1
|
Zahn D, Arp HPH, Fenner K, Georgi A, Hafner J, Hale SE, Hollender J, Letzel T, Schymanski EL, Sigmund G, Reemtsma T. Should Transformation Products Change the Way We Manage Chemicals? Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:7710-7718. [PMID: 38656189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
When chemical pollutants enter the environment, they can undergo diverse transformation processes, forming a wide range of transformation products (TPs), some of them benign and others more harmful than their precursors. To date, the majority of TPs remain largely unrecognized and unregulated, particularly as TPs are generally not part of routine chemical risk or hazard assessment. Since many TPs formed from oxidative processes are more polar than their precursors, they may be especially relevant in the context of persistent, mobile, and toxic (PMT) and very persistent and very mobile (vPvM) substances, which are two new hazard classes that have recently been established on a European level. We highlight herein that as a result, TPs deserve more attention in research, chemicals regulation, and chemicals management. This perspective summarizes the main challenges preventing a better integration of TPs in these areas: (1) the lack of reliable high-throughput TP identification methods, (2) uncertainties in TP prediction, (3) inadequately considered TP formation during (advanced) water treatment, and (4) insufficient integration and harmonization of TPs in most regulatory frameworks. A way forward to tackle these challenges and integrate TPs into chemical management is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zahn
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kathrin Fenner
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anett Georgi
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jasmin Hafner
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah E Hale
- TZW: DVGW Water Technology Center, Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Zürich, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Letzel
- AFIN-TS GmbH (Analytisches Forschungsinstitut für Non-Target Screening), Am Mittleren Moos 48, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Emma L Schymanski
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Gabriel Sigmund
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li P, Su W, Zhong L, Wang H, Huang X, Ruan T, Jiang G. Occurrence and Ecological Risk of Alkylamine Triazines in Chinese Estuarine Sediments: An Emerging Class of Persistent, Mobile, and Toxic Substances. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:6814-6824. [PMID: 38581381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Identifying persistent, mobile, and toxic (PMT) substances from synthetic chemicals is critical for chemical management and ecological risk assessment. Inspired by the triazine analogues (e.g., atrazine and melamine) in the original European Union's list of PMT substances, the occurrence and compositions of alkylamine triazines (AATs) in the estuarine sediments of main rivers along the eastern coast of China were comprehensively explored by an integrated strategy of target, suspect, and nontarget screening analysis. A total of 44 AATs were identified, of which 23 were confirmed by comparison with authentic standards. Among the remaining tentatively identified analogues, 18 were emerging pollutants not previously reported in the environment. Tri- and di-AATs were the dominant analogues, and varied geographic distributions of AATs were apparent in the investigated regions. Toxic unit calculations indicated that there were acute and chronic risks to algae from AATs on a large geographical scale, with the antifouling biocide cybutryne as a key driver. The assessment of physicochemical properties further revealed that more than half of the AATs could be categorized as potential PMT and very persistent and very mobile substances at the screening level. These results highlight that AATs are a class of PMT substances posing high ecological impacts on the aquatic environment and therefore require more attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Wenyuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Laijin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xia D, Liu L, Zhao B, Xie D, Lu G, Wang R. Application of Nontarget High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Fingerprints for Qualitative and Quantitative Source Apportionment: A Real Case Study. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:727-738. [PMID: 38100713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) provides extensive chemical data, facilitating the differentiation and quantification of contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) in aquatic environments. This study utilizes liquid chromatography-HRMS for source apportionment in Chebei Stream, an urban water stream in Guangzhou, South China. Initially, 254 features were identified as potential CECs by the nontarget screening (NTS) method. We then established 1689, 1317, and 15,759 source-specific HRMS fingerprints for three distinct sources, the mainstream (C3), the tributary (T2), and the rain runoff (R1), qualitatively assessing the contribution from each source downstream. Subsequently, 32, 55, and 3142 quantitative fingerprints were isolated for sites C3, T2, and R1, respectively, employing dilution curve screening for source attribution. The final contribution estimates downstream from sites C3, T2, and R1 span 32-96, 12-23, and 8-23%, respectively. Cumulative contributions from these sources accurately mirrored actual conditions, fluctuating between 103 and 114% across C6 to C8 sites. Yet, with further tributary integration, the overall source contribution dipped to 52%. The findings from this research present a pioneering instance of applying HRMS fingerprints for qualitative and quantitative source tracking in real-world scenarios, which empowers the development of more effective strategies for environmental protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Xia
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Danping Xie
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Guining Lu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rui Wang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li T, Su W, Zhong L, Liang W, Feng X, Zhu B, Ruan T, Jiang G. An Integrated Workflow Assisted by In Silico Predictions To Expand the List of Priority Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:20854-20863. [PMID: 38010983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The limited information in existing mass spectral libraries hinders an accurate understanding of the composition, behavior, and toxicity of organic pollutants. In this study, a total of 350 polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in 9 categories were successfully identified in fine particulate matter by gas chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry. Using mass spectra and retention indexes predicted by in silico tools as complementary information, the scope of chemical identification was efficiently expanded by 27%. In addition, quantitative structure-activity relationship models provided toxicity data for over 70% of PACs, facilitating a comprehensive health risk assessment. On the basis of extensive identification, the cumulative noncarcinogenic risk of PACs warranted attention. Meanwhile, the carcinogenic risk of 53 individual analogues was noteworthy. These findings suggest that there is a pressing need for an updated list of priority PACs for routine monitoring and toxicological research since legacy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contributed modestly to the overall abundance (18%) and carcinogenic risk (8%). A toxicological priority index approach was applied for relative chemical ranking considering the environmental occurrence, fate, toxicity, and analytical availability. A list of 39 priority analogues was compiled, which predominantly consisted of high-molecular-weight PAHs and alkyl derivatives. These priority PACs further enhanced source interpretation, and the highest carcinogenic risk was attributed to coal combustion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenyuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Laijin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenqing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxia Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li X, Yao Y, Zhao M, Yang J, Shi Y, Yu H, Cheng Z, Chen H, Wang Y, Wang L, Sun H. Nontarget Identification of Novel Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Rainfall Runoffs and Agricultural Soils around a Plastic Recycling Industrial Park. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:12794-12805. [PMID: 37579047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Plastic recycling and reprocessing activities may release organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants and plasticizers into the surrounding environment. However, the relevant contamination profiles and impacts remain not well studied. This study investigated the occurrence of 28 OPEs and their metabolites (mOPEs) in rainfall runoffs and agricultural soils around one of the largest plastic recycling industrial parks in North China and identified novel organophosphorus compounds (NOPs) using high-resolution mass spectrometry-based nontarget analysis. Twenty and twenty-seven OPEs were detected in runoff water and soil samples, with total concentrations of 86.0-2491 ng/L and 2.53-199 ng/g dw, respectively. Thirteen NOPs were identified, of which eight were reported in the environment for the first time, including a chlorine-containing OPE, an organophosphorus heterocycle, a phosphite, three novel OPE metabolites, and two oligomers. Triphenylphosphine oxide and diphenylphosphinic acid occurred ubiquitously in runoffs and soils, with concentrations up to 390 ng/L and 40.2 ng/g dw, respectively. The downwind areas of the industrial park showed elevated levels of OPEs and NOPs. The contribution of hydroxylated mOPEs was higher in soils than in runoffs. These findings suggest that plastic recycling and reprocessing activities are significant sources of OPEs and NOPs and that biotransformation may further increase the ecological and human exposure risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Maosen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ji Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yumeng Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bieber S, Letzel T, Kruve A. Electrospray Ionization Efficiency Predictions and Analytical Standard Free Quantification for SFC/ESI/HRMS. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2023. [PMID: 37358930 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is a promising, sustainable, and complementary alternative to liquid chromatography (LC) and has often been coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for nontarget screening (NTS). Recent developments in predicting the ionization efficiency for LC/ESI/HRMS have enabled quantification of chemicals detected in NTS even if the analytical standards of the detected and tentatively identified chemicals are unavailable. This poses the question of whether analytical standard free quantification can also be applied in SFC/ES/HRMS. We evaluate both the possibility to transfer an ionization efficiency predictions model, previously trained on LC/ESI/HRMS data, to SFC/ESI/HRMS as well as training a new predictive model on SFC/ESI/HRMS data for 127 chemicals. The response factors of these chemicals ranged over 4 orders of magnitude in spite of a postcolumn makeup flow, expectedly enhancing the ionization of the analytes. The ionization efficiency values were predicted based on a random forest regression model from PaDEL descriptors and predicted values showed statistically significant correlation with the measured response factors (p < 0.05) with Spearman's rho of 0.584 and 0.669 for SFC and LC data, respectively. Moreover, the most significant descriptors showed similarities independent of the chromatography used for collecting the training data. We also investigated the possibility to quantify the detected chemicals based on predicted ionization efficiency values. The model trained on SFC data showed very high prediction accuracy with median prediction error of 2.20×, while the model pretrained on LC/ESI/HRMS data yielded median prediction error of 5.11×. This is expected, as the training and test data for SFC/ESI/HRMS have been collected on the same instrument with the same chromatography. Still, the correlation observed between response factors measured with SFC/ESI/HRMS and predicted with a model trained on LC data hints that more abundant LC/ESI/HRMS data prove useful in understanding and predicting the ionization behavior in SFC/ESI/HRMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bieber
- AFIN-TS GmbH (Analytisches Forschungsinstitut für Non-Target Screening), Am Mittleren Moos 48, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Letzel
- AFIN-TS GmbH (Analytisches Forschungsinstitut für Non-Target Screening), Am Mittleren Moos 48, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Anneli Kruve
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 16, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 16, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zweigle J, Bugsel B, Röhler K, Haluska AA, Zwiener C. PFAS-Contaminated Soil Site in Germany: Nontarget Screening before and after Direct TOP Assay by Kendrick Mass Defect and FindPFΔS. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:6647-6655. [PMID: 37058300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Soil contaminations with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are of great concern due to their persistence, leading to continuous, long-term groundwater contamination. A composite sample from contaminated agricultural soil from northwestern Germany (Brilon-Scharfenberg, North Rhine-Westphalia) was investigated in depth with nontarget screening (NTS) (Kendrick mass defect and MS2 fragment mass differences with FindPFΔS). Several years ago, selected PFCAs and PFSAs were identified on this site by detection in nearby surface and drinking water. We identified 10 further PFAS classes and 7 C8-based PFAS (73 single PFAS) previously unknown in this soil including some novel PFAS. All PFAS classes except for one class comprised sulfonic acid groups and were semi-quantified with PFSA standards from which ∼97% were perfluorinated and are not expected to be degradable. New identifications made up >75% of the prior known PFAS concentration, which was estimated to >30 μg/g. Pentafluorosulfanyl (-SF5) PFSAs are the dominant class (∼40%). Finally, the soil was oxidized with the direct TOP (dTOP) assay, revealing PFAA precursors that were covered to a large extent by identified H-containing PFAS and additional TPs (perfluoroalkyl diacids) were detected after dTOP. In this soil, however, dTOP + target analysis covers <23% of the occurring PFAS, highlighting the importance of NTS to characterize PFAS contaminations more comprehensively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Zweigle
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Boris Bugsel
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Röhler
- Hydrogeochemistry, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Arthur Haluska
- Hydrogeochemistry, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Zwiener
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nihemaiti M, Icker M, Seiwert B, Reemtsma T. Revisiting Disinfection Byproducts with Supercritical Fluid Chromatography-High Resolution-Mass Spectrometry: Identification of Novel Halogenated Sulfonic Acids in Disinfected Drinking Water. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:3527-3537. [PMID: 36802550 PMCID: PMC9996826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) coupled to either gas chromatography or reversed-phase liquid chromatography is the generic method to identify unknown disinfection byproducts (DBPs) but can easily overlook their highly polar fractions. In this study, we applied an alternative chromatographic separation method, supercritical fluid chromatography-HRMS, to characterize DBPs in disinfected water. In total, 15 DBPs were tentatively identified for the first time as haloacetonitrilesulfonic acids, haloacetamidesulfonic acids, and haloacetaldehydesulfonic acids. Cysteine, glutathione, and p-phenolsulfonic acid were found as precursors during lab-scale chlorination, with cysteine providing the highest yield. A mixture of the labeled analogues of these DBPs was prepared by chlorination of 13C3-15N-cysteine and analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for structural confirmation and quantification. A total of 6 drinking water treatment plants utilizing various source waters and treatment trains produced sulfonated DBPs upon disinfection. Those were widespread in the tap water of 8 cities across Europe, with estimated concentrations up to 50 and 800 ng/L for total haloacetonitrilesulfonic acids and haloacetaldehydesulfonic acids, respectively. Up to 850 ng/L haloacetonitrilesulfonic acids were found in 3 public swimming pools. Considering the stronger toxicity of haloacetonitriles, haloacetamides, and haloacetaldehydes than the regulated DBPs, these newly found sulfonic acid derivatives may also pose a health risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maolida Nihemaiti
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maik Icker
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bettina Seiwert
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lübeck JS, Christensen JH, Tomasi G. Ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of organic contaminants in sediments. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200668. [PMID: 36308040 PMCID: PMC10099621 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A nontarget screening method was developed based on D-optimal designs for ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography with positive and negative electrospray ionization mode mass spectrometry. A mixture of organic contaminants such as pesticides, steroids, surfactants, phenolic and fatty acids, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives, was used for the optimization. An aprotic mixture of dichloromethane and acetone [3:1] performed overall best as the injection solvent. The highest peak capacities (n) were accomplished at the shallowest gradient (1%B/min), ammonium formate (n = 378 in negative ionization mode), or ammonium acetate (n = 327 in positive ionization mode) in methanol as the modifier. Capillary voltage, make-up solvent flow rate, water, and additive concentration were the most significant factors for improving peak intensity: higher peak intensities were obtained at lower additive concentrations (5mM ammonium formate), and with 5% water in positive ionization mode. Conversely, water had detrimental effects in negative ionization mode. The optimized method was used to quantify organic contaminants in 17 freshwater sediment samples from Copenhagen, Denmark. Out of 50 monitored contaminants, 35 were detected in at least one sample. Further, the method has a potential for target and nontarget screening analysis of organic contaminants in solid matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine S Lübeck
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jan H Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Giorgio Tomasi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xia X, Zheng Y, Tang X, Zhao N, Wang B, Lin H, Lin Y. Nontarget Identification of Novel Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Cord Blood Samples. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:17061-17069. [PMID: 36343112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) can penetrate the placental barrier and reach embryos through cord blood, probably causing adverse birth outcomes. Therefore, novel PFASs identification in cord blood and their relationships with birth outcomes are essential to evaluate prenatal exposure risk of PFASs. Herein, 16 legacy and 12 novel PFASs were identified in 326 cord blood samples collected from pregnant women in Jinan, Shandong, China. The presence of perfluoropolyether carboxylic acids, hydrogen-substituted polyfluoroetherpropane sulfate, and 3:3 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether alcohol in cord blood was reported for the first time. Two extensive OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)-defined PFASs named fipronil sulfone and 2-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-3-ol were also identified. Quantification results showed that the emerging and OECD-defined PFASs separately accounted for 9.4 and 9.7% of the total quantified PFASs, while the legacy PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS were still the most abundant PFASs with median concentrations of 2.12, 0.58, and 0.37 ng/mL, respectively. Several PFASs (C9-C12 PFCAs, C6-C8 PFSAs, and 6:2 Cl-PFESA) showed significantly higher levels for older maternities than younger ones. PFHxS levels were positively associated with birth weight and ponderal index (p < 0.05). The results provide comprehensive information on the presence and exposure risks of several novel PFASs during the early life stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Xia
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao266071, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao266071, China
| | - Xiaowen Tang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao266071, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao266237, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Biomedical Centre, Qingdao University, Qingdao266071, China
| | - Huan Lin
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao266071, China
| | - Yongfeng Lin
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao266071, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li P, Su W, Liang W, Zhu B, Li T, Ruan T, Jiang G. Occurrence and Temporal Trends of Benzotriazole UV Stabilizers in Mollusks (2010-2018) from the Chinese Bohai Sea Revealed by Target, Suspect, and Nontarget Screening Analysis. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:16759-16767. [PMID: 36334087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BZT-UVs), including 2-(3,5-di-tert-amyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole (UV-328) that is currently under consideration for listing under the Stockholm Convention, are applied in many commodities and industrial products. However, limited information is available on the interannual variation of their environmental occurrence. In this study, an all-in-one strategy combining target, suspect, and nontarget screening analysis was established to comprehensively explore the temporal trends of BZT-UVs in mollusks collected from the Chinese Bohai Sea between 2010 and 2018. Significant residue levels of the target analytes were determined with a maximum total concentration of 6.4 × 103 ng/g dry weight. 2-(2-Hydroxy-3-tert-butyl-5-methyl-phenyl)-5-chloro-benzotriazole (UV-326), 5-chloro-2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole (UV-327), and 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl) benzotriazole (UV-P) were the predominant analogues, and UV-328 was the most frequently detected BZT-UV with a detection frequency (DF) of 87%. Whereas five biotransformation products and six impurity-like BZT-UVs were tentatively identified, their low DFs and semi-quantified concentrations suggest that the targeted analytes were the predominant BZT-UVs in the investigated area. A gradual decrease in the total concentrations of BZT-UVs was observed, accompanied by downward trends of the abundant compounds (e.g., UV-326 and UV-P). Consequently, the relative abundance of UV-327 increased because of its consistent environmental presence. These results suggest that continuous monitoring and risk assessment of BZT-UVs other than UV-328 are of importance in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenyuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenqing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Munoz G, Michaud AM, Liu M, Vo Duy S, Montenach D, Resseguier C, Watteau F, Sappin-Didier V, Feder F, Morvan T, Houot S, Desrosiers M, Liu J, Sauvé S. Target and Nontarget Screening of PFAS in Biosolids, Composts, and Other Organic Waste Products for Land Application in France. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:6056-6068. [PMID: 34668380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterionic, cationic, and anionic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are increasingly reported in terrestrial and aquatic environments, but their inputs to agricultural lands are not fully understood. Here, we characterized PFAS in 47 organic waste products (OWP) applied in agricultural fields of France, including historical and recent materials. Overall, 160 PFAS from 42 classes were detected from target screening and homologue-based nontarget screening. Target PFAS were low in agriculture-derived wastes such as pig slurry, poultry manure, or dairy cattle manure (median ∑46PFAS: 0.66 μg/kg dry matter). Higher PFAS levels were reported in urban and industrial wastes, paper mill sludge, sewage sludge, or residual household waste composts (median ∑46PFAS: 220 μg/kg). Historical municipal biosolids and composts (1976-1998) were dominated by perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamido acetic acid (EtFOSAA), and cationic and zwitterionic electrochemical fluorination precursors to PFOS. Contemporaneous urban OWP (2009-2017) were rather dominated by zwitterionic fluorotelomers, which represented on average 55% of ∑160PFAS (max: 97%). The fluorotelomer sulfonamidopropyl betaines (X:2 FTSA-PrB, median: 110 μg/kg, max: 1300 μg/kg) were the emerging class with the highest occurrence and prevalence in contemporary urban OWP. They were also detected as early as 1985. The study informs for the first time that urban sludges and composts can be a significant repository of zwitterionic and cationic PFAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Munoz
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H2 V 0B3, Canada
| | - Aurélia Marcelline Michaud
- INRAE, UMR ECOSYS, Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
- INRAE, UMR SAS, Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H2 V 0B3, Canada
| | - Denis Montenach
- INRAE, UE UEAV, Unité d'expérimentation agronomique et viticole, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Camille Resseguier
- INRAE, UMR ECOSYS, Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Françoise Watteau
- INRAE, Laboratoire Sols et Environnement, Université de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Valérie Sappin-Didier
- INRAE, UMR ISPA, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Frédéric Feder
- CIRAD, UPR Recyclage et risque, 97408 Saint-Denis, Réunion France
- CIRAD, UPR Recyclage et risque, Université de Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Morvan
- INRAE, UMR SAS, Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Sabine Houot
- INRAE, UMR ECOSYS, Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Mélanie Desrosiers
- Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec, ministère de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, Québec, QC G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Jinxia Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H2 V 0B3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li J, Zhang Y, Bi R, Ye L, Su G. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Screening of Emerging Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) in Wild Fish: Occurrence, Species-Specific Difference, and Tissue-Specific Distribution. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:302-312. [PMID: 34898183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is a dearth of information regarding the pollution status of emerging organophosphate esters (OPEs) in wild fish. Here, we optimized and validated a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) pretreatment method, which was further applied for target, suspect, and nontarget screening of OPEs in n = 48 samples of wild fishes from Taihu Lake (eastern China). This integrated technique allows us to fully identify 20 OPEs, and 9 out of them are emerging OPEs detected in wild fish for the first time. Importantly, some of the emerging OPEs, i.e., tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (TDtBPP), 4-tert-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (BPDP), and 2-isopropylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (IPDP), exhibited greater or at least comparable contamination levels as compared to traditional ones. There were no statistically significant interspecies (n = 6) differences regarding OPE concentrations. However, we observed significant differences on OPE concentrations among different tissues of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), for which the intestine has the highest OPE mean concentration (46.5 ng/g wet weight (ww)), followed by the liver (20.1 ng/g ww) ≈ brain (20.0 ng/g ww) > gill (14.8 ng/g ww) > muscle (11.4 ng/g ww). An interesting exception is IPDP, which presents an unexpectedly high concentration in the brain (0.510 ng/g ww). Collectively, this study expands our understanding of OPE contamination in wild fish and clearly shows that emerging TDtBPP, IPDP, and BPDP could play an equally important role as traditional OPEs in contribution of OPE pollution in wild fish samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Yayun Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Ruifeng Bi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Langjie Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Singh RR, Lai A, Krier J, Kondić T, Diderich P, Schymanski EL. Occurrence and Distribution of Pharmaceuticals and Their Transformation Products in Luxembourgish Surface Waters. ACS Environ Au 2021; 1:58-70. [PMID: 37101936 PMCID: PMC10114791 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.1c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and their transformation products (TPs) are continuously released into the aquatic environment via anthropogenic activity. To expand knowledge on the presence of pharmaceuticals and their known TPs in Luxembourgish rivers, 92 samples collected during routine monitoring events between 2019 and 2020 were investigated using nontarget analysis. Water samples were concentrated using solid-phase extraction and then analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled to a high-resolution mass spectrometer. Suspect screening was performed using several open source computational tools and resources including Shinyscreen (https://git-r3lab.uni.lu/eci/shinyscreen/), MetFrag (https://msbi.ipb-halle.de/MetFrag/), PubChemLite (https://zenodo.org/record/4432124), and MassBank (https://massbank.eu/MassBank/). A total of 94 pharmaceuticals, 88 confirmed at a level 1 confidence (86 of which could be quantified, two compounds too low to be quantified) and six identified at level 2a, were found to be present in Luxembourg rivers. Pharmaceutical TPs (12) were also found at a level 2a confidence. The pharmaceuticals were present at median concentrations up to 214 ng/L, with caffeine having a median concentration of 1424 ng/L. Antihypertensive drugs (15), psychoactive drugs (15), and antimicrobials (eight) were the most detected groups of pharmaceuticals. A spatiotemporal analysis of the data revealed areas with higher concentrations of the pharmaceuticals, as well as differences in pharmaceutical concentrations between 2019 and 2020. The results of this work will help guide activities for improving water management in the country and set baseline data for continuous monitoring and screening efforts, as well as for further open data and software developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randolph R. Singh
- Luxembourg
Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University
of Luxembourg, 6 avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
- IFREMER
(Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation
de la Mer), Laboratoire Biogéochimie
des Contaminants Organiques, Rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes 44311 Cedex 3, France
| | - Adelene Lai
- Luxembourg
Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University
of Luxembourg, 6 avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Institute
for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University, Lessing Strasse 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jessy Krier
- Luxembourg
Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University
of Luxembourg, 6 avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Todor Kondić
- Luxembourg
Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University
of Luxembourg, 6 avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Philippe Diderich
- Administration
de la gestion de l’eau, Ministère
de l’Environnement, du Climat et du Développement durable, L-2918 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Emma L. Schymanski
- Luxembourg
Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University
of Luxembourg, 6 avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Menger F, Boström G, Jonsson O, Ahrens L, Wiberg K, Kreuger J, Gago-Ferrero P. Identification of Pesticide Transformation Products in Surface Water Using Suspect Screening Combined with National Monitoring Data. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:10343-10353. [PMID: 34291901 PMCID: PMC8383268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are widespread anthropogenic chemicals and well-known environmental contaminants of concern. Much less is known about transformation products (TPs) of pesticides and their presence in the environment. We developed a novel suspect screening approach for not well-explored pesticides (n = 16) and pesticide TPs (n = 242) by integrating knowledge from national monitoring with high-resolution mass spectrometry data. Weekly time-integrated samples were collected in two Swedish agricultural streams using the novel Time-Integrating, MicroFlow, In-line Extraction (TIMFIE) sampler. The integration of national monitoring data in the screening approach increased the number of prioritized compounds approximately twofold (from 23 to 42). Ultimately, 11 pesticide TPs were confirmed by reference standards and 12 TPs were considered tentatively identified with varying levels of confidence. Semiquantification of the newly confirmed TPs indicated higher concentrations than their corresponding parent pesticides in some cases, which highlights concerns related to (unknown) pesticide TPs in the environment. Some TPs were present in the environment without co-occurrence of their corresponding parent compounds, indicating higher persistency or mobility of the identified TPs. This study showcased the benefits of integrating monitoring knowledge in this type of studies, with advantages for suspect screening performance and the possibility to increase relevance of future monitoring programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Menger
- Department
of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gustaf Boström
- Department
of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ove Jonsson
- Department
of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department
of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department
of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Kreuger
- Department
of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment
and Water Research—Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18−26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan
Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|