as a model system to analyze the reactivity of these electrophilic groups in GLS1 irreversible allosteric inhibitors with other amino acids, including tyrosine, histidine, serine and threonine, using biochemical and biophysical assays. Results: AC16 exhibited robust GLS1 inhibitory activity, antiproliferative effect in vitro, good plasma stability and potential covalent addition with GLS1 K320. Conclusion: This study opens a novel avenue for the design of robust irreversible GLS1 inhibitors targeting the allosteric site K320.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- Center of Drug Screening & Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, PR China
| | - Xiujin Chang
- Center of Drug Screening & Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, PR China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Shengpeng Zhang
- Center of Drug Screening & Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, PR China
| | - Xiumei Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander V Finko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Xi Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Jinlei Bian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Center of Drug Screening & Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, PR China
| | - Huidan Huang
- Center of Drug Screening & Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, PR China
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27
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Forester SM, Jennings-Dobbs EM, Sathar SA, Layman DK. Perspective: Developing a Nutrient-Based Framework for Protein Quality. J Nutr 2023; 153:2137-2146. [PMID: 37301285 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The future of precision nutrition requires treating amino acids as essential nutrients. Currently, recognition of essential amino acid requirements is embedded within a generalized measure of protein quality known as the PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score). Calculating the PDCAAS includes the FAO/WHO/UNU amino acid score, which is based on the limiting amino acid in a food, that is, the single amino acid with the lowest concentration compared to the reference standard. That "limiting" amino acid score is then multiplied by a bioavailability factor to obtain the PDCAAS, which ranks proteins from 0.0 (poor quality) to 1.0 (high quality). However, the PDCAAS has multiple limitations: it only allows for direct protein quality comparison between 2 proteins, and it is not scalable, transparent, or additive. We therefore propose that shifting the protein quality evaluation paradigm from the current generalized perspective to a precision nutrition focus treating amino acids as unique, metabolically active nutrients will be valuable for multiple areas of science and public health. We report the development and validation of the Essential Amino Acid 9 (EAA-9) score, an innovative, nutrient-based protein quality scoring framework. EAA-9 scores can be used to ensure that dietary recommendations for each essential amino acid are met. The EAA-9 scoring framework also offers the advantages of being additive and, perhaps most importantly, allows for personalization of essential amino acid needs based on age or metabolic conditions. Comparisons of the EAA-9 score with PDCAAS demonstrated the validity of the EAA-9 framework, and practical applications demonstrated that the EAA-9 framework is a powerful tool for precision nutrition applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Donald K Layman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
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28
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Herter J, Lederer AK, Ronco AL, Hannibal L, Huber R, Storz MA. Dietary Acid Load Correlates with Serum Amino Acid Concentrations after a Four-Week Intervention with Vegan vs. Meat-Rich Diets: A Secondary Data Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 15:2942. [PMID: 37447267 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade metabolic acidosis is now a common phenomenon in the Western world. The high dietary intake of sulfur-containing amino acids in the form of processed meats results in an excessive release of acid in the form of protons and non-metabolizable acidic anions. The kidneys produce increasing amounts of ammonia to excrete this acid. This process requires the breakdown of the nitrogenous amino acid glutamine, which the body provides by breaking down muscle tissue. Hitherto not examined, we hypothesized that a high dietary acid load (DAL) could alter the serum concentrations of selected amino acids. Using secondary data from a 4-week dietary intervention study conducted in 2017, we examined the associations between various amino acids and DAL in n = 42 individuals who either consumed a meat-rich or vegan diet. Results from this secondary data analysis suggested that DAL (as measured by the potential renal acid load and net endogenous acid production) is positively correlated with higher serum concentrations of lysine and 1-methyl-histidine (r = 0.50 and 0.43, respectively) and negatively correlated with glutamine and glycine (r = -0.43 and -0.47, respectively). The inverse association with glycine and glutamine warrants special attention, as both play an important role in many metabolic disorders and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Herter
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Centre for Complementary Medicine, Freiburg University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Lederer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Centre for Complementary Medicine, Freiburg University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alvaro Luis Ronco
- Unit of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Pereira Rossell Women's Hospital, Bvard. Artigas 1590, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Luciana Hannibal
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roman Huber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Centre for Complementary Medicine, Freiburg University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Andreas Storz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Centre for Complementary Medicine, Freiburg University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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29
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Chang JY, Balch C, Puccio J, Oh HS. A Narrative Review of Alternative Symptomatic Treatments for Herpes Simplex Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:1314. [PMID: 37376614 DOI: 10.3390/v15061314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and -2 (HSV-2) are large, spherically shaped, double-stranded DNA viruses that coevolved with Homo sapiens for over 300,000 years, having developed numerous immunoevasive mechanisms to survive the lifetime of their human host. Although in the continued absence of an acceptable prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine, approved pharmacologics (e.g., nucleoside analogs) hold benefit against viral outbreaks, while resistance and toxicity limit their universal application. Against these shortcomings, there is a long history of proven and unproven home remedies. With the breadth of purported alternative therapies, patients are exposed to risk of harm without proper information. Here, we examined the shortcomings of the current gold standard HSV therapy, acyclovir, and described several natural products that demonstrated promise in controlling HSV infection, including lemon balm, lysine, propolis, vitamin E, and zinc, while arginine, cannabis, and many other recreational drugs are detrimental. Based on this literature, we offered recommendations regarding the use of such natural products and their further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Y Chang
- Ascendant Biotech Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Curt Balch
- Bioscience Advising, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
| | - Joseph Puccio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Hyung S Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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30
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Zhang Y, Man J, Liu J, Li J, Song X, Wang J, Li J, Chen Y. Construction of the Mussel-Inspired PDAM/ Lysine/Heparin Composite Coating Combining Multiple Anticoagulant Strategies. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37249568 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The thrombosis of the extracorporeal circuits leads to serious complications, which affect the life safety of the patients significantly. However, intravenous anticoagulants such as heparin may induce bleeding, hypersensitivity, and other adverse reactions. In this study, the mussel-inspired composite coating consisting of polydopamine (PDAM), lysine, and modified heparin was constructed on the commonly used medical poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) tubes to reduce thrombosis by combining the immobilization of anticoagulants and the construction of bioinert surface strategies. First, the PDAM/lysine coating rich in amine groups was constructed in a mixed solution of dopamine and lysine through the co-deposition reaction. Then, the modified heparin was covalently immobilized on the PDAM/lysine coating to obtain composite coating. Finally, the graft density and stability of heparin and anticoagulant properties of the composite coating were tested. The results showed that the composite coating could inhibit the adhesion and activation of platelets significantly and prolong the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) remarkably for over 25 s. The composite coating also had excellent hemocompatibility, and the hemolysis ratio was less than 0.5%. Particularly, the anticoagulant coating performed well in the in vitro blood circulation test. The composite coating constructed in this work show great potential in the anticoagulant treatment for medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P. R. China
- Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P. R. China
| | - Jia Man
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P. R. China
- Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P. R. China
| | - Jianing Liu
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Jianyong Li
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P. R. China
- Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P. R. China
| | - Xinzhong Song
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P. R. China
- Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P. R. China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P. R. China
- Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P. R. China
| | - Yuguo Chen
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
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Ford S, Ilgaz F, Hawker S, Cochrane B, Hill M, Ellerton C, MacDonald A. Amino Acid Analyses of Plant Foods Used in the Dietary Management of Inherited Amino Acid Disorders. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102387. [PMID: 37242270 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A low amino acid (AA)/protein diet is the principal treatment for many inherited amino acid disorders (IMDs). Due to their low AA content, plant foods constitute an essential part of diet therapy. However, data on their AA composition are limited, which leads to an estimation of AA intake from protein content rather than an accurate calculation of true AA intake. This study describes the AA content of a total of 73 plant foods (fruits, n = 12; vegetables, n = 51; and other plant foods, n = 10), with the analysis commissioned by the UK National Society for Phenylketonuria (NSPKU) over 15 years. For all fruits and some vegetables (e.g., rocket, watercress and pea shoots), raw samples were used during analysis. All other vegetables were cooked prior to analysis to represent the usual condition of the food at the time of serving. AA analysis was performed with ion exchange chromatography. The median percentage of protein was 2.0% [0.6-5.4%] for the fruits and vegetables analysed (n = 56), although higher in vegetables than in fruits. Each of the five reported AAs (leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and methionine) supplied 1-5% per g of protein content. From the heterogeneous range of plant foods analysed, the AA/protein ratios differed significantly (2-5% in fruits and 1-9% in vegetables). There was a strong correlation between the amounts of each of the five AAs in the plant foods, but only a small, moderate correlation between the protein and AA content. Overall, this study provides data on the AA content of several plant foods, which are suitable for patients treated with a low AA/protein diet, including many novel plant options. However, only a limited range of fruits and vegetables were analysed due to the high costs of analysis. Hence, more extensive studies with an increased number of plant foods prepared by different cooking methods and replicate samples are necessary, particularly to examine the relationship between the protein and AA content in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Ford
- National Society for Phenylketonuria (NSPKU), Sheffield S12 9ET, UK
- Southmead Hospital North Bristol Trust, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Fatma Ilgaz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | | | - Barbara Cochrane
- NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Melanie Hill
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S5 7AU, UK
| | - Charlotte Ellerton
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Anita MacDonald
- Birmingham Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK
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Li NY, Vorrius B, Ge J, Qiao Z, Zhu S, Katarincic J, Chen Q. Matrilin-2 within a three-dimensional lysine-modified chitosan porous scaffold enhances Schwann cell migration and axonal outgrowth for peripheral nerve regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1142610. [PMID: 37223659 PMCID: PMC10201561 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1142610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Matrilin-2 is a key extracellular matrix protein involved in peripheral nerve regeneration. We sought to develop a biomimetic scaffold to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration by incorporating matrilin-2 within a chitosan-derived porous scaffold. We hypothesized that the use of such a novel biomaterial delivers microenvironmental cues to facilitate Schwann cell (SC) migration and enhance axonal outgrowth during peripheral nerve regeneration. Materials and Methods: The effect of matrilin-2 on SC migration was evaluated with agarose drop migration assay on matrilin-2 coated dishes. SC adhesion was determined with SCs cultured atop tissue culture dishes coated with matrilin-2. Various formulations of chitosan vs matrilin-2 in scaffold constructs were examined with scanning electron microscopy. The effect of the matrilin-2/chitosan scaffold on SC migration in the collagen conduits was determined by capillary migration assays. Neuronal adhesion and axonal outgrowth were evaluated with three-dimensional (3D) organotypic assay of dorsal root ganglions (DRG). DRG axonal outgrowth within the scaffolds was determined by immunofluorescence staining of neurofilaments. Results: Matrilin-2 induced SC migration and enhanced its adhesion. A formulation of 2% chitosan with matrilin-2 demonstrated an optimal 3D porous architecture for SC interaction. Matrilin-2/chitosan scaffold enabled SCs to migrate against gravity within conduits. Chemical modification of chitosan with lysine (K-chitosan) further improved DRG adhesion and axonal outgrowth than the matrilin-2/chitosan scaffold without lysine modification. Conclusion: We developed a matrilin-2/K-chitosan scaffold to mimic extracellular matrix cues and provide a porous matrix to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration. Taking advantage of matrilin-2's capability to stimulate SC migration and adhesion, we formulated a porous matrilin-2/chitosan scaffold to support axongal outgrowth. Chemical modification of chitosan with lysine further improved matrilin-2 bioactivity in the 3D scaffold. The 3D porous matrilin-2/K-chitosan scaffolds have high potential for enhancing nerve repair by stimulating SC migration, neuronal adhesion, and axonal outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neill Y. Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Nanomedicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Brandon Vorrius
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Nanomedicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jonathan Ge
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Nanomedicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Zhen Qiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Nanomedicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Shuang Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Nanomedicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Julia Katarincic
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Nanomedicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Qian Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Nanomedicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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Bělíček J, Ľuptáková E, Kopečný D, Frömmel J, Vigouroux A, Ćavar Zeljković S, Jagic F, Briozzo P, Kopečný DJ, Tarkowski P, Nisler J, De Diego N, Moréra S, Kopečná M. Biochemical and structural basis of polyamine, lysine and ornithine acetylation catalyzed by spermine/spermidine N-acetyl transferase in moss and maize. Plant J 2023; 114:482-498. [PMID: 36786691 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines such as spermidine and spermine are essential regulators of cell growth, differentiation, maintenance of ion balance and abiotic stress tolerance. Their levels are controlled by the spermidine/spermine N1 -acetyltransferase (SSAT) via acetylation to promote either their degradation or export outside the cell as shown in mammals. Plant genomes contain at least one gene coding for SSAT (also named NATA for N-AcetylTransferase Activity). Combining kinetics, HPLC-MS and crystallography, we show that three plant SSATs, one from the lower plant moss Physcomitrium patens and two from the higher plant Zea mays, acetylate various aliphatic polyamines and two amino acids lysine (Lys) and ornithine (Orn). Thus, plant SSATs exhibit a broad substrate specificity, unlike more specific human SSATs (hSSATs) as hSSAT1 targets polyamines, whereas hSSAT2 acetylates Lys and thiaLys. The crystal structures of two PpSSAT ternary complexes, one with Lys and CoA, the other with acetyl-CoA and polyethylene glycol (mimicking spermine), reveal a different binding mode for polyamine versus amino acid substrates accompanied by structural rearrangements of both the coenzyme and the enzyme. Two arginine residues, unique among plant SSATs, hold the carboxyl group of amino acid substrates. The most abundant acetylated compound accumulated in moss was N6 -acetyl-Lys, whereas N5 -acetyl-Orn, known to be toxic for aphids, was found in maize. Both plant species contain very low levels of acetylated polyamines. The present study provides a detailed biochemical and structural basis of plant SSAT enzymes that can acetylate a wide range of substrates and likely play various roles in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Bělíček
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Ľuptáková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - David Kopečný
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Frömmel
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Armelle Vigouroux
- CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sanja Ćavar Zeljković
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Franjo Jagic
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Route de Saint Cyr, F-78026, Versailles, France
| | - Pierre Briozzo
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Route de Saint Cyr, F-78026, Versailles, France
| | - David Jaroslav Kopečný
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Nisler
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Solange Moréra
- CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Martina Kopečná
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
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Shi JL, Mitch WA. Lysine and Arginine Reactivity and Transformation Products during Peptide Chlorination. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:5852-5860. [PMID: 36976858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine reactions with peptide-bound amino acids form disinfection byproducts and contribute to pathogen inactivation by degrading protein structure and function. Peptide-bound lysine and arginine are two of the seven chlorine-reactive amino acids, but their reactions with chlorine are poorly characterized. Using N-acetylated lysine and arginine as models for peptide-bound amino acids and authentic small peptides, this study demonstrated conversion of the lysine side chain to mono- and dichloramines and the arginine side chain to mono-, di-, and trichloramines in ≤0.5 h. The lysine chloramines formed lysine nitrile and lysine aldehyde at ∼6% yield over ∼1 week. The arginine chloramines formed ornithine nitrile at ∼3% yield over ∼1 week but not the corresponding aldehyde. While researchers hypothesized that the protein aggregation observed during chlorination arises from covalent Schiff base cross-links between lysine aldehyde and lysine on different proteins, no evidence for Schiff base formation was observed. The rapid formation of chloramines and their slow decay indicate that they are more relevant than the aldehydes and nitriles to byproduct formation and pathogen inactivation over timescales relevant to drinking water distribution. Previous research has indicated that lysine chloramines are cytotoxic and genotoxic to human cells. The conversion of lysine and arginine cationic side chains to neutral chloramines should alter protein structure and function and enhance protein aggregation by hydrophobic interactions, contributing to pathogen inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Lily Shi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Zhang H, Cui H, Xia X, Zhang F, Hayat K, Zhang X, Ho CT. Controlled Selective Formation of Amadori Compounds from α/ε Mono- or Di-glycation of Lysine with Xylose. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:5358-5371. [PMID: 36944085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Three Amadori rearrangement products (Xyl-α-Lys-ARP, Xyl-ε-Lys-ARP, and diXyl-α,ε-Lys-ARP) were observed in the xylose-lysine (Xyl-Lys) Maillard reaction model. They were separated and characterized by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and NMR. The crucial roles of reaction temperature, pH, molar ratio of Xyl to Lys, and reaction time in the formation of different Xyl-Lys-ARPs were investigated. The proportion of Xyl-α-Lys-ARP among all Xyl-Lys-ARPs was increased to 48.41% (its concentration was 25.31 μmol/mL) after the reaction at pH = 5.5 and a molar ratio of 3:1 (Xyl: Lys) for 9 min, while only Xyl-ε-Lys-ARP was generated at a higher pH (7.5) and a lower molar ratio of 1:5. Moreover, the much higher activation energy (84.08 kJ/mol) of diXyl-α,ε-Lys-ARP than Xyl-α-Lys-ARP (34.19 kJ/mol) and Xyl-ε-Lys-ARP (32.32 kJ/mol) indicated a pronounced promoting effect on diXyl-α,ε-Lys-ARP formation by high temperatures. A complete conversion from Xyl-α-Lys-ARP and Xyl-ε-Lys-ARP to diXyl-α,ε-Lys-ARP was achieved through the reaction time prolongation and Xyl concentration increase at a higher temperature; the concentration of diXyl-α,ε-Lys-ARP was 39.05 μmol/mL at a molar ratio of 5:1 for 40 min. Accordingly, the selective preparation of Xyl-α-Lys-ARP, Xyl-ε-Lys-ARP, and diXyl-α,ε-Lys-ARP could be achieved through adjusting the Xyl-Lys ratio, pH, and reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Heping Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xue Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Foxin Zhang
- Anhui QiangWang Flavouring Food Co. Ltd., Fuyang 236500, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Khizar Hayat
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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Dunn M, Glávits R, Murbach TS, Modica V, Endres JR, Hirka G, Szakonyiné IP. A 90-Day Toxicity Study of Tripeptide, Arginine-Alanine- Lysine (RAK). J Appl Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 36946007 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing global interest in using peptides in the health industry for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and natural food products. Peptides contain two or more linked amino acids, whereas more than 50 amino acids are classified as polypeptides. While there is a growing level of interest in the use of peptides in the health and wellness industry, there is a lack of literature pertaining to a specific tripeptide derived from arginine, alanine, and lysine (RAK) that is of interest for human dietary use. Therefore, a 90-day repeated-dose toxicity study was performed in rats to evaluate the subchronic oral toxicity of RAK. Eighty Han:WIST rats were administered RAK by gavage at doses of 0, 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg bw/day. There were no mortalities or other treatment related effects, and no target organs were identified. A no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) of 1000 mg/kg bw/day, the highest dose tested, was determined. This study will contribute to the body of research in regard to the safety of the use of RAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Dunn
- AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc., 1425 Broadway, Suite 458, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Róbert Glávits
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Berlini utca 47-49, H-1045, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Timothy S Murbach
- AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc., 1425 Broadway, Suite 458, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Vickie Modica
- AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc., 1425 Broadway, Suite 458, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - John R Endres
- AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc., 1425 Broadway, Suite 458, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Gábor Hirka
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Berlini utca 47-49, H-1045, Budapest, Hungary
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Hurst JP, Yobi A, Li A, Sato S, Clemente TE, Angelovici R, Holding DR. Large and stable genome edits at the sorghum alpha kafirin locus result in changes in chromatin accessibility and globally increased expression of genes encoding lysine enrichment. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1116886. [PMID: 36998682 PMCID: PMC10043997 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1116886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sorghum is a resilient and widely cultivated grain crop used for feed and food. However, it's grain is deficient in lysine, an essential amino acid. This is due to the primary seed storage proteins, the alpha-kafirins, lacking lysine. It has been observed that reductions in alpha-kafirin protein results in rebalancing of the seed proteome and a corresponding increase in non-kafirin proteins which leads to an increased lysine content. However, the mechanisms underlying proteome rebalancing are unclear. This study characterizes a previously developed gene edited sorghum line, with deletions at the alpha kafirin locus. METHODS A single consensus guide RNA leads to tandem deletion of multiple members of the gene family in addition to the small target site mutations in remaining genes. RNA-seq and ATAC-seq were utilized to identify changes in gene expression and chromatin accessibility in developing kernels in the absence of most alpha-kafirin expression. RESULTS Several differentially accessible chromatin regions and differentially expressed genes were identified. Additionally, several genes upregulated in the edited sorghum line were common with their syntenic orthologues differentially expressed in maize prolamin mutants. ATAC-seq showed enrichment of the binding motif for ZmOPAQUE 11, perhaps indicating the transcription factor's involvement in the kernel response to reduced prolamins. DISCUSSION Overall, this study provides a resource of genes and chromosomal regions which may be involved in sorghum's response to reduced seed storage proteins and the process of proteome rebalancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Preston Hurst
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Abou Yobi
- School of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Aixia Li
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Shirley Sato
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Thomas E. Clemente
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Ruthie Angelovici
- School of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - David R. Holding
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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Zhou J, Wan Z, Gali KK, Jha AB, Nickerson MT, House JD, Tar’an B, Warkentin TD. Quantitative trait loci associated with amino acid concentration and in vitro protein digestibility in pea ( Pisum sativum L.). Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1083086. [PMID: 36968409 PMCID: PMC10038330 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1083086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With the expanding interest in plant-based proteins in the food industry, increasing emphasis is being placed on breeding for protein concentration and quality. Two protein quality traits i.e., amino acid profile and protein digestibility, were assessed in replicated, multi-location field trials from 2019 to 2021 in pea recombinant inbred line population PR-25. This RIL population was targeted specifically for the research of protein related traits and its parents, CDC Amarillo and CDC Limerick, had distinct variations in the concentration of several amino acids. Amino acid profile was determined using near infrared reflectance analysis, and protein digestibility was through an in vitro method. Several essential amino acids were selected for QTL analysis, including lysine, one of the most abundant essential amino acids in pea, and methionine, cysteine, and tryptophan, the limiting amino acids in pea. Based on phenotypic data of amino acid profiles and in vitro protein digestibility of PR-25 harvested in seven location-years, three QTLs were associated with methionine + cysteine concentration, among which, one was located on chromosome 2 (R2 = 17%, indicates this QTL explained 17% phenotypic variation of methionine + cysteine concentration within PR-25), and two were located on chromosome 5 (R2 = 11% and 16%). Four QTLs were associated with tryptophan concentration and are located on chromosome 1 (R2 = 9%), chromosome 3 (R2 = 9%), and chromosome 5 (R2 = 8% and 13%). Three QTLs were associated with lysine concentration, among which, one was located on chromosome 3 (R2 = 10%), the other two were located on chromosome 4 (R2 = 15% and 21%). Two QTLs were associated with in vitro protein digestibility, one each located on chromosomes 1 (R2 = 11%) and 2 (R2 = 10%). QTLs associated with in vitro protein digestibility, and methionine + cysteine concentration on chromosome 2 were identified to be co-localized with known QTL for total seed protein concentration in PR-25. QTLs associated with tryptophan and methionine + cysteine concentration co-localized on chromosome 5. The identification of QTLs associated with pea seed quality is an important step towards marker-assisted selection of breeding lines with improved nutritional quality, which will further boost the competitiveness of pea in plant-based protein markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Zhou
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Zhongyang Wan
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Krishna Kishore Gali
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ambuj Bhushan Jha
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Michael T. Nickerson
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - James D. House
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Richardson Centre for Food Technology and Research, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Bunyamin Tar’an
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Thomas D. Warkentin
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Gowans FA, Thach DQ, Wang Y, Altamirano Poblano BE, Dovala D, Tallarico JA, McKenna JM, Schirle M, Maimone TJ, Nomura DK. Ophiobolin A Covalently Targets Complex IV Leading to Mitochondrial Metabolic Collapse in Cancer Cells. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.09.531918. [PMID: 36945520 PMCID: PMC10029012 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.09.531918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Ophiobolin A (OPA) is a sesterterpenoid fungal natural product with broad anti-cancer activity. While OPA possesses multiple electrophilic moieties that can covalently react with nucleophilic amino acids on proteins, the proteome-wide targets and mechanism of OPA remain poorly understood in many contexts. In this study, we used covalent chemoproteomic platforms to map the proteome-wide reactivity of OPA in a highly sensitive lung cancer cell line. Among several proteins that OPA engaged, we focused on two targets-cysteine C53 of HIG2DA and lysine K72 of COX5A-that are part of complex IV of the electron transport chain and contributed significantly to the anti-proliferative activity. OPA activated mitochondrial respiration in a HIG2DA and COX5A-dependent manner, led to an initial spike in mitochondrial ATP, but then compromised mitochondrial membrane potential leading to ATP depletion. We have used chemoproteomic strategies to discover a unique anti-cancer mechanism of OPA through activation of complex IV leading to compromised mitochondrial energetics and rapid cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor A. Gowans
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Novartis-Berkeley Translational Chemical Biology Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Danny Q. Thach
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Novartis-Berkeley Translational Chemical Biology Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Yangzhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Novartis-Berkeley Translational Chemical Biology Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Belen E. Altamirano Poblano
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Novartis-Berkeley Translational Chemical Biology Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dustin Dovala
- Novartis-Berkeley Translational Chemical Biology Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
| | - John A. Tallarico
- Novartis-Berkeley Translational Chemical Biology Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Jeffrey M. McKenna
- Novartis-Berkeley Translational Chemical Biology Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Schirle
- Novartis-Berkeley Translational Chemical Biology Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Thomas J. Maimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Novartis-Berkeley Translational Chemical Biology Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Daniel K. Nomura
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Novartis-Berkeley Translational Chemical Biology Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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Zhang S, Liu K, Xie J, Xu X, Tu J, Chen W, Chen F, Zhu T, Zhao X. An Elastic Cross-Linked Binder for Silicon Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries with a High Mass Loading. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:6594-6602. [PMID: 36705634 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to the urgent demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with a high energy density, silicon (Si) possessing an ultrahigh capacity has aroused wide attention. However, its practical application is seriously hindered by enormous volume changes of the Si anode during cycling. Developing novel binders suitable for the Si anode has proven to be an effective strategy to improve its electrochemical performance. Herein, we constructed a three-dimensional network binder, in which the polyacrylic acid (PAA) long chains are cross-linked with one kind of amino acid, lysine (Lys). The abundant polar groups in PAA/Lys enable it to tightly adhere to the Si particles via hydrogen bonds, and the cross-linked structure prevents irreversible slipping of the PAA chains upon volume variation of the particles. The Si used was obtained from a sustainable route by recycling photovoltaic waste silicon. With high elasticity and strong adhesion, the PAA/Lys binder can effectively keep the structural integrity of the Si electrode and improve its electrochemical performance. The Si electrode using the PAA/Lys binder exhibits a good cycling stability (1008 mAh g-1 at 2 A g-1 after 250 cycles). Even with a high mass loading of 3.03 mg cm-2, the Si anode can remain stable for 100 cycles at a high fixed areal capacity of 3.03 mAh cm-2. This work gives a practical method to make stable Si electrodes using sustainable Si source and environmentally friendly amino acid-based binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Jian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Xiongwen Xu
- LI-FUN Technology Corporation Limited, Zhuzhou, Hunan 412000, China
| | - Jian Tu
- LI-FUN Technology Corporation Limited, Zhuzhou, Hunan 412000, China
| | - Weixiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Tiejun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Xinbing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
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Liang Y, Luo Y, Wang Y, Fei T, Dai L, Zhang D, Ma H, Cai L, Xia C. Effects of Lysine on the Interfacial Bonding of Epoxy Resin Cross-Linked Soy-Based Wood Adhesive. Molecules 2023; 28. [PMID: 36771056 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Soy protein isolate (SPI) is an attractive natural material for preparing wood adhesives that has found broad application. However, poor mechanical properties and unfavorable water resistance of wood composites with SPI adhesive bonds limit its more extensive utilization. The combination of lysine (Lys) with a small molecular structure as a curing agent for modified soy-based wood adhesive allows Lys to penetrate wood pores easily and can result in better mechanical strength of soy protein-based composites, leading to the formation of strong chemical bonds between the amino acid and wood interface. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that the degree of penetration of the S/G/L-9% adhesive into the wood was significantly increased, the voids, such as ducts of wood at the bonding interface, were filled, and the interfacial bonding ability of the plywood was enhanced. Compared with the pure SPI adhesive, the corresponding wood breakage rate was boosted to 84%. The wet shear strength of the modified SPI adhesive was 0.64 MPa. When Lys and glycerol epoxy resin (GER) were added, the wet shear strength of plywood prepared by the S/G/L-9% adhesive reached 1.22 MPa, which increased by 29.8% compared with only GER (0.94 MPa). Furthermore, the resultant SPI adhesive displayed excellent thermostability. Water resistance of S/G/L-9% adhesive was further enhanced with respect to pure SPI and S/GER adhesives through curing with 9% Lys. In addition, this work provides a new and feasible strategy for the development and application of manufacturing low-cost, and renewable biobased adhesives with excellent mechanical properties, a promising alternative to traditional formaldehyde-free adhesives in the wood industry.
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Ma T, Yang S, Luo S, Chen W, Liao S, Su W. Dual-Function Fibrous Co-Polypeptide Scaffolds for Neural Tissue Engineering. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200286. [PMID: 36398573 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports dual-function (high cell attachment and cell viability) fibrous scaffolds featuring aligned fibers, displaying good biocompatibility and no cytotoxicity. These scaffolds are fabricated through the electrospinning of a co-polypeptide comprising molar equivalents of N6 -carbobenzyloxy-l-lysine and γ-benzyl-l-glutamate, with the lysine moieties enhancing cell adhesion and the neural-stimulating glutamate moieties improving cell viability. These new scaffolds allow neural cells to attach and grow effectively without any special surface treatment or coating. Pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells grown on these scaffolds exhibit better neuronal activity and longer neurite length, relative to those grown on scaffolds prepared from their respective homo-polypeptides. When the scaffolds are partially hydrolyzed such that they present net positive charge and increased hydrophilicity, the cell viability and neurite growth both increase further. Accordingly, these novel co-polypeptide fibrous scaffolds have potential applications in neural tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tienli Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Da'an Dist., 106319, Taiwan
| | - Shangchih Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Zhongzheng Dist., 100233, Taiwan
| | - Shyhchyang Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Da'an Dist., 106319, Taiwan
| | - Weili Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Da'an Dist., 106319, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Zhongzheng Dist., 100225, Taiwan.,Advanced Ocular Surface and Corneal Nerve Regeneration Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Zhongzheng Dist., 100225, Taiwan
| | - Shulang Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Zhongzheng Dist., 100233, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Zhongzheng Dist., 100225, Taiwan
| | - Weifang Su
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Da'an Dist., 106319, Taiwan.,Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taishan Dist., 243303, Taiwan
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Mousa MA, Asman AS, Ali RMJ, Sayed RKA, Majrashi KA, Fakiha KG, Alhotan RA, Selim S. Impacts of Dietary Lysine and Crude Protein on Performance, Hepatic and Renal Functions, Biochemical Parameters, and Histomorphology of Small Intestine, Liver, and Kidney in Broiler Chickens. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020098. [PMID: 36851402 PMCID: PMC9965792 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of increasing dietary lysine (Lys) levels with an adequate dietary crude protein (CP) content, as well as the effects of a reduction in dietary CP content with the recommended amino acid (AAs) level, on the performance, blood biochemical parameters, and histomorphology of the duodenum, liver, and kidney in broiler chickens. A total of 500 broiler chickens were randomly distributed into five dietary treatment groups, following a completely randomized design, where, at the beginning, the control group (C) was fed a diet containing the standard CP and Lys levels: 23% CP with 1.44% Lys during the starter period; 21.5% CP with 1.29% Lys during the growing period; and 19.5% CP with 1.16% Lys during the finishing period. The Lys content was increased by 10% above the recommended control basal requirements in the second group (Gr1) and by 20% in the third group (Gr2), while using the same recommended CP percentage as the C group. The fourth group (Gr3) had a 1% lower CP content and the fifth group had a 2% lower CP content than the C group, with the same recommended AA level as the C group. Increasing the Lys content in the Gr1 group improved the broilers' weight gains (p < 0.05) during the starter, growing, and finishing periods. Decreasing dietary CP with the standard AA levels (Gr3 and Gr4) did not significantly affect (p > 0.05) the live weight gain, feed intake, or feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the broilers compared with those fed with the C diet. Blood total bilirubin, direct and indirect bilirubin, triglycerides, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very LDL were not different among the experimental groups. However, blood aspartate aminotransferase levels were increased (p < 0.05) in the Gr1 and Gr3 groups compared with the other treatment groups. All dietary treatments decreased the serum creatinine levels (p < 0.05) compared with the C group. The Gr2 broilers had greater serum total protein and globulin (p < 0.05) than those receiving the other treatments. Increasing dietary Lys levels resulted in a significant improvement in duodenum villus height and width (p < 0.05), while the low-CP diets resulted in shorter villi length and width, along with degenerated areas and lymphocytic infiltration. Low dietary CP content induced hepatocyte disorganization and moderate degeneration, along with vacuolated hepatic cells, excessive connective tissue, and lymphocytic infiltration. The cortical regions of the kidney exhibited obvious alterations in the Gr3 and Gr4 groups and large interstitial spaces were found between tubules. Renal tubules in the Gr3 and Gr4 groups were smaller in size and some of these tubules were atrophied. In conclusion, reducing dietary CP levels to 1% or 2% lower than the recommended level did not negatively affect growth performance, inducing minimal influence on the blood metabolic indicators of health status, and resulting in moderate alterations to the histomorphology of the duodenum, liver, and kidney. Furthermore, increasing the Lys content by 10% above the recommended level improved the growth performance, health status, and histomorphology of the duodenum, liver, and kidney in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Mousa
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82425, Egypt
| | - Ahamed S. Asman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82425, Egypt
| | - Reham M. J. Ali
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82425, Egypt
| | - Ramy K. A. Sayed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82425, Egypt
| | - Kamlah A. Majrashi
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khloud G. Fakiha
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21493, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashed A. Alhotan
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaimaa Selim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom 32514, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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Tantipanjaporn A, Wong MK. Development and Recent Advances in Lysine and N-Terminal Bioconjugation for Peptides and Proteins. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031083. [PMID: 36770752 PMCID: PMC9953373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for creation of protein diversity and regulation of protein function through native protein modification and post-translational modification has ignited the development of selective chemical modification methods for peptides and proteins. Chemical bioconjugation offers selective functionalization providing bioconjugates with desired properties and functions for diverse applications in chemical biology, medicine, and biomaterials. The amino group existing at the lysine residue and N-terminus of peptides and proteins has been extensively studied in bioconjugation because of its good nucleophilicity and high surface exposure. Herein, we review the development of chemical methods for modification of the amino groups on lysine residue and N-terminus featuring excellent selectivity, mild reaction conditions, short reaction time, high conversion, biocompatibility, and preservation of protein integrity. This review is organized based on the chemoselectivity and site-selectivity of the chemical bioconjugation reagents to the amino acid residues aiming to provide guidance for the selection of appropriate bioconjugation methods.
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Liras P, Martín JF. Interconnected Set of Enzymes Provide Lysine Biosynthetic Intermediates and Ornithine Derivatives as Key Precursors for the Biosynthesis of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12. [PMID: 36671360 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria, filamentous fungi, and plants synthesize thousands of secondary metabolites with important biological and pharmacological activities. The biosynthesis of these metabolites is performed by networks of complex enzymes such as non-ribosomal peptide synthetases, polyketide synthases, and terpenoid biosynthetic enzymes. The efficient production of these metabolites is dependent upon the supply of precursors that arise from primary metabolism. In the last decades, an impressive array of biosynthetic enzymes that provide specific precursors and intermediates leading to secondary metabolites biosynthesis has been reported. Suitable knowledge of the elaborated pathways that synthesize these precursors or intermediates is essential for advancing chemical biology and the production of natural or semisynthetic biological products. Two of the more prolific routes that provide key precursors in the biosynthesis of antitumor, immunosuppressant, antifungal, or antibacterial compounds are the lysine and ornithine pathways, which are involved in the biosynthesis of β-lactams and other non-ribosomal peptides, and bacterial and fungal siderophores. Detailed analysis of the molecular genetics and biochemistry of the enzyme system shows that they are formed by closely related components. Particularly the focus of this study is on molecular genetics and the enzymatic steps that lead to the formation of intermediates of the lysine pathway, such as α-aminoadipic acid, saccharopine, pipecolic acid, and related compounds, and of ornithine-derived molecules, such as N5-Acetyl-N5-Hydroxyornithine and N5-anhydromevalonyl-N5-hydroxyornithine, which are precursors of siderophores. We provide evidence that shows interesting functional relationships between the genes encoding the enzymes that synthesize these products. This information will contribute to a better understanding of the possibilities of advancing the industrial applications of synthetic biology.
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Stein HH, Adeola O, Baidoo SK, Lindemann MD, Adedokun SA. Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids differs among sources of bakery meal when fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad208. [PMID: 37343215 PMCID: PMC10347965 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A multistate experiment involving universities in IL, IN, KY, and MN was conducted as a part of the research efforts by the North-Central Coordinating Committee-42 on swine nutrition. The null hypothesis that there are no differences in the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) among different sources of bakery meal was tested. Eleven sources of bakery meal were procured from swine-producing states in the United States and each source was included in one diet as the sole source of AA. A N-free diet was prepared as well. Diets were prepared in one batch and divided into four sub-batches that were subsequently distributed to the four participating universities. At each university, diets were fed to 12 pigs that had a T- cannula installed in the distal ileum. Pigs were allotted to incomplete Latin square designs with 12 pigs and 4, 5, or 6 periods for a total of 21 replicate pigs per diet. Each period lasted 7 d with ileal digesta being collected from the cannulas on days 6 and 7. Samples were analyzed for AA and the SID of each AA was calculated. Results indicated that there were differences (P < 0.001) in the SID of all AA except Pro among the 11 sources of bakery meal. The differences in SID of AA observed in this experiment were greater than what is usually observed among sources of the same ingredient, indicating that there is more variability among sources of bakery meal than among different sources of other ingredients. This is likely a consequence of different raw materials being used in the production of different sources of bakery meal. Regardless of source of bakery meal, the AA with the least SID was Lys indicating that some of the raw materials in the product streams used to generate the bakery meals may have been overheated. Additionally, the Lys:crude protein ratio in each source of bakery meal was not a good predictor of the SID of Lys, which likely reflects the different raw materials being included in the different meals. In conclusion, the SID of AA varies among different sources of bakery meal and the SID of Lys is less than the SID of all other indispensable AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Stein
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Olayiwola Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Samuel K Baidoo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Minnesota, Waseca, MN, USA
| | - Merlin D Lindemann
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sunday A Adedokun
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Farmer C, Gillies C, Johannsen JC, Hovey RC, Huber LA. Dietary supplementation with lysine (protein) in late pregnancy does not enhance mammary development in multiparous sows. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad385. [PMID: 37971408 PMCID: PMC10746349 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This project was conducted to determine if providing standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys at 40% above estimated requirements (NRC, 2012), with the concomitant increased protein intake, from days 90 to 110 of gestation stimulates mammary development in multiparous sows. From day 90 of gestation, Yorkshire × Landrace multiparous sows (parities 2 and 3) were fed 2.6 kg/d of either a conventional diet (CTL, control, n = 17) providing 14.8 g/d of SID Lys or a diet providing 20.8 g/d of SID Lys via additional soybean meal (HILYS, n = 16). The diets were isoenergetic. Concentrations of IGF-1, glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), urea, and amino acids (AA) were measured in jugular blood samples obtained on days 90 and 110 of gestation. Sows were necropsied on day 110 ± 1 of gestation to obtain mammary glands for compositional and histological analyses. Backfat or BW changes of sows during late gestation were unaffected by treatment (P > 0.10), as was the case for fetal BW (P > 0.10). None of the variables measured in mammary tissue were altered by supplementary Lys (P > 0.10). Circulating IGF-1, glucose, and FFA did not differ (P > 0.10) between HILYS and CTL sows on day 110 of gestation, whereas concentrations of urea were greater (P < 0.01) in HILYS versus CTL gilts. Concentrations of Ile and Thr in plasma were also greater (P < 0.05), and those of Glu were lower (P < 0.01) in HILYS than CTL sows. These results demonstrate that feeding Lys (via protein) above current NRC recommendations during late gestation does not improve mammary development of multiparous sows. Hence, the use of a two-phase feeding strategy to provide more Lys (protein) to multiparous sows during this period is not necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Farmer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke R & D Centre, 2000 College, Sherbrooke, QC, CanadaJ1M 0C8
| | - Caroline Gillies
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1
| | - Jakob C Johannsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lee-Anne Huber
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1
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Camiré CM, Wellington MO, Panisson JC, Rodrigues LA, Shoveller AK, Columbus DA. Effect of the essential amino acid-nitrogen to total nitrogen ratio on lysine requirement for nitrogen retention in growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad298. [PMID: 37658823 PMCID: PMC10503638 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Low protein diets supplemented with essential amino acids (EAA) fed to pigs reduce the excess supply of EAA and nitrogen (N). However, low protein diets may become limiting in non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and N, thus affecting the utilization of EAA for N retention. It has been suggested that the EAA-N:total N (E:T) ratio can give an indication of dietary N sufficiency. An N-balance study was conducted to determine the effect of E:T ratio on the Lys requirement for maximum N retention. A total of 80 growing barrows (19.3 ± 0.21 kg initial body weight) were randomly assigned to 1 of 10 diets (n = 8) in 8 blocks in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement. Diets consisted of a low ratio (LR; E:T of 0.33) or a high ratio (HR; E:T of 0.36) with graded Lys content (0.82%, 0.92%, 1.02%, 1.12%, and 1.22% standardized ileal digestible [SID]). After a 7-d adaptation, a 4-d N-balance collection was conducted. Blood samples were obtained on d 2 of the collection period 2 h after the morning meal for plasma urea N (PUN) analysis. Data were analyzed using the MIXED model procedure with fixed effects of ratio (n = 2), Lys (n = 5), and their interactions. The experimental block (room) was included as a random effect (n = 8). The SID Lys requirement was estimated using PROC NLIN linear broken-line breakpoint model. There was a significant interaction between E:T ratio and Lys (P < 0.01), where LR diets had a higher N retention than HR diets, while increasing Lys linearly increased N retention (P = 0.01) in both HR and LR diets. The marginal efficiency of utilizing SID Lys (P < 0.01) reduced with increasing Lys content, while the efficiency of utilizing N (P < 0.05) increased as Lys increased. The SID Lys required to maximize N retention of pigs fed HR diets was estimated at 1.08% (R2 = 0.61) and LR diets at 1.21% (R2 = 0.80). The current results indicate that N may be limiting in diets with a high E:T ratio, limiting N retention. Supplying additional dietary N, as intact protein, can increase N retention, resulting in a greater Lys requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Josiane C Panisson
- Prairie Swine Centre, Inc., Saskatoon, SK, CanadaS7K 3J4
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Lucas A Rodrigues
- Research and Discovery, Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN 55344, USA
| | - Anna K Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 1Y2
| | - Daniel A Columbus
- Prairie Swine Centre, Inc., Saskatoon, SK, CanadaS7K 3J4
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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49
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Spinler MS, Tolosa AF, Gebhardt JT, Tokach MD, Goodband RD, DeRouchey JM, Coble KF, Woodworth JC. Comparing tryptophan: lysine ratios in dried distillers grains with solubles-based diets with and without a dried distillers grains with solubles withdrawal strategy on growth, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat iodine value of growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad245. [PMID: 37466169 PMCID: PMC10393200 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 6,240 finishing pigs (DNA 600 × PIC 1050; initially 22.5 ± 1.00 kg), divided into two groups, were used in a 119 or 120 d study comparing increasing Trp:Lys ratio in diets containing dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) or a DDGS withdrawal strategy (removing all DDGS from the last phase before marketing) on growth performance and carcass fat iodine value (IV). Pigs were randomly allotted to one of seven dietary treatments with 30 to 36 pigs per pen and 26 replications per treatment. Diets were fed in four phases, approximately 23 to 44, 44 to 71, 71 to 100, and 100 kg to market. Diets included a control corn-soybean meal-based diet (no DDGS) formulated to a 19% standardized ileal digestibility (SID) Trp:Lys ratio, four diets with 30% DDGS fed in all four phases and formulated to provide SID Trp:Lys ratios of 16%, 19%, 22%, or 25%, and two DDGS withdrawal strategy diets: 19% SID Trp:Lys with 30% DDGS in phases 1 through 3 and then 0% DDGS in phase 4 with either a 19% or 25% Trp:Lys ratio. Overall, body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain:feed ratio (G:F) increased (linear, P < 0.05) as SID Trp:Lys ratio increased in diets with 30% DDGS fed in all phases. Simultaneously, hot carcass weight (quadratic, P = 0.014), carcass yield (quadratic, P = 0.012), and backfat depth (linear, P = 0.040) increased with increasing Trp:Lys ratio. Pigs fed the 19% SID Trp:Lys ratio withdrawal strategy diet had similar ADG and ADFI as those fed the control diet, the 25% Trp:Lys withdrawal diet, or the 30% DDGS diets with 25% Trp:Lys ratio throughout the study. Pigs fed the control diet had decreased (P < 0.05) carcass fat IV compared to pigs fed the DDGS diets throughout the study, with pigs fed the two DDGS withdrawal strategy diets intermediate. In summary, increasing the SID Trp:Lys ratio in diets with 30% DDGS resulted in a linear increase in ADG, ADFI, G:F, and BW but did not influence carcass fat IV, with most of the benefits observed as diets increased from 16% to 19% Trp:Lys. Removing DDGS from the diet in the last period reduced carcass fat IV and increased growth rate during the withdrawal period compared to pigs fed with 30% DDGS throughout, indicating value in a withdrawal strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikayla S Spinler
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Andres F Tolosa
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jordan T Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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50
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Berghaus D, Haese E, Weishaar R, Sarpong N, Kurz A, Seifert J, Camarinha-Silva A, Bennewitz J, Chillon T, Stefanski V, Rodehutscord M. Nitrogen and lysine utilization efficiencies, protein turnover, and blood urea concentrations in crossbred grower pigs at marginal dietary lysine concentration. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad335. [PMID: 37773762 PMCID: PMC10583982 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) and lysine utilization efficiency (LUE) are key indicators of sustainable pork production and vary depending on nutritional and non-nutritional factors. The objective was to study NUE and LUE together with concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and other metabolites in growing pigs fed diets with marginal Lys concentrations at 11-13 wk (40.5 kg mean BW) and 14 to 16 wk (60.2 kg mean BW). The cereal grain-soybean meal-based diets contained 10.6 and 7.9 g Lys/kg DM in periods 1 and 2, respectively. Feed intake and BW were measured for 508 individually penned pigs, and blood samples were collected 5 h after morning feeding at weeks 13 and 16. A subgroup of 48 barrows was used in a nitrogen (N) metabolism trial at weeks 13 and 16. In this subgroup, the mean N retention of pigs (27.3 g N/d) and mean LUE (70%) were not different between the periods, but NUE was higher in period 1 (47%) than in period 2 (43%) (P < 0.001). After administration of a single dose of 15N labeled glycine and measurement of 15N recovery in urine, the calculated whole-body protein turnover did not differ between the periods. The rate of protein synthesis was positively correlated with NUE (P < 0.001), but protein degradation was not. Excretion of urea-N in urine accounted for 80% of the total urinary N and was positively correlated with BUN. The N retention of all 508 pigs was estimated using an equation that was derived from the N metabolism data. N retention was on average 31.4 g/d, equal in both periods, and higher in barrows than in gilts in period 2, but not in period 1 (P = 0.003). The calculated NUE was, on average, 47% and was lower in barrows than in gilts (P < 0.001) and higher in period 1 than in period 2 (P < 0.001). The calculated LUE was, on average, 71%, and was lower in barrows than in gilts in period 2, but not in period 1 (P < 0.001). The BUN concentration was higher in barrows than in gilts (P < 0.001) and higher in period 1 than in period 2 (P < 0.001). BUN concentration was negatively correlated with NUE in Periods 1 (r = -0.50) and 2 (r = -0.15) (P < 0.05). We concluded that the maximum LUE was in the range of 70-72% under the conditions of this study, and only small differences between the periods and sexes existed. Protein synthesis, rather than degradation, appears to affect NUE. BUN concentration may be useful for estimating NUE in a large group of animals fed a diet with a marginal Lys concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Berghaus
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Ramona Weishaar
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Naomi Sarpong
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alina Kurz
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jana Seifert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Jörn Bennewitz
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Volker Stefanski
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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