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Chen Z, Chen B, Shen H, Li X, Zhou C, Ma G, Wei X, Wang X, Yu H. Chlorination of Aromatic Amino Acids: Elucidating Disinfection Byproducts, Reaction Kinetics, and Influence Factors. Molecules 2024; 29:1879. [PMID: 38675699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the face of ongoing water pollution challenges, the intricate interplay between dissolved organic matter and disinfectants like chlorine gives rise to potentially harmful disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during water treatment. The exploration of DBP formation originating from amino acids (AA) is a critical focus of global research. Aromatic DBPs, in particular, have garnered considerable attention due to their markedly higher toxicity compared to their aliphatic counterparts. This work seeks to advance the understanding of DBP formation by investigating chlorination disinfection and kinetics using tyrosine (Tyr), phenylalanine (Phe), and tryptophan (Trp) as precursors. Via rigorous experiments, a total of 15 distinct DBPs with accurate molecular structures were successfully identified. The chlorination of all three AAs yielded highly toxic chlorophenylacetonitriles (CPANs), and the disinfectant dosage and pH value of the reaction system potentially influence chlorination kinetics. Notably, Phe exhibited the highest degradation rate compared to Tyr and Trp, at both the CAA:CHOCl ratio of within 1:2 and a wide pH range (6.0 to 9.0). Additionally, a neutral pH environment triggered the maximal reaction rates of the three AAs, while an acidic condition may reduce their reactivity. Overall, this study aims to augment the DBP database and foster a deeper comprehension of the DBP formation and relevant kinetics underlying the chlorination of aromatic AAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Bangyu Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Hui Shen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Xunlin Li
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Guangcai Ma
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wei
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Xueyu Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Haiying Yu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, Jinhua 321004, China
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Nascimento M, Rodrigues J, Matias R, Jordao L. Aeromonas spp. in Freshwater Bodies: Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm Assembly. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:166. [PMID: 38391552 PMCID: PMC10886317 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas spp. are environmental bacteria able to infect animals and humans. Here, we aim to evaluate the role of biofilms in Aeromonas persistence in freshwater. Aeromonas were isolated from water and biofilm samples and identified by Vitek-MS and 16S rRNA sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined according to EUCAST, and a crystal violet assay was used to assess biofilm assembly. MTT and the enumeration of colony-forming units were used to evaluate biofilm and planktonic Aeromonas susceptibility to chlorination, respectively. Identification at the species level was challenging, suggesting the need to improve the used methodologies. Five different Aeromonas species (A. salmonicida, A. hydrophila, A. media, A. popoffii and A. veronii) were identified from water, and one species was identified from biofilms (A. veronii). A. veronnii and A. salmonicida presented resistance to different antibiotics, whith the highest resistance rate observed for A. salmonicida (multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.25). Of the 21 isolates, 11 were biofilm producers, and 10 of them were strong biofilm producers (SBPs). The SBPs presented increased tolerance to chlorine disinfection when compared with their planktonic counterparts. In order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying biofilm tolerance to chlorine and support the importance of preventing biofilm assembly in water reservoirs, further research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nascimento
- Department of Environmental Health (DSA), National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joao Rodrigues
- Department of Infectious Diseases (DDI), National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Matias
- Department of Infectious Diseases (DDI), National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luisa Jordao
- Department of Environmental Health (DSA), National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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3
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Hu J, Pei J, Tang W, Fan C. Synthesis and Optoelectronic Properties of a Novel Pt(IV)(C∧N∧C)(Cl) 2(DMSO) Complex Cyclometalated by Tridentate Diphenylpyridine. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2024; 35:357-364. [PMID: 38252030 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
A novel tridentate-cyclometalating Pt(IV) complex, namely, Pt(IV)(C∧N∧C)(Cl)2(DMSO), is initially synthesized through a series of reactions using Pt(II) complexes. The optoelectronic properties of Pt(IV)(C∧N∧C)(Cl)2(DMSO) are fully studied by adequate characterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Hu
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, P. R. China
| | - Jingfang Pei
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, P. R. China
| | - Wu Tang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, P. R. China
| | - Cong Fan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, P. R. China
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Cochran KH, Westerman DC, Montagner CC, Coffin S, Diaz L, Fryer B, Harraka G, Xu EG, Huang Y, Schlenk D, Dionysiou DD, Richardson SD. Chlorination of Emerging Contaminants for Application in Potable Wastewater Reuse: Disinfection Byproduct Formation, Estrogen Activity, and Cytotoxicity. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:704-716. [PMID: 38109774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
With increasing water scarcity, many utilities are considering the potable reuse of wastewater as a source of drinking water. However, not all chemicals are removed in conventional wastewater treatment, and disinfection byproducts (DBPs) can form from these contaminants when disinfectants are applied during or after reuse treatment, especially if applied upstream of advanced treatment processes to control biofouling. We investigated the chlorination of seven priority emerging contaminants (17β-estradiol, estrone, 17α-ethinylestradiol, bisphenol A (BPA), diclofenac, p-nonylphenol, and triclosan) in ultrapure water, and we also investigated the impact of chlorination on real samples from different treatment stages of an advanced reuse plant to evaluate the role of chlorination on the associated cytotoxicity and estrogenicity. Many DBPs were tentatively identified via liquid chromatography (LC)- and gas chromatography (GC)-high resolution mass spectrometry, including 28 not previously reported. These encompassed chlorinated, brominated, and oxidized analogs of the parent compounds as well as smaller halogenated molecules. Chlorinated BPA was the least cytotoxic of the DBPs formed but was highly estrogenic, whereas chlorinated hormones were highly cytotoxic. Estrogenicity decreased by ∼4-6 orders of magnitude for 17β-estradiol and estrone following chlorination but increased 2 orders of magnitude for diclofenac. Estrogenicity of chlorinated BPA and p-nonylphenol were ∼50% of the natural/synthetic hormones. Potential seasonal differences in estrogen activity of unreacted vs reacted advanced wastewater treatment field samples were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin H Cochran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Danielle C Westerman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Cassiana C Montagner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Scott Coffin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Lorivic Diaz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Benjamin Fryer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Gary Harraka
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Elvis Genbo Xu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ying Huang
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
- School of the Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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Sarkar K, Wei G, Rosadi MY, Murata N, Li F. Characterization of DOM released from bacteria in response to chlorine in water based on indicator bacteria E. coli. Environ Technol 2024; 45:193-207. [PMID: 35852481 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2102939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTIn this study, Escherichia coli (E. coli) was used as an indicator bacterium treated with five different concentrations of chlorine (0.1; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0, and 5.0 mg/L) and without chlorine (0.0 mg/L) to evaluate the changes in the DOM characteristics. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration initially increased along with the chlorine concentrations and decreased after 24 h (0.0 and 0.1 mg/L) and 168 h (0.5; 1.0; 2.0 and 5.0 mg/L). Ultra-violet absorbance at 260 nm (UV260) showed that the absorbance decreased for control without chlorine (0.0 mg/L) and 0.1 mg/L chlorine, while increased for other concentrations of chlorine within 120 h. The DOC and UV260 results indicated that the high concentrations of chlorine initiated high contents of DOM which contained more humic-like molecules than the DOM released from E. coli without chlorine. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) analysis suggested that the DOM released from E. coli without chlorine enriched with protein-like substances, whereas the fulvic-like and humic-like substances more intensified in the DOM for the high concentrations of chlorine (>1.0 mg/L). The molecular weight distribution of DOM showed that the intensity of high molecular weight substances and polydispersity increased along with chlorine concentration and contact time, whereas the low molecular weight substances were relatively higher in the DOM for control without chlorine. The obtained results of this study would be useful for a better understanding of the variation of DOM during treatment and could be used as an important reference for optimizing the operation condition of the water treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Sarkar
- Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Gengrui Wei
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Fusheng Li
- Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- River Basin Research Centre, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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6
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He K, Shono W, Liu Z, Asada Y, Echigo S, Nakanishi T, Itoh S. Effects of the chlorination on organic matter removal and microbial communities during soil aquifer treatment for wastewater reclamation. Environ Technol 2023; 44:4272-4283. [PMID: 35696294 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2089599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soil aquifer treatment (SAT) has been widely applied for wastewater reclamation, which cooperates secondary treatment (i.e. A2O process) and disinfection treatment (chlorination) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), to remove organic matter. This study compared dissolved organic carbon (DOC) characteristics, substrate utilisation patterns, and microbial communities between pre-chlorination SAT and SAT columns, and effective removals of DOC were observed in the pre-chlorination SAT and SAT columns. However, the composition of HiA in SAT columns without chlorination was less than in pre-chlorination SAT columns for DOC fraction. In comparison to A2O effluent, different metabolic patterns and the composition of the microbial community were demonstrated by the top layer of SAT column and pre-chlorination SAT column. Furthermore, deeper layers showed similarities in the metabolic pattern and composition of the microbial community. Overall, pre-chlorination minimised the change of the microbial communities from A2O effluent in the top layer of SAT except for deeper layers, and DOC concentrations decreased in pre-chlorination SAT column. Thus, the cooperation of SAT and wastewater treatments could be suitable for wastewater reclamation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai He
- School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wataru Shono
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Zejun Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yasuhiro Asada
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shinya Echigo
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakanishi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sadahiko Itoh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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7
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Zhou Y, Jiao JJ, Huang H, Liu YD, Zhong R, Yang X. Insights into C-C Bond Cleavage Mechanisms in Dichloroacetonitrile Formation during Chlorination of Long-Chain Primary Amines, Amino Acids, and Dipeptides. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:18834-18845. [PMID: 37183372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) as one of the potentially prioritized regulated DBPs has drawn great attention; however, understanding its formation, especially the C-C bond cleavage mechanisms, is limited. In this study, DCAN formation mechanisms from long-chain primary amines, amino acids, and dipeptides during chlorination were investigated by a combined computational and experimental approach. The results indicate that nitriles initially generate for all of the above precursors, then they undergo β-C-hydroxylation or/and α-C-chlorination processes, and finally, DCAN is produced through the Cα-Cβ bond cleavage. For the first time, the underlying mechanism of the C-C bond cleavage was unraveled to be electron transfer from the O- anion into its attached C atom in the chlorinated nitriles, leading to the strongly polarized Cα-Cβ bond heterocleavage and DCAN- formation. Moreover, DCAN molar yields of precursors studied in the present work were found to be determined by their groups at the γ-site of the amino group, where the carbonyl group including -CO2-, -COR, and -CONHR, the aromatic group, and the -OH group can all dramatically facilitate DCAN formation by skipping over or promoting the time-consuming β-C-hydroxylation process and featuring relatively lower activation free energies in the C-C bond cleavage. Importantly, 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyric acid was revealed to possess the highest DCAN yield among all the known aliphatic long-chain precursors to date during chlorination. Additionally, enonitriles, (chloro-)isocyanates, and nitriles can be generated during DCAN formation and should be of concern due to their high toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jia-Jia Jiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Huang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yong Dong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Rugang Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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8
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Rogers J, Chen M, Yang K, Graham J, Parker KM. Production of Dichloroacetonitrile from Derivatives of Isoxaflutole Herbicide during Water Treatment. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:18443-18451. [PMID: 36749696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The herbicide isoxaflutole has the potential to contaminate drinking water directly, as well as upon hydrolyzing to its active form diketonitrile. Diketonitrile also may impact water quality by acting as a precursor for dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), which is an unregulated but highly toxic disinfection byproduct (DBP). In this study, we investigated the reaction of diketonitrile with free chlorine and chloramine to form DCAN. We found that diketonitrile reacts with free chlorine within seconds but reacts with chloramine on the time scale of hours to days. In the presence of both oxidants, DCAN was generated at yields up to 100%. Diketonitrile reacted fastest with chlorine at circumneutral pH, which was consistent with base-catalyzed halogenation involving the enolate form of diketonitrile present at alkaline pH and electrophilic hypochlorous acid, which decreases in abundance above its pKa (7.5). In contrast, we found that diketonitrile reacts faster with chloramine as pH values decreased, consistent with an attack on the enolate by electrophilic protonated monochloramine that increases in abundance at acidic pH approaching its pKa (1.6). Our results indicate that increasing isoxaflutole use, particularly in light of the recent release of genetically modified isoxaflutole-tolerant crops, could result in greater occurrences of a high-yield DCAN precursor during disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Rogers
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Moshan Chen
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Kaichao Yang
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jonathan Graham
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Kimberly M Parker
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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9
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Novak Babič M, Marolt G, Imperl J, Breskvar M, Džeroski S, Gunde-Cimerman N. Effect of Location, Disinfection, and Building Materials on the Presence and Richness of Culturable Mycobiota through Oligotrophic Drinking Water Systems. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1086. [PMID: 37998891 PMCID: PMC10672563 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Safe drinking water is a constant challenge due to global environmental changes and the rise of emerging pathogens-lately, these also include fungi. The fungal presence in water greatly varies between sampling locations. Little is known about fungi from water in combination with a selection of materials used in water distribution systems. Our research was focused on five water plants located in the Pannonian Plain, Slovenia. Sampled water originated from different natural water sources and was subjected to different cleaning methods before distribution. The average numbers of fungi from natural water, water after disinfection, water at the first sampling point in the water network, and water at the last sampling point were 260, 49, 64, and 97 CFU/L, respectively. Chlorination reduced the number of fungi by a factor of 5, but its effect decreased with the length of the water network. The occurrence of different fungi in water and on materials depended on the choice of material. The presence of the genera Aspergillus, Acremonium, Furcasterigmium, Gliomastix, and Sarocladium was mostly observed on cement, while Cadophora, Cladosporium, Cyphellophora, and Exophiala prevailed on metals. Plastic materials were more susceptible to colonization with basidiomycetous fungi. Opportunistically pathogenic fungi were isolated sporadically from materials and water and do not represent a significant health risk for water consumers. In addition to cultivation data, physico-chemical features of water were measured and later processed with machine learning methods, revealing the sampling location and water cleaning processes as the main factors affecting fungal presence and richness in water and materials in contact with water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Novak Babič
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Gregor Marolt
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (G.M.); (J.I.)
| | - Jernej Imperl
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (G.M.); (J.I.)
| | - Martin Breskvar
- Department of Knowledge Technologies, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.B.); (S.D.)
- DZR, Luize Pesjakove ulica 11, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sašo Džeroski
- Department of Knowledge Technologies, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.B.); (S.D.)
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10
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Shehata MM, Macdonald DH, Black LE. Dramatic Reduction of Silicon Surface Recombination by ALD TiO x Capping Layer from TiCl 4 and H 2O: The Role of Chlorine. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:46504-46512. [PMID: 37733958 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous thin-film TiOx prepared via atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been identified as one of the most promising materials for use in transparent passivating contacts in high-efficiency and low-cost crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells. As highlighted in this work, the passivation performance of ALD TiOx layers strongly depends on the metal precursor used, with films prepared using TiCl4 recently showing the best results. However, a full understanding of how such films achieve their high level of surface passivation has not yet been demonstrated. This study provides a clear demonstration that a key part of this passivation mechanism is due to chlorine (Cl) accumulation at the Si surface. This mechanism is demonstrated to be quite general in nature by showing how 2 nm of ALD TiOx (TiCl4 + H2O) can be applied as a capping layer for either ZnO or Al2O3 interlayers to dramatically reduce silicon surface recombination. Cl depth profiles obtained using secondary ion mass spectrometry confirm the presence of Cl extending through the depth of the interlayers with a peak at the silicon interface. Remarkably, this diffusion of Cl is observed following low-temperature (75 °C) deposition of the TiOx capping layer, without any subsequent thermal treatment. Contrary to earlier studies that treated residual Cl in ALD films as a general contamination issue, these findings reveal unequivocally that chlorine plays a crucial role in Si surface passivation and can be classed as an effective passivation element, similar to hydrogen in its ability to passivate Si dangling bonds. The outcomes of this research emphasize the importance of residual chlorine in enhancing the passivation of buried interfaces and provide additional motivation for employing metal chloride precursors for silicon surface passivation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Shehata
- School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra 2600, ACT, Australia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El Minya City 61519, Egypt
| | - Daniel H Macdonald
- School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra 2600, ACT, Australia
| | - Lachlan E Black
- School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra 2600, ACT, Australia
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11
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Leite LDS, dos Santos DV, Paschoalato CFPR, Bond T, Daniel LA. Disinfection By-Products Formation from Chlor( am)ination of Algal Organic Matter of Chlorella sorokiniana. Toxics 2023; 11:690. [PMID: 37624194 PMCID: PMC10459932 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication in water reservoirs releases algal organic matter (AOM), which is an important precursor of disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed during water treatment. Chlorella sorokiniana is a microalgae which flourishes under conditions of high light intensity and temperature, thus its prevalence in algal blooms is expected to increase with climate change. However, Chlorella sorokiniana AOM has not been previously investigated as a DBP precursor. In this context, this study evaluated the effect of AOM concentration, humic acid (HA), and pH on DBP formation from chlor(am)ination of AOM Chlorella sorokiniana. DBP yields determined by linear regression for trichloromethane (TCM) and chloral hydrate (CH) were 57.9 and 46.0 µg·mg DOC-1 in chlorination, while the TCM, CH, dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), 1,1,1-trichloropropanone (1,1,1-TCP), and chloropicrin (CPN) concentrations were 33.6, 29.8, 16.7, 2.1, and 1.2 µg·mg DOC-1 in chloramination. Chloramination reduced the formation of TCM and CH but increased CPN, DCAN, and 1,1,1-TCP yields. AOM Chlorella sorokiniana showed a higher DBP formation than 9 of 11 algae species previously investigated in the literature. At basic pH, the concentration of TCM increased while the concentration of other DBP classes decreased. Bromide was effectively incorporated into the AOM structure and high values of bromine incorporation factor were found for THM (1.81-1.89) and HAN (1.32) at 1.5 mg Br·L-1. Empirical models predicted successfully the formation of THM and HAN (R2 > 0.86). The bromide concentration had more impact in the model on the DBP formation than AOM and HA. These results provide the first insights into the DBP formation from AOM chlor(am)ination of Chlorella sorokiniana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan de Souza Leite
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13566-59, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Sustainability and Civil Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | | | | | - Tom Bond
- School of Sustainability and Civil Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Luiz Antonio Daniel
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13566-59, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Svensson T, Löfgren A, Saetre P, Kautsky U, Bastviken D. Chlorine Distribution in Soil and Vegetation in Boreal Habitats along a Moisture Gradient from Upland Forest to Lake Margin Wetlands. Environ Sci Technol 2023. [PMID: 37469326 PMCID: PMC10399286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The assumed dominance of chloride (Cl-) in terrestrial ecosystems is challenged by observations of extensive formation of organically bound Cl (Clorg), resulting in large soil Cl storage and internal cycling. Yet, little is known about the spatial distribution of Cl in ecosystems. We quantified patterns of Cl distribution in different habitats along a boreal hillslope moisture gradient ranging from relatively dry upland coniferous forests to wet discharge areas dominated by alder. We confirmed that dry habitats are important for Cl storage but found that Cl pools tended to be larger in moist and wet habitats. The storage of Clorg was less important in wet habitats, suggesting a shift in the balance between soil chlorination and dechlorination rates. Cl concentrations in the herb layer vegetation were high in wet and moist sites attributed to a shift in plant species composition, indicating plant community-dependent ecosystem Cl cycling. Mass-balance calculations showed that internal Cl cycling increased overall ecosystem Cl residence times at all sites and that plant uptake rates of Cl- were particularly high at wet sites. Our results indicate that habitat characteristics including plant communities and hydrology are key for understanding Cl cycling in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresia Svensson
- Department of Thematic Studies - Environmental Change, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Peter Saetre
- Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. (SKB), P.O. Box 3091, 169 03 Solna, Sweden
| | - Ulrik Kautsky
- Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. (SKB), P.O. Box 3091, 169 03 Solna, Sweden
| | - David Bastviken
- Department of Thematic Studies - Environmental Change, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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13
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Wu H, Krause R, Gogoi E, Reck A, Graf A, Wislicenus M, Hild OR, Guhl C. Multielectrode Arrays at Wafer-Level for Miniaturized Sensors Applications: Electrochemical Growth of Ag/AgCl Reference Electrodes. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:6130. [PMID: 37447979 DOI: 10.3390/s23136130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a range of miniaturized Ag/AgCl reference electrodes with various layouts were successfully fabricated on wafer-level silicon-based substrates with metallic intermediate layers by precisely controlling the electrochemical deposition of Ag, followed by electrochemical chlorination of the deposited Ag layer. The structure, as well as the chemical composition of the electrode, were characterized with SEM & EDS. The results showed that the chlorination is very sensitive to the applied electric field and background solution. Potentiostatic chlorination, in combination with an adjusted mushroom-shaped Ag sealing deposition, enabled the formation of electrochemical usable Ag/AgCl layers. The stability of the electrodes was tested using open circuit potential (OCP) measurement. The results showed that the reference electrodes stayed stable for 300 s under 3 M KCl solution. The first stage study showed that the stability of the Ag/AgCl reference electrode in a chip highly depends on chip size design, chlorination conditions, and a further protection layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haosheng Wu
- Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems (IPMS), Center Nanoelectronic Technologies (CNT), An der Bartlake 5, 01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Krause
- Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems (IPMS), Center Nanoelectronic Technologies (CNT), An der Bartlake 5, 01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - Eshanee Gogoi
- Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems (IPMS), Center Nanoelectronic Technologies (CNT), An der Bartlake 5, 01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - André Reck
- Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems (IPMS), Center Nanoelectronic Technologies (CNT), An der Bartlake 5, 01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Graf
- Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems (IPMS), Maria-Reiche-Str. 2, 01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcus Wislicenus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems (IPMS), Center Nanoelectronic Technologies (CNT), An der Bartlake 5, 01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - Olaf R Hild
- Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems (IPMS), Maria-Reiche-Str. 2, 01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - Conrad Guhl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems (IPMS), Center Nanoelectronic Technologies (CNT), An der Bartlake 5, 01109 Dresden, Germany
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14
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Xie H, Yamada K, Tamai S, Shimamoto H, Nukazawa K, Suzuki Y. Disappearance and prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and other coliforms in the wastewater treatment process. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-28382-3. [PMID: 37351753 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) can now be detected not only in clinical institutions but also in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), extending the range of emergence to residential areas. In this study, we investigated the change of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) and other coliforms in each treatment process at WWTPs. Throughout the treatment process, the numbers of E. coli and other coliforms were significantly reduced to less than 5.7 ± 0.5 CFU/100 ml and 2.4 ± 0.0×102 CFU/100 ml, respectively. However, ESBL-producing E. coli and other coliforms were detected in each treatment process (even after chlorination) at 5.6% and 4.8%, compared to the total E. coli and other coliforms counts. Then, ESBL-producing-related genes were identified via PCR analyses, and the most predominant gene was CTX-M-9 in both E. coli (47.2%) and other coliforms (47.3%). Although actual WWTPs greatly reduced the number of bacteria, the relative prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria was increased, suggesting that ESBL-producing bacteria remain in the effluent at minimal concentrations and could be diffusing to water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xie
- Department of Environment and Resource Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kana Yamada
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Soichiro Tamai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimamoto
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kei Nukazawa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Suzuki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
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15
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Ehn M, Bavol D, Bould J, Strnad V, Litecká M, Lang K, Kirakci K, Clegg W, Waddell PG, Londesborough MGS. A Window into the Workings of anti-B 18H 22 Luminescence-Blue-Fluorescent Isomeric Pair 3,3'-Cl 2-B 18H 20 and 3,4'-Cl 2-B 18H 20 (and Others). Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114505. [PMID: 37298983 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The action of AlCl3 on room-temperature tetrachloromethane solutions of anti-B18H22 (1) results in a mixture of fluorescent isomers, 3,3'-Cl2-B18H20 (2) and 3,4'-Cl2-B18H20 (3), together isolated in a 76% yield. Compounds 2 and 3 are capable of the stable emission of blue light under UV-excitation. In addition, small amounts of other dichlorinated isomers, 4,4'-Cl2-B18H20 (4), 3,1'-Cl2-B18H20 (5), and 7,3'-Cl2-B18H20 (6) were isolated, along with blue-fluorescent monochlorinated derivatives, 3-Cl-B18H21 (7) and 4-Cl-B18H21 (8), and trichlorinated species 3,4,3'-Cl3-B18H19 (9) and 3,4,4'-Cl3-B18H19 (10). The molecular structures of these new chlorinated derivatives of octadecaborane are delineated, and the photophysics of some of these species are discussed in the context of the influence that chlorination bears on the luminescence of anti-B18H22. In particular, this study produces important information on the effect that the cluster position of these substitutions has on luminescence quantum yields and excited-state lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Ehn
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Dmytro Bavol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Jonathan Bould
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Strnad
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, Dejvice, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Litecká
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Lang
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Kaplan Kirakci
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - William Clegg
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Paul G Waddell
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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16
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Weninger A, Sagasser J, Obermoser V, Egger J, Wisboeck S, Qiu Q, Ladstaetter M, Cucchiaro A, Wurst K, Baecker D, Gust R. Development of Zeise's Salt Derivatives Bearing Substituted Acetylsalicylic Acid Substructures as Cytotoxic COX Inhibitors. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1573. [PMID: 37376023 PMCID: PMC10304174 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zeise's salt derivatives of the potassium trichlorido[η2-((prop-2-en/but-3-en)-1-yl)-2-acetoxybenzoate]platinate(II) type (ASA-Prop-PtCl3/ASA-But-PtCl3 derivatives) were synthesized and characterized regarding their structure, stability, and biological activity. It is proposed that the leads ASA-Prop-PtCl3 and ASA-But-PtCl3 interfere with the arachidonic acid cascade as part of their mode of action to reduce the growth of COX-1/2-expressing tumor cells. With the aim to increase the antiproliferative activity by strengthening the inhibitory potency against COX-2, F, Cl, or CH3 substituents were introduced into the acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) moiety. Each structural modification improved COX-2 inhibition. Especially compounds with F substituents at ASA-But-PtCl3 reached the maximum achievable inhibition of about 70% already at 1 µM. The PGE2 formation in COX-1/2-positive HT-29 cells was suppressed by all F/Cl/CH3 derivatives, indicating COX inhibitory potency in cellular systems. The CH3-bearing complexes showed the highest cytotoxicity in COX-1/2-positive HT-29 cells with IC50 values of 16-27 µM. In COX-negative MCF-7 cells, they were 2-3-fold less active. These data clearly demonstrate that it is possible to increase the cytotoxicity of ASA-Prop-PtCl3 and ASA-But-PtCl3 derivatives by enhancing COX-2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Weninger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, CMBI—Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, CCB—Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jessica Sagasser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, CMBI—Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, CCB—Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Victoria Obermoser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, CMBI—Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, CCB—Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Josef Egger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, CMBI—Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, CCB—Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Susanna Wisboeck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, CMBI—Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, CCB—Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Qianqian Qiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, CMBI—Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, CCB—Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Miriam Ladstaetter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, CMBI—Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, CCB—Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Cucchiaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, CMBI—Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, CCB—Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniel Baecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, CMBI—Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, CCB—Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ronald Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, CMBI—Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, CCB—Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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17
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Grimard-Conea M, Prévost M. Controlling Legionella pneumophila in Showerheads: Combination of Remedial Intervention and Preventative Flushing. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1361. [PMID: 37374862 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Shock chlorination and remedial flushing are suggested to address Legionella pneumophila (Lp) contamination in buildings or during their (re)commissioning. However, data on general microbial measurements (adenosine tri-phosphate [ATP], total cell counts [TCC]), and the abundance of Lp are lacking to support their temporary implementation with variable water demands. In this study, the weekly short-term (3-week) impact of shock chlorination (20-25 mg/L free chlorine, 16 h) or remedial flushing (5-min flush) combined with distinct flushing regimes (daily, weekly, stagnant) was investigated in duplicates of showerheads in two shower systems. Results showed that the combination of stagnation and shock chlorination prompted biomass regrowth, with ATP and TCC in the first draws reaching large regrowth factors of 4.31-7.07-fold and 3.51-5.68-fold, respectively, from baseline values. Contrastingly, remedial flushing followed by stagnation generally resulted in complete or larger regrowth in Lp culturability and gene copies (gc). Irrespective of the intervention, daily flushed showerheads resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) lower ATP and TCC, as well as lower Lp concentrations than weekly flushes, in general. Nonetheless, Lp persisted at concentrations ranging from 11 to 223 as the most probable number per liter (MPN/L) and in the same order of magnitude (103-104 gc/L) than baseline values after remedial flushing, despite daily/weekly flushing, unlike shock chlorination which suppressed Lp culturability (down 3-log) for two weeks and gene copies by 1-log. This study provides insights on the most optimal short-term combination of remedial and preventative strategies that can be considered pending the implementation of suitable engineering controls or building-wide treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Grimard-Conea
- Industrial Chair in Drinking Water, Department of Civil, Mining and Geological Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Michèle Prévost
- Industrial Chair in Drinking Water, Department of Civil, Mining and Geological Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
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18
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Shi JL, Mitch WA. Lysine and Arginine Reactivity and Transformation Products during Peptide Chlorination. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:5852-5860. [PMID: 36976858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine reactions with peptide-bound amino acids form disinfection byproducts and contribute to pathogen inactivation by degrading protein structure and function. Peptide-bound lysine and arginine are two of the seven chlorine-reactive amino acids, but their reactions with chlorine are poorly characterized. Using N-acetylated lysine and arginine as models for peptide-bound amino acids and authentic small peptides, this study demonstrated conversion of the lysine side chain to mono- and dichloramines and the arginine side chain to mono-, di-, and trichloramines in ≤0.5 h. The lysine chloramines formed lysine nitrile and lysine aldehyde at ∼6% yield over ∼1 week. The arginine chloramines formed ornithine nitrile at ∼3% yield over ∼1 week but not the corresponding aldehyde. While researchers hypothesized that the protein aggregation observed during chlorination arises from covalent Schiff base cross-links between lysine aldehyde and lysine on different proteins, no evidence for Schiff base formation was observed. The rapid formation of chloramines and their slow decay indicate that they are more relevant than the aldehydes and nitriles to byproduct formation and pathogen inactivation over timescales relevant to drinking water distribution. Previous research has indicated that lysine chloramines are cytotoxic and genotoxic to human cells. The conversion of lysine and arginine cationic side chains to neutral chloramines should alter protein structure and function and enhance protein aggregation by hydrophobic interactions, contributing to pathogen inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Lily Shi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Gao X, Tong X, Xu M, Zhang L, Wang Y, Liu Z, Yang L, Gao J, Shao M, Liu Z. Chlorinated Narrow Bandgap Polymer Suppresses Non-Radiative Recombination Energy Loss Enabling Perylene Diimides-Based Organic Solar Cells Exceeding 10% Efficiency. Small 2023:e2208217. [PMID: 37013462 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202208217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The scarcity of narrow bandgap donor polymers matched with perylene diimides (PDI)-based nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) hinders improvement of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) value of organic solar cells (OSCs). Here, it is reported that a narrow bandgap donor polymer PDX, the chlorinated derivative of the famous polymer donor PTB7-Th, blended with PDI-based NFA boosts the PCE value exceeding 10%. The electroluminescent quantum efficiency of PDX-based OSCs is two orders of magnitude higher than that of PTB7-Th-based OSCs;therefore, the nonradiative energy loss is 0.103 eV lower. This is the highest PCE value for OSCs with the lowest energy loss using the blend of PTB7-Th derivatives and PDI-based NFAs as the active layer. Besides, PDX-based devices showed larger phase separation, faster charge mobilities, higher exciton dissociation probability, suppressed charge recombination, elevated charge transfer state, and decreased energetic disorder compared with the PTB7-Th-based OSCs. All these factors contribute to the simultaneously improved short circuit current density, open circuit voltage, and fill factor, thus significantly improving PCE. These results prove that chlorinated conjugated side thienyl groups can efficiently suppress the non-radiative energy loss and highlight the importance of fine-modifying or developing novel narrow bandgap polymers to further elevate the PCE value of PDI-based OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- Institute of Materials for Optoelectronics and New Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Xinzhu Tong
- Institute of Materials for Optoelectronics and New Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Meichen Xu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Linhua Zhang
- Institute of Materials for Optoelectronics and New Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Yinuo Wang
- Institute of Materials for Optoelectronics and New Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Institute of Materials for Optoelectronics and New Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Lvpeng Yang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jianhong Gao
- Institute of Materials for Optoelectronics and New Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Ming Shao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zhitian Liu
- Institute of Materials for Optoelectronics and New Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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20
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Yang M, Chen X, Su X, She YB, Yang YF. Mechanistic Study of Chemoselectivity for Carbon Radical Hydroxylation versus Chlorination with Fe III (OH)(Cl) Complexes. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201311. [PMID: 36705485 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The FeIII (OH)(Cl) complex resembles the key intermediate proposed for the non-heme iron halogenases. Goldberg and co-workers reported that the FeIII (OH)(Cl) RC reacts with triphenylmethyl radical 1 to give an exclusive hydroxylation product. To understand the chemoselectivity of the reaction of RC with 1, density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been conducted. From RC, the competing pathways were identified as the OH-transfer, Cl-transfer, and isomerization pathways. The direct Cl-transfer is more favorable than direct OH-transfer by 2.8 kcal/mol. The hydrogen bonding interactions between the hydroxyl group and the pendent amine ligand impede the direct OH-transfer from RC. Compared with the direct Cl-transfer pathway, the isomerization pathways require lower barriers. In isomer RCiso2 , the equatorial hydroxyl group, which has smaller diabatic bond dissociation energy, prefers to transfer to form the hydroxylation product. In FeIII (Cl)2 RC2 and RC2iso , the equatorial chloride group also prefers to transfer to give the chlorination product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xiahe Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xingxing Su
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Bin She
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Fang Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, P. R. China
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21
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Nihemaiti M, Icker M, Seiwert B, Reemtsma T. Revisiting Disinfection Byproducts with Supercritical Fluid Chromatography-High Resolution-Mass Spectrometry: Identification of Novel Halogenated Sulfonic Acids in Disinfected Drinking Water. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:3527-3537. [PMID: 36802550 PMCID: PMC9996826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) coupled to either gas chromatography or reversed-phase liquid chromatography is the generic method to identify unknown disinfection byproducts (DBPs) but can easily overlook their highly polar fractions. In this study, we applied an alternative chromatographic separation method, supercritical fluid chromatography-HRMS, to characterize DBPs in disinfected water. In total, 15 DBPs were tentatively identified for the first time as haloacetonitrilesulfonic acids, haloacetamidesulfonic acids, and haloacetaldehydesulfonic acids. Cysteine, glutathione, and p-phenolsulfonic acid were found as precursors during lab-scale chlorination, with cysteine providing the highest yield. A mixture of the labeled analogues of these DBPs was prepared by chlorination of 13C3-15N-cysteine and analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for structural confirmation and quantification. A total of 6 drinking water treatment plants utilizing various source waters and treatment trains produced sulfonated DBPs upon disinfection. Those were widespread in the tap water of 8 cities across Europe, with estimated concentrations up to 50 and 800 ng/L for total haloacetonitrilesulfonic acids and haloacetaldehydesulfonic acids, respectively. Up to 850 ng/L haloacetonitrilesulfonic acids were found in 3 public swimming pools. Considering the stronger toxicity of haloacetonitriles, haloacetamides, and haloacetaldehydes than the regulated DBPs, these newly found sulfonic acid derivatives may also pose a health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolida Nihemaiti
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maik Icker
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bettina Seiwert
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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22
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Wawryk NP, Huang G, Craven C, Qiu J, Jmaiff Blackstock LK, Li XF. Aspartame-Sweetened Tap Water: Transformation Products and 2,6-Dichloro-1,4-Benzoquinone Formation. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:1332-1341. [PMID: 36628463 PMCID: PMC9878719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aspartame (APM), a dipeptide of aspartic acid (ASP) and phenylalanine (PHE), is a widely used artificial sweetener in beverages. It is unclear whether residual chlorine in tap water can react with APM to form disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Therefore, we investigated the formation of DBPs from the reaction of APM with residual chlorine in authentic tap water. APM and a commercial sweetener (CS) packet containing APM were studied under authentic and simulated tap water conditions. Eight chlorinated products of APM were detected using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF-MS). These new chloro-products were tentatively identified based on accurate masses, isotopic patterns of 35,37Cl, and MS/MS spectra. Furthermore, we identified APM as a precursor to 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (DCBQ). DCBQ significantly increased to 2.3-12 ng/L with the addition of APM or CS in tap waters collected from different locations compared to 1.4-1.8 ng/L in the same tap water samples without sweetener. DCBQ and two of the chlorinated transformation products were identified in cold prepared tea containing APM. DCBQ formation was eliminated when the residual chlorine in tap water was reduced by ascorbic acid or boiling prior to the addition of APM or CS. This study found that eight new DBPs and DCBQ were produced by the reactions of residual chlorine with APM and CS. These findings show an unintended exposure source of emerging DBPs via APM sweetened beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas
J. P. Wawryk
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Guang Huang
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
- Department
of Hygiene Analysis and Detection, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Caley Craven
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Junlang Qiu
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Lindsay K. Jmaiff Blackstock
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
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23
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Barker RD, Yu Y, De Maria L, Johannissen LO, Scrutton NS. Mechanism of Action of Flavin-Dependent Halogenases. ACS Catal 2022; 12:15352-15360. [PMID: 36570077 PMCID: PMC9764358 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
To rationally engineer the substrate scope and selectivity of flavin-dependent halogenases (FDHs), it is essential to first understand the reaction mechanism and substrate interactions in the active site. FDHs have long been known to achieve regioselectivity through an electrophilic aromatic substitution at C7 of the natural substrate Trp, but the precise role of a key active-site Lys residue remains ambiguous. Formation of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) at the cofactor-binding site is achieved by the direct reaction of molecular oxygen and a single chloride ion with reduced FAD and flavin hydroxide, respectively. HOCl is then guided 10 Å into the halogenation active site. Lys79, located in this site, has been proposed to direct HOCl toward Trp C7 through hydrogen bonding or a direct reaction with HOCl to form an -NH2Cl+ intermediate. Here, we present the most likely mechanism for halogenation based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and active-site density functional theory "cluster" models of FDH PrnA in complex with its native substrate l-tryptophan, hypochlorous acid, and the FAD cofactor. MD simulations with different protonation states for key active-site residues suggest that Lys79 directs HOCl through hydrogen bonding, which is confirmed by calculations of the reaction profiles for both proposed mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys D. Barker
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Yuqi Yu
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Leonardo De Maria
- Research
and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals
R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43283, Sweden
| | - Linus O. Johannissen
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.,
| | - Nigel S. Scrutton
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.,
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24
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Azbell TJ, Mandel RM, Lee JH, Milner PJ. Reactive Chlorine Capture by Di chlorination of Alkene Linkers in Metal-Organic Frameworks. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:53928-53935. [PMID: 36413751 PMCID: PMC10022271 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine (Cl2) is a toxic and corrosive gas that is both an essential reagent in industry and a potent chemical warfare agent. Materials that can strongly bind Cl2 at low pressures are essential for industrial and civilian personal protective equipment (PPE). Herein, we report the first examples of irreversible Cl2 capture via the dichlorination of alkene linkages in Zr-based metal-organic frameworks. Frameworks constructed from fumarate (Zr-fum) and stilbene (Zr-stilbene) linkers retain long-range order and accessible porosity after alkene dichlorination. In addition, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy reveals an even distribution of Cl throughout both materials after Cl2 capture. Cl2 uptake experiments reveal high irreversible uptake of Cl2 (>10 wt %) at low partial pressures (<100 mbar), particularly in Zr-fum. In contrast, traditional porous carbons mostly display reversible Cl2 capture, representing a continued risk to users after exposure. Overall, our results support that alkene dichlorination represents a new pathway for reactive Cl2 capture, opening new opportunities for binding this gas irreversibly in PPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Azbell
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States
| | - Ruth M. Mandel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States
| | - Jung-Hoon Lee
- Computational Science Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Phillip J. Milner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States
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25
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Li W, Zhang X, Han J. Formation of Larger Molecular Weight Disinfection Byproducts from Acetaminophen in Chlorine Disinfection. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:16929-16939. [PMID: 36409822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen is widely used to treat mild to moderate pain and to reduce fever. Under the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, this over-the-counter pain reliever and fever reducer has been drastically consumed, which makes it even more abundant than ever in municipal wastewater and drinking water sources. Chlorine is the most widely used oxidant in drinking water disinfection, and chlorination generally causes the degradation of organic compounds, including acetaminophen. In this study, a new reaction pathway in the chlorination of acetaminophen, i.e., oxidative coupling reactions via acetaminophen radicals, was investigated both experimentally and computationally. Using an ultraperformance liquid chromatograph coupled to an electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, we detected over 20 polymeric products in chlorinated acetaminophen samples, some of which have structures similar to the legacy pollutants "polychlorinated biphenyls". Both C-C and C-O bonding products were found, and the corresponding bonding processes and kinetics were revealed by quantum chemical calculations. Based on the product confirmation and intrinsic reaction coordinate computations, a pathway for the formation of the polymeric products in the chlorination of acetaminophen was proposed. This study suggests that chlorination may cause not only degradation but also upgradation of a phenolic compound or contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR00000, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR00000, China
| | - Jiarui Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR00000, China
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26
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Yuan Q, Yu P, Cheng Y, Zuo P, Xu Y, Cui Y, Luo Y, Alvarez PJJ. Chlorination (but Not UV Disinfection) Generates Cell Debris that Increases Extracellular Antibiotic Resistance Gene Transfer via Proximal Adsorption to Recipients and Upregulated Transformation Genes. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:17166-17176. [PMID: 36286344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To advance the understanding of antibiotic resistance propagation from wastewater treatment plants, it is important to elucidate how different effluent disinfection processes affect the dissemination of predominantly extracellular antibiotic resistance genes (eARGs). Here, we show that, by facilitating proximal adsorption to recipient cells, bacterial debris generated by chlorination (but not by UV irradiation) increases the natural transformation frequency of their adsorbed eARG by 2.9 to 7.2-fold relative to free eARGs. This is because chlorination increases the bacterial surface roughness by 1.1 to 6.7-fold and the affinity toward eARGs by 1.6 to 5.8-fold, and 98% of the total eARGs released after chlorination were adsorbed to cell debris. In contrast, UV irradiation released predominantly free eARGs with 18% to 56% lower transformation frequency. The collision theory indicates that the ARG donor-recipient collision frequency increased by 35.1-fold for eARGs adsorbed onto chlorination-generated bacterial debris, and the xDLVO model infers a 29% lower donor-recipient contact energy barrier for these ARGs. Exposure to chlorination-generated bacterial debris also upregulated genes associated with natural transformation in Vibrio vulnificus (e.g., tfoX encoding the major activator of natural transformation) by 2.6 to 5.2-fold, likely due to the generation of chlorinated molecules (5.1-fold higher Cl content after chlorination) and persistent reactive species (e.g., carbon-centered radicals) on bacterial debris. Increased proximal eARG adsorption to bacterial debris was also observed in the secondary effluent after chlorination; this decreased eARG decay by 64% and increased the relative abundance of ARGs by 7.2-fold. Overall, this study highlights that different disinfection approaches can result in different physical states of eARGs that affect their resulting dissemination potential via transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing211816, China
| | - Pingfeng Yu
- College of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing211816, China
| | - Pengxiao Zuo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston77005, Texas, United States
| | - Yisi Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing211816, China
| | - Yuxiao Cui
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin300071, China
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Pedro J J Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston77005, Texas, United States
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27
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Xu L, Li C, Wei G, Ji J, Lichtfouse E, García A, Zhang Y. Degradation of sulfamethoxazole by chlorination in water distribution systems: Kinetics, toxicity, and antibiotic resistance genes. Water Environ Res 2022; 94:e10817. [PMID: 36524464 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is one of veterinary drugs and food additives, which has been frequently detected in surface waters in recent years and will cause damage to organisms. Therefore, SMX was selected as a target to be investigated, including the degradation kinetics, evolution of toxicity, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) of SMX during chlorination in batch reactors and water distribution systems (WDS), to determine the optimal factors for removing SMX. In the range of investigated pH (6.3-9.0), the SMX degradation had the fastest rate at close to neutral pH. The chlorination of SMX was affected by the initial total free chlorine concentration, and the degradation of SMX was consistent with second-order kinetics. The rate constants in batch reactors are (2.23 ± 0.07) × 102 M-1 s-1 and (5.04 ± 0.30) × 10 M-1 s-1 for HClO and ClO-1 , respectively. Moreover, the rate constants in WDS are (1.76 ± 0.07) × 102 M-1 s-1 and (4.06 ± 0.62) × 10 M-1 s-1 , respectively. The degradation rate of SMX was also affected by pipe material, and the rate followed the following order: stainless-steel pipe (SS) > ductile iron pipe (DI) > polyethylene pipe (PE). The degradation rate of SMX in the DI increased with increasing flow rate, but the increase was limited. In addition, SMX could increase the toxicity of water initially, yet the toxicity reduced to the level of tap water after 2-h chlorination. And the relative abundance of ARGs (sul1 and sul2) of tap water samples was significantly increased under different chlorination conditions. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The degradation rate of SMX in batch reactor and WDS is different, and they could be described by first- or second-order kinetics. The degradation of SMX had the fastest rate at neutral pH. The degradation rate of SMX was also affected by pipe material and flow velocity. SMX increased the toxicity of water initially, yet the toxicity reduced after a 2-h chlorination. SMX increased the relative abundance of antibiotic resistance genes sul1 and sul2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo Xu
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Guozijian Wei
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ji
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix en Provence, France
| | - Andreina García
- Advanced Mining Technology Center (AMTC), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yunshu Zhang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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28
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Kinani S, Roumiguières A, Bouchonnet S. A Critical Review on Chemical Speciation of Chlorine-Produced Oxidants (CPOs) in Seawater. Part 1: Chlorine Chemistry in Seawater and Its Consequences in Terms of Biocidal Effectiveness and Environmental Impact. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-14. [PMID: 36325800 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2139590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Seawater chlorination has three main industrial uses: disinfection of water and installations, control of biofouling, and preventing the transport of aquatic invasive species. Once in contact with seawater, chlorine reacts rapidly with water constituents (e.g. bromide ions, ammonia, and nitrogen-containing compounds) to form a range of oxidative species (e.g. bromine and N-haloamines), termed "chlorine-produced oxidants" (CPOs) or "total residual oxidants" (TRO). The chemical nature of CPOs and their concentration are a function of two categories of parameters related to treatment modality (e.g. chlorine dose) and water quality (e.g. temperature, pH, ammonia concentration, and organic constituents). The chlorination process may result in continuous or intermittent releases of CPOs in seawater. The reactivity and potential ecotoxicity of CPO species largely depend on their physical and chemical properties. Therefore, evaluation of the biocidal effectiveness of chlorination and its potential impacts requires not only determining the sum of CPOs (via a bulk parameter), but also their chemical speciation. The aim of this article - which is the first of a trilogy dedicated to the chemical speciation of CPOs in seawater - is to provide an overview of current knowledge about chlorine chemistry in seawater and to discuss the biocidal efficacy and the environmental fate of resulting CPOs. The 2nd and 3rd articles delineate a comprehensive and critical review of analytical methods and approaches for the determination of CPOs in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Kinani
- Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Division Recherche et Développement, Electricité de France (EDF), Chatou Cedex 01, France
| | - Adrien Roumiguières
- Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Division Recherche et Développement, Electricité de France (EDF), Chatou Cedex 01, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS - Institut polytechnique de Paris - Route de Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Stéphane Bouchonnet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS - Institut polytechnique de Paris - Route de Saclay, Palaiseau, France
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29
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Rolbiecki D, Korzeniewska E, Czatzkowska M, Harnisz M. The Impact of Chlorine Disinfection of Hospital Wastewater on Clonal Similarity and ESBL-Production in Selected Bacteria of the Family Enterobacteriaceae. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:13868. [PMID: 36360746 PMCID: PMC9655713 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hospitals are regarded as ecological niches of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). ARB can spread outside the hospital environment via hospital wastewater (HWW). Therefore, HWW is often disinfected in local stations to minimize that risk. Chlorine-based treatment is the most popular method of HWW disinfection around the world, however, recent research has suggested that it can contribute to the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The aim of this study is to determine the impact of HWW disinfection on the clonal similarity of Enterobacteriaceae species and their ability to produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). The study was conducted in a hospital with a local chlorine-based disinfection station. Samples of wastewater before disinfection and samples of disinfected wastewater, collected in four research seasons, were analyzed. Bacteria potentially belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family were isolated from HWW. The Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus Polymerase Chain Reaction (ERIC-PCR) method was used to generate DNA fingerprints of all bacterial isolates. The isolates were phenotypically tested for the production of ESBLs. Antibiotic resistance genes (blaSHV, blaTEM, and blaOXA, blaCTX-M-1-group, blaCTX-M-2-group, blaCTX-9-group and blaCTX-M-8/25-group) were detected by PCR in strains with confirmed phenotypic ability to produce ESBLs. The ESBL+ isolates were identified by the sequencing of 16S rDNA. In the present study, the same bacterial clones were isolated from HWW before and after disinfection and HWW was sampled in different seasons. Genetic and phenotypic variations were observed in bacterial clones. ESBL+ strains were isolated significantly more often from disinfected than from non-disinfected HWW. The blaOXA gene was significantly more prevalent in isolates from disinfected than non-disinfected HWW. Enterobacter hormaechei and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the dominant species in ESBL+ strains isolated from both sampling sites. The results of this study indicate that chlorine-based disinfection promotes the survival of ESBL-producing bacteria and/or the transmission of genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance. As a result, chlorination increases the proportion of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in disinfected wastewater. Consequently, chlorine-based disinfection practices may pose a risk to the environment and public health by accelerating the spread of antimicrobial resistance.
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30
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Caon A, Conte G, Skoronski E. Use of tannin-based coagulant and chlorine dioxide in treating brewing water: reduction of trihalomethanes and impact on physicochemical and sensory quality. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2022; 57:858-868. [PMID: 36111665 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2022.2123186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate an alternative to reduce trihalomethane (THM) formation in brewing water. THM affects the organoleptic properties of water and, consequently, the produced beer. Water treatment based on common chemicals such as alum and free chlorine could potentially form THM. Therefore, we studied the replacement of chemicals used in water treatment: aluminum sulfate by a tannin-based coagulant and sodium hypochlorite by chlorine dioxide. Experimentally, jar tests were conducted, and the role of coagulants and oxidizing agents was evaluated for: the removal of apparent color, turbidity, natural organic matter (NOM) and microorganisms; the formation of trihalomethanes (THM); and the sensory quality of the water. Using tannin-based coagulant with chlorine dioxide was associated with the lowest THM in treated water (1.7 µg/L) and higher satisfaction in the sensory analysis. However, using these chemicals make the water treatment more expensive than the current strategy. Overall, using the tannin-based coagulant and chlorine dioxide treatment is an alternative to produce water with a lower THM concentration, better physical-chemical, and sensory quality. These findings motivate further brewing experiments and a deeper economics evaluation considering the process's sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arliana Caon
- Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering, Laboratory for Water and Waste Treatment, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gilmar Conte
- Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering, Laboratory for Water and Waste Treatment, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Everton Skoronski
- Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering, Laboratory for Water and Waste Treatment, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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31
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Pramod Charpe V, Gupta M, Chu Hwang K. Visible-Light-Induced Oxidative α-keto-Di chlorination of Arylalkynes by CuCl 2 at Room Temperature. ChemSusChem 2022; 15:e202200957. [PMID: 35730105 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A visible light-induced oxidative α-keto-dichlorination of terminal and internal aryl alkynes was developed to form dichloroacetophenones (DCAPs) and dichlorophenyl-acetophenones (DCPAPs), respectively, by using CuCl2 as a photoredox catalyst in the presence of air at room temperature (without using any exogenous photocatalyst). Here, photoexcited CuCl2 underwent ligand-to-metal charge transfer to generate a Cl radical, which readily added to the alkynes to form DCAPs or DCPAPs in the presence of O2 . This α-keto-dichlorination reaction is a green and mild protocol as it produced water as the only by-product. Moreover, the evaluation of green chemistry metrics indicated that the E-factor (mass of wastes/mass of products) of the current α-keto-chlorination method is around 10.1 times lower than that of a literature-reported photochemical method. The Eco Scale value (score 55, which on a scale of 0-100 indicates an acceptable synthesis) signifies that this process is simple, highly efficient, eco-friendly, and cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahima Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Kuo Chu Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R. O. C
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Barnum TP, Coates JD. The biogeochemical cycling of chlorine. Geobiology 2022; 20:634-649. [PMID: 35851523 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine has important roles in the Earth's systems. In different forms, it helps balance the charge and osmotic potential of cells, provides energy for microorganisms, mobilizes metals in geologic fluids, alters the salinity of waters, and degrades atmospheric ozone. Despite this importance, there has not been a comprehensive summary of chlorine's geobiology. Here, we unite different areas of recent research to describe a biogeochemical cycle for chlorine. Chlorine enters the biosphere through volcanism and weathering of rocks and is sequestered by subduction and the formation of evaporite sediments from inland seas. In the biosphere, chlorine is converted between solid, dissolved, and gaseous states and in oxidation states ranging from -1 to +7, with the soluble, reduced chloride ion as its most common form. Living organisms and chemical reactions change chlorine's form through oxidation and reduction and the addition and removal of chlorine from organic molecules. Chlorine can be transported through the atmosphere, and the highest oxidation states of chlorine are produced by reactions between sunlight and trace chlorine gases. Partial oxidation of chlorine occurs across the biosphere and creates reactive chlorine species that contribute to the oxidative stress experienced by living cells. A unified view of this chlorine cycle demonstrates connections between chlorine biology, chemistry, and geology that affect life on the Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler P Barnum
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - John D Coates
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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Medici A, Saviano L, Siciliano A, Libralato G, Guida M, Previtera L, Di Fabio G, Zarrelli A. Octocrylene: From Sunscreens to the Degradation Pathway during Chlorination Processes: Formation of Byproducts and Their Ecotoxicity Assessment. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165286. [PMID: 36014525 PMCID: PMC9415856 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Octocrylene is an organic sunscreen whose main action is to absorb UVB radiation and short UVA wavelengths; it is used in various cosmetic products in order to provide an adequate sun-protection factor or to protect the cosmetic formulations themselves from UV radiation. This filter is believed to be a possible endocrine disruptor and is also questioned due to its allergic and/or photoallergic potential. However, it continues to be widely used, and it has been found in various environments, not least those of swimming pools, where it is evidently released by consumers, to the point that it is now considered an emerging micropollutant. The present investigation presents the possible chemical fate of octocrylene in the typical chlorination conditions of wastewater or swimming pools. A total of 11 disinfection byproducts were identified, and 6 were identified for the first time, and separated by HPLC. These products were identified through careful mass spectrometry studies and 1D and 2D NMR experiments. A formation mechanism has been proposed that justifies the chemical structures of all of the compounds identified. The ecotoxicological assessment of octocrylene and their products was carried out by employing Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Brachionus plicatilis and Aliivibrio fischeri as bioindicators. The ecotoxicity results reveal that toxic byproducts might be generated during the oxidation process, increasing the potential risk to the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Medici
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Saviano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Siciliano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Libralato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucio Previtera
- Associazione Italiana per la Promozione delle Ricerche su Ambiente e Salute Umana, 82030 Dugenta, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Fabio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Armando Zarrelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-674472
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Ning F, Tan J, Zhang Z, Wang X, Wu X, Han EH, Ke W. Crevice Corrosion Behavior of Alloy 690 in High-Temperature Aerated Chloride Solution. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:5434. [PMID: 35955369 PMCID: PMC9369497 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Crevice corrosion behavior of Alloy 690 in high-temperature aerated chloride solution was studied using a self-designed crevice device. The SEM, EDS, XRD, and XPS analyses results indicated that the oxide films outside the crevice consisted of Ni-Cr oxides containing a small amount of hydroxides, and the oxide films on crevice mouth consisted of a (Ni,Fe)(Fe,Cr)2O4 spinel oxides outer layer and a Cr(OH)3 inner layer, and the oxide films inside the crevice consisted of a α-CrOOH outer layer and a Cr(OH)3 inner layer. When crevice corrosion occurred, the hydrolysis of Cr3+ led to the formation of Cr(OH)3 inside the crevice, and caused the pH value of crevice solution to decrease, and Cl- migrated from outside the crevice into inside the crevice due to electrical neutrality principle and accumulation. When the water chemistry inside the crevice reached the critical value of active dissolution of metal, the active dissolution of metal inside the crevice occurred. In addition, (Ni,Fe)(Fe,Cr)2O4 spinel oxides on the crevice mouth were formed by the deposition of metal ions migrated from inside the crevice. The mechanism of crevice corrosion and the formation mechanism of oxide films at different regions were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangqiang Ning
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Liaoning Key Laboratory for Safety and Assessment Technique of Nuclear Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Jibo Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Liaoning Key Laboratory for Safety and Assessment Technique of Nuclear Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ziyu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Liaoning Key Laboratory for Safety and Assessment Technique of Nuclear Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Liaoning Key Laboratory for Safety and Assessment Technique of Nuclear Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xinqiang Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Liaoning Key Laboratory for Safety and Assessment Technique of Nuclear Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - En-Hou Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Liaoning Key Laboratory for Safety and Assessment Technique of Nuclear Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wei Ke
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Liaoning Key Laboratory for Safety and Assessment Technique of Nuclear Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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Tafesse N, Porcelli M, Gari SR, Ambelu A. Prevalence and Trends of Drinking Water Disinfection Byproducts-Related Cancers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Environ Health Insights 2022; 16:11786302221112569. [PMID: 35910284 PMCID: PMC9335495 DOI: 10.1177/11786302221112569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from chlorinated drinking water have been linked to an increased risk of cancer in the bladder, stomach, colon, and rectum. No studies showed the independent trends and prevalence of these cancers in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and trends of disinfection byproducts-related cancers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHODS Data were collected from the Addis Ababa Cancer Registry. Spatial data sets were produced and classified into households receiving chlorinated surface water and less chlorinated groundwater. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to evaluate whether there was a disinfection byproducts-related cancers (DBRCs) trend among communities receiving chlorinated water. Negative binomial regression was used to analyze the incidence rate. RESULTS A total of 11, 438 cancer cases were registered between 2012 and 2016, and DBRCs accounted for approximately 17%. The majority of the total cancer cases were female; 7,706 (67%). The prevalence of DBRCs was found to be higher in communities supplied with chlorinated water. From 2012 to 2016, the trend of colon cancer increased (β = 10.3, P value = .034); however, esophageal cancer decreased (β = -6.5, P value = .018). Approximately 56% of colorectal cancer patients and 53% of stomach cancer patients are known to be using chlorinated surface water for drinking regularly. In addition, approximately 57.1% and 54% of kidney and bladder cancer patients, respectively, used chlorinated surface water. CONCLUSION The prevalence of DBRCs in this study was found to be high. The colon cancer trend increased substantially from 2012 to 2016. The prevalence of DBRCs was higher in communities supplied with chlorinated surface water. Similarly, the prevalence of DBRCs was higher among males than females. Further study is required to validate the association between DBRCs and water chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebiyou Tafesse
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Massimiliano Porcelli
- Quality, Health, Safety & Work Environment Department, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Sirak Robele Gari
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Hu S, Kaw HY, Zhu L, Wang W. Formation and Cytotoxicity of Halophenylacetamides: A New Group of Nitrogenous Aromatic Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:3181-3192. [PMID: 35175050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogenous aromatic halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water have received considerable attention recently owing to their relatively high toxicity. In this study, a new group of nitrogenous aromatic halogenated disinfection byproducts, halophenylacetamides (HPAcAms), were successfully identified for the first time in both the laboratory experiments and realistic drinking water. The formation mechanism of HPAcAms during chlorination of phenylalanine in the presence of Br- and I-, occurrence frequencies, and concentrations in authentic drinking water were investigated, and a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was developed based on the acquired cytotoxicity data. The results demonstrated that HPAcAms could be formed from phenylalanine in chlorination via electrophilic substitution, decarboxylation, hydrochloric acid elimination, and hydrolysis. The HPAcAm yields from phenylalanine were significantly affected by contact time, pH, chlorine dose, and temperature. Nine HPAcAms with concentrations in the range of 0.02-1.54 ng/L were detected in authentic drinking water samples. Most tested HPAcAms showed significantly higher cytotoxicity compared with dichloroacetamide, which is the most abundant aliphatic haloacetamide DBP. The QSAR model demonstrated that the cellular uptake efficiency and the polarized distributions of electrons of HPAcAms play essential roles in their cytotoxicity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Hu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Han Yeong Kaw
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Chen WS, Hsiao CY, Lee CH. Recovery of Tantalum and Manganese from Epoxy-Coated Solid Electrolyte Tantalum Capacitors through Selective Leaching and Chlorination Processes. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:656. [PMID: 35057373 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Electronic products are ever growing in popularity, and tantalum capacitors are heavily used in small electronic products. Spent epoxy-coated solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors, containing about 22 wt.% of tantalum and 8 wt.% of manganese, were treated with selective leaching by hydrochloric acid and chlorination after removing the epoxy resin, and the products converted, respectively, to Mn(OH)2 and TaCl5. The effects of acid type, acid concentration, liquid–solid ratio, and reaction time were investigated to dissolve the manganese. The optimal selective leaching conditions were determined as 3 mol/L of HCl, 40 mL/g at 25 °C for 32 min. Next, residues of selective leaching after washing and drying were heated with ferrous chloride to convert to pure TaCl5. Mixing 48 wt.% of chloride and 52 wt.% of residues for a total of 5 g was conducted to complete the chlorination process in the tube furnace at 450 °C for 3 h. A total of 2.35 g of Ta was collected and the recovery of Ta achieved 94%. Finally, Mn(OH)2 and TaCl5 were separated and purified as the products.
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Takahashi Y, Ishii K, Kikkawa Y, Horikiri K, Tsuneda S. Nitrite Production by Nitrifying Bacteria in Urban Groundwater Used in a Chlorinated Public Bath System in Japan. Microbes Environ 2022; 37:ME22040. [PMID: 36198516 PMCID: PMC9763042 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me22040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to pathogens, the effects of environmental microbes on the water quality in baths have not yet been examined in detail. We herein focused on a public bath in which groundwater was pumped up as bath water and disinfected by chlorination. Ammonia in groundwater is oxidized to nitrite, thereby reducing residual chlorine. A batch-culture test and bacterial community ana-lysis revealed that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria accumulated nitrite and had higher resistance to chlorination than nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. These results demonstrate that the difference in resistance to chlorination between ammonia-oxidizing and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria may lead to the accumulation of nitrite in baths using groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Takahashi
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2–2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162–8480, Japan
| | - Kento Ishii
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2–2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162–8480, Japan
| | - Yukie Kikkawa
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, 2–7–1 Tomiokahigashi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 236–0051, Japan
| | - Kayo Horikiri
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, 2–7–1 Tomiokahigashi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 236–0051, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsuneda
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2–2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162–8480, Japan, Corresponding author. E-mail: ; Tel: +81–3–5369–7325; Fax: +81–3–5369–7325
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Mazur DM, Lebedev AT. Transformation of Organic Compounds during Water Chlorination/Bromination: Formation Pathways for Disinfection By-Products (A Review). J Anal Chem 2022; 77. [PMCID: PMC9924213 DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822140052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The purity of drinking water is an important issue of the human life quality. Water disinfection has saved millions people from the diseases spread with water. However, that procedure has a certain drawback due to formation of toxic organic disinfection products. Establishing the structures of these products and the mechanisms of their formation and diminishing their levels in drinking water represent an important task for chemistry and medicine, while mass spectrometry is the most efficient tool for the corresponding studies. The current review throws light upon natural and anthropogenic sources of the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) and the mechanisms of their formation related to the structural peculiarities and the presence of functional groups. In addition to chlorination, bromination is discussed since it is used quite often as an alternative method of disinfection, particularly, for the purification of swimming pool water. The benefits of the contemporary GC/MS and LC/MS methods for the elucidation of DBP structures and study of the mechanisms of their formation are discussed. The reactions characteristic for various functional groups and directions of transformation of certain classes of organic compounds in conditions of aqueous chlorination/bromination are also covered in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Mazur
- Organic Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. T. Lebedev
- M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia
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Abstract
The first example for the electrochemical cis‐dichlorination of alkenes is presented. The reaction can be performed with little experimental effort by using phenylselenyl chloride as catalyst and tetrabutylammoniumchloride as supporting electrolyte, which also acts as nucleophilic reagent for the SN2‐type replacement of selenium versus chloride. Cyclic voltammetric measurements and control experiments revealed a dual role of phenylselenyl chloride in the reaction. Based on these results a reaction mechanism was postulated, where the key step of the process is the activation of a phenylselenyl chloride‐alkene adduct by electrochemically generated phenylselenyl trichloride. Like this, different aliphatic and aromatic cyclic and acyclic alkenes were converted to the dichlorinated products. Thereby, throughout high diastereoselectivities were achieved for the cis‐chlorinated compounds of >95 : 5 or higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Strehl
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Fastie
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hilt
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
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Mohr LM, McCulley CH, Blom J, Lamhauge JN, Anker Jørgensen K. Investigation of the Organocatalytic Chlorination of 2-Phenylpropanal. Chemistry 2021; 27:17465-17475. [PMID: 34622997 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Results of an examination of the organocatalytic enantioselective α-chlorination of 2-phenylpropanal are described. Synthetic investigation including the screening of primary and secondary aminocatalysts, many different reaction conditions, and other α-branched aldehydes show that especially primary aminocatalysts can catalyze the formation of the α-chloro branched aldehydes in good yields, but only with moderate enantioselectivities. In order to try to understand the challenge in obtaining high enantioselectivity for the aminocatalytic α-chlorination of α-branched aldehydes a series of experimental investigations were performed employing 2-phenylpropanal as a model system. These investigations have been coupled with computational investigations, which provided important insight into the moderate enantioselectivity of this chlorination reaction. Analysis of the reaction showed, that the lack of control over the selectivity of formation of the (E)- and (Z)-enamine intermediate, and the clustering of reaction barriers of possible reaction pathways help to rationalize difficulties in producing high enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Marie Mohr
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jakob Blom
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
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Liu X, Yang L, Wang M, Zheng M, Li C, Qin L, Liu G. Insights into the Formation and Profile of Chlorinated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons during Chlorobenzene and Chloroethylene Manufacturing Processes. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:15929-15939. [PMID: 34812043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons including chlorinated naphthalenes and congeners with three to five rings are ubiquitous atmospheric pollutants. Congener profiles and formation mechanisms from typical chemical manufacturing have not been researched extensively. We measured the concentrations of 75 chlorinated naphthalenes and 18 chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in raw materials, intermediates, products, and bottom residues from chemical plants producing monochlorobenzene and chloroethylene by different techniques. The findings confirmed that these chemical manufacturing processes are newly identified sources of atmospheric emissions of these compounds. More-chlorinated naphthalenes were formed from chloroethylene production than from monochlorobenzene production, which could be explained by the higher temperatures in the former process. Successive chlorination appeared to be an important formation pathway of polychlorinated naphthalenes according to their congener profiles and was supported by quantum chemical calculations of electrophilic chlorination on various positions of naphthalene. Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were more likely to be formed during the production of monochlorobenzene than chloroethylene. Moreover, we suggested that ring rearrangement and ring coupling are important transformation reactions between polychlorinated naphthalenes and chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of the Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of the Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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Park S, Kim Y, Choi C, Ahn H, Park T, Lee SH, Jang YH, Lee BH. Effect of Bulky Atom Substitution on Backbone Coplanarity and Electrical Properties of Cyclopentadithiophene-Based Semiconducting Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100709. [PMID: 34792255 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The effect of atomic substitution on the optoelectronic properties of a coplanar donor-acceptor (D-A) semiconducting polymer (SPs), prepared using cyclopentadithiophene (CDT) and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BT) moieties, is investigated. By substituting a carbon atom in the BT unit with CF or C-Cl, two random D-A SPs are prepared, and their optoelectronic properties are thoroughly investigated. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the fluorinated polymer has a slightly smaller dihedral angle (ϴ = 0.6°) than the pristine polymer (ϴ = 1.9°) in its lowest-energy conformation, implying efficient charge transport through the coplanar backbone of the fluorinated polymer. However, the chlorinated polymer shows the lowest energy at a relatively larger dihedral angle (ϴ = 139°) due to the steric hindrance induced by bulky chlorine atoms in the backbone, thereby leading to thin-film morphology, which is unfavorable for charge transport. Consequently, the fluorinated polymer yields the highest field-effect mobility (μ) of 0.57 cm2 V-1 s-1 , slightly higher than that of the pristine polymer (μ = 0.33 cm2 V-1 s-1 ), and the extended device lifetime of organic field-effect transistors over 12 d without any encapsulation layers. The results of this study provide design guidelines for air-stable D-A SPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.,Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Changwon Choi
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungju Ahn
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POESTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Taemin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoung Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Jang
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Hoon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.,Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
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Huang J, Li S, Qin J, Xu L, Zhu X, Yang LM. Facile Modification of a Noncovalently Fused-Ring Electron Acceptor Enables Efficient Organic Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:45806-45814. [PMID: 34523905 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electron acceptors with nonfused aromatic cores (NCAs) have aroused increasing interest in organic solar cells due to the low synthetic complexity and flexible chemical modification, but the corresponding device performance still lags behind. Herein, we designed and synthesized two new quinoxaline-based NCAs, namely, QOC6-4H and QOC6-4Cl. Although both NCAs show good backbone coplanarity, QOC6-4Cl with chlorinated end groups exhibits higher extinction coefficient, enhanced crystallinity, and more compact π-π stacking, which is correlated with the stronger intermolecular interactions induced by chlorine atoms. Benefiting from the broader and stronger optical absorption, improved carrier mobilities, and suppressed charge recombination, a notable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.32% with a distinctly higher short-current density (Jsc) of 22.91 mA cm-2 and a fill factor (FF) of 69.01% could be obtained for the PBDB-T:QOC6-4Cl-based device. The PCEs of PBDB-T:QOC6-4H were only lower than 8%, which could mainly be attributed to the unsymmetric charge transport. Our work proves that the chlorination of end groups is a facile and effective strategy to enhance the intermolecular interactions and thus the photovoltaic performance of NCAs, and a careful modulation of the intermolecular interactions plays a vital role in further developing both high-performance and low-cost organic photovoltaic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Sunsun Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jinzhao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xiaozhang Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lian-Ming Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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Chen H, Zhao T, Li L, Tan P, Lai H, Zhu Y, Lai X, Han L, Zheng N, Guo L, He F. 17.6%-Efficient Quasiplanar Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells from a Chlorinated 3D Network Acceptor. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2102778. [PMID: 34318541 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells (OSCs) have achieved great success because they overcome the shortcomings of short exciton diffusion distances. With the progress in material innovation and device technology, the efficiency of BHJ devices is continually being improved. For some special photovoltaic material systems, it is difficult to manipulate the miscibility and morphology of blend films, and this results in moderate, even poor device performance. Quasiplanar heterojunction (Q-PHJ) OSCs have been proposed to exploit the excellent photovoltaic properties of these materials. An OSC with BTIC-BO-4Cl has a 3D interpenetrating network structure with multiple channels that can facilitate the exciton diffusion and charge transport, and BTIC-BO-4Cl is therefore a good candidate for Q-PHJ OSCs. In this work, a D18:BTIC-BO-4Cl-based Q-PHJ device is fabricated. The exciton diffusion lengths of D18 and BTIC-BO-4Cl are in accord with the requirements of the Q-PHJ device and the efficiency of Q-PHJ device is as high as 17.60%. This study indicates that the Q-PHJ architecture can replace the BHJ architecture to produce excellent OSCs for certain unique donors and acceptors, providing an alternative approach to photovoltaic material design and device fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tingxing Zhao
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies, Ministry of Education, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Pu Tan
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hanjian Lai
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yulin Zhu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xue Lai
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liang Han
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies, Ministry of Education, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Feng He
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Bao L, Zhao B, Yang B, Halik M, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Hypervalent Iodine Compounds as Versatile Reagents for Extremely Efficient and Reversible Patterning of Graphene with Nanoscale Precision. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2101653. [PMID: 34173280 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rational patterning and tailoring of graphene relies on the disclosure of suitable reagents for structuring the target functionalities on the 2D-carbon network. Here, a series of hypervalent iodine compounds, namely, 1-chloro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one, 1,3-dihydro-1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1,2-benziodoxole, and 3,3-dimethyl-1-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-benziodoxole is reported to be extremely efficient for a diversified graphene patterning. The decomposition of these compounds generates highly reactive Cl, OH, and CF3 radicals exclusively in the irradiated areas, which subsequently attach onto the graphene leading to locally controlled chlorination, hydroxylation, and trifluoromethylation, respectively. This is the first realization of a patterned hydroxylation of graphene, and the degrees of functionalization of the patterned chlorination and trifluoromethylation are both unprecedented. The usage of these mild reagents here is reasonably facile compared to the reported methods using hazardous Cl2 or ICl and allows for sophisticated pattern designs with nanoscale precision, promising for arbitrary nanomanipulation of graphene's properties like hydrophilicity and conductivity by the three distinct functionalities (Cl, OH, and CF3 ). Moreover, the attachment of functional entities to these highly functionalized graphene nanoarchitectures is fully reversible upon thermal annealing, enabling a full writing/storing/reading/erasing control over the chemical information stored within graphene. This work provides an exciting clue for target 2D functionalization and modulation of graphene by using suitable hypervalent iodine compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipiao Bao
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Baolin Zhao
- Organic Materials and Devices (OMD), Institute for Polymer Materials, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bowen Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marcus Halik
- Organic Materials and Devices (OMD), Institute for Polymer Materials, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Wan D, Wang H, Sharma VK, Selvinsimpson S, Dai H, Luo F, Wang C, Chen Y. Mechanistic Investigation of Enhanced Photoreactivity of Dissolved Organic Matter after Chlorination. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:8937-8946. [PMID: 34165279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine is commonly used in disinfection processes in wastewater treatment plants prior to discharge of the effluents into receiving waters. Effluent organic matter and humic substances constitute up to 90% of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in receiving water, which induces photogeneration of reactive species (RS) such as excited triplet state of DOM (3DOM*), singlet oxygen (1O2), and hydroxyl radical (•OH). The RS plays an important role in the attenuation of trace pollutants. However, the effect of chlorine disinfection on the photoreactivity of the DOM has remained unclear. Here, we investigated the physicochemical properties and subsequent RS variation after chlorination of DOM. Solid-state 13C cross-polarization/magic angle-spinning NMR and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry verified that the aromaticity, electron-donating capacity (EDC), and average molecular weight of DOM decreased markedly after chlorination. It was found for the first time that the photoproduction of 3DOM*, 1O2, and •OH increased markedly after chlorination of DOM upon irradiation of simulated sunlight. The quantum yields of 3DOM*, 1O2, and •OH were positively correlated with E2/E3 (ratio of the absorbance at 254 to 365 nm) while negatively correlated with EDC before and after chlorination. These findings highlight the synergetic effect of chlorine disinfection on the photosensitization of DOM under irradiation of sunlight, which will promote the removal of trace pollutants in surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Haiyue Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | | | - Hongliang Dai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Fan Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Chengjun Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yong Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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Okamoto Y, Jinno H, Itoh S, Shibutani S. Less Carcinogenic Chlorinated Estrogens Applicable to Hormone Replacement Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7222. [PMID: 34281275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human estrogens prescribed for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) are known to be potent carcinogens. To find safer estrogens, several chlorinated estrogens were synthesized and their carcinogenic potential were determined. A pellet containing either 2-chloro-17β-estradiol (2-ClE2) or 4-chloro-17β-estradiol (4-ClE2) was implanted subcutaneously for 52 weeks into August Copenhagen Irish (ACI) rats, a preferred animal model for human breast cancer. 17β-Estradiol (E2) frequently induced mammary tumors while both 2-ClE2 and 4-ClE2 did not. Their 17α-ethinyl forms, thought to be orally active estrogens, were also synthesized. Neither 2-chloro-17α-ethinylestradiol (2-ClEE2) nor 4-chloro-17α-ethinylestradiol (4-ClEE2) induced tumors. The less carcinogenic effects were supported by histological examination of mammary glands of ACI rats treated with the chlorinated estrogens. A chlorine atom positioned at the 2- or 4-position of E2 may prevent the metabolic activation, resulting in reducing the carcinogenicity. 2-ClE2 and 4-ClE2 administered subcutaneously and 2-ClEE2 and 4-ClEE2 given orally to ovariectomized rats all showed uterotrophic potency, albeit slightly weaker than that of E2. Our results indicate that less carcinogenic chlorinated estrogens retaining estrogenic potential could be safer alternatives to the carcinogenic estrogens now in use for HRT.
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Chen G, Zhu N, Hu Z, Liu L, Wang GQ, Wang G. Motility changes rather than EPS production shape aggregation of Chlamydomonas microsphaera in aquatic environment. Environ Technol 2021; 42:2916-2924. [PMID: 31951776 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1718216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal aggregation is a key for both microalgae harvesting and water purification, where changes in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) secretion and cell motility changes are of core importance. In this study, we investigated the aggregation process of Chlamydomonas microsphaera confronting resource limitation and chlorine disinfection, and tried to compare changes in the magnitude of EPS secretion and cell motility. Results show that the presence of mild chlorine solution (0.20%) dose stimulated microalgal aggregation (with an aggregated to planktonic cells ratio of 3.2), with extracellular protein concentration and mean cell velocity reaching a maximum of 43.43 ± 0.01 mg/L and 201 ± 35 µm/s, respectively. These values are 71% and 191% higher than those of the control. Comparably, nutrient availability had only a limited impact on microalgal aggregation and was associated with mild EPS secretion and cell motility. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive impact of cell motility (mean velocity) on microalgae aggregation, with little effect on EPS excretion. Together, these quantitative estimations may shed light on understanding the mechanisms of microalgae aggregation in aqueous systems, which could help future design and practical operation of source water pretreatment or microalgae harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Hu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Qing Wang
- Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Luongo G, Saviano L, Libralato G, Guida M, Siciliano A, Previtera L, Di Fabio G, Zarrelli A. Secondary Effects of Hypochlorite Treatment on the Emerging Pollutant Candesartan: The Formation of Degradation Byproducts and Their Toxicological Profiles. Molecules 2021; 26:3422. [PMID: 34198752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many studies have reported the frequent detection of antihypertensive agents such as sartans (olmesartan, valsartan, irbesartan and candesartan) in the influents and effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and in the superficial waters of rivers and lakes in both Europe and North America. In this paper, the degradation pathway for candesartan (CAN) was investigated by simulating the chlorination process that is normally used to reduce microbial contamination in a WWTP. Twelve isolated degradation byproducts (DPs), four of which were isolated for the first time, were separated on a C-18 column by employing a gradient HPLC method, and their structures were identified by combining nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry and comparing the results with commercial standards. On the basis of these results, a mechanism of formation starting from the parent drug is proposed. The ecotoxicity of CAN and its DPs was studied by conducting a battery of ecotoxicity tests; bioassays were performed using Aliivibrio fischeri (bacterium), Daphnia magna (planktonic crustacean) and Raphidocelis subcapitata (alga). The ecotoxicity results shed new light on the increased toxicity of DPs compared with the parent compound.
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