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Wu Y, Li G, Zhao S, Yin Y, Wang B, He W. Selective recovery of lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries. Waste Manag Res 2024:734242X241227375. [PMID: 38268141 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x241227375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The recovery of lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries is of great significance to prevent resource depletion and environmental pollution. In this study, through active ingredient separation, selective leaching and stepwise chemical precipitation develop a new method for the selective recovery of lithium from spent LiFePO4 batteries by using sodium persulphate (Na2S2O8) to oxidize LiFePO4 to FePO4. The impact of various variables on the efficiency of lithium leaching was investigated. Moreover, a combination of thermodynamic analysis and characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was employed to elucidate the leaching mechanism. It was found that 98.65% of lithium could be selectively leached in just 35 minutes at 60°C with only 0.2 times excess of Na2S2O8. This high leaching efficiency can be attributed to the stability and lack of structural damage during the oxidation leaching process. The proposed process is economically viable and environmentally friendly, thus showing great potential for the large-scale recycling of spent LiFePO4 batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Siqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Beng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Xiong Y, Guo Z, Mei T, Han Y, Wang Y, Xiong X, Tang Y, Wang X. Selective leaching process for efficient and rapid recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries. Waste Manag Res 2023; 41:1613-1621. [PMID: 37102334 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x231168051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
With the continuous development of new energy vehicles, the number of decommissioned lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries has been constantly increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to recover metal from spent LiFePO4 batteries due to the high potential for environmental protection and high resource value. In this study, sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8) was selected as the oxidant to regulate and control the oxidation state and proton activity of the leaching solution through its high oxidizing ability. Selective recovery of lithium from LiFePO4 batteries was achieved by oxidizing LiFePO4 to iron phosphate (FePO4) during the leaching process. This paper reports an extensive investigation of the effects of various factors, including the acid concentration, initial volume fraction of the oxidant, reaction temperature, solid-liquid ratio, and reaction time, on lithium leaching. Li+ reached a high leaching rate of 93.3% within 5 minutes even at a low concentration of sulphuric acid (H2SO4), and high-purity lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) was obtained through impurity removal and precipitation reactions. In addition, the leaching mechanism was analysed by both X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization. The results show that the obtained high lithium-ion (Li+) leaching efficiency and fast Li+ leaching time can be ascribed to the superior oxidizing properties of Na2S2O8 and the stability of the crystal structure of LiFePO4 during the oxidative leaching process. The adopted method has significant advantages in terms of safety, efficiency and environmental protection, which are conducive to the sustainable development of lithium batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchuan Xiong
- Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Guo
- Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Mei
- Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yurong Han
- Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yueyue Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Xiong
- Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yifan Tang
- Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianbao Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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Shi C, Zuo X, Yan B. Selective recovery of nickel from stainless steel pickling sludge with NH 3-(NH 4) 2CO 3 leaching system. Environ Technol 2023; 44:3249-3262. [PMID: 35319346 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2056085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The recovery of valuable metals from stainless steel pickling sludge(SSPS) has great economic and environmental benefits. In this study, a new method is proposed for selective recovery of nickel from SSPS by NH3-(NH4)2CO3 ammonia leaching system. The Eh-pH diagram was used to analyze Ni, Fe, Cr leaching behavior during the ammonia leaching process. Nickel can be leached as the complex [Ni(NH3)n]2+, whereas Fe and Cr remain as precipitates in the leaching slag. The effects of NH3·H2O concentration, liquid-solid ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time on the leaching efficiency of nickel in the ammonia leaching system were analyzed and optimized by single-factor study and response surface analysis, and the kinetics were analyzed. The optimal conditions for Ni leaching were found to be 28.28 min, 54.07 °C, a liquid-solid ratio of 23.7:1, and NH3·H2O concentration of 5.10 mol/L. Each factor had a greater effect on the rate of Ni leaching in the following order: liquid-solid ratio > NH3·H2O concentration > leaching time > leaching temperature. The ammonia leaching recovery system was controlled by chemical reaction and the activation energy was 58.17 KJ/mol. The results of scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersion spectrum (SEM-EDS), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) show that the leaching slag was in granular form with agglomerated particles and particle size of approximately 2.8 μm The major components of the leaching slag were Fe(OH)3, Fe2O3, Fe(OH)2, Cr(OH)3, and Cr2O3. Therefore, this study provides a new and effective way of using the resources of SSPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Shi
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants School of Water Resources and Environment, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangmeng Zuo
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants School of Water Resources and Environment, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants School of Water Resources and Environment, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Yang L, Gao Z, Liu T, Huang M, Liu G, Feng Y, Shao P, Luo X. Direct Electrochemical Leaching Method for High-Purity Lithium Recovery from Spent Lithium Batteries. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:4591-4597. [PMID: 36881640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recovering lithium from lithium batteries (LIBs) is a promising approach for sustainable ternary lithium battery (T-LIB) development. Current lithium recovery methods from spent T-LIBs mainly concentrated on chemical leaching methods. However, chemical leaching relying on the additional acid seriously threatens the global environment and nonselective leaching also leads to low Li recovery purity. Here, we first reported a direct electro-oxidation method for lithium leaching from spent T-LIBs (Li0.8Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2); 95.02% of Li in the spent T-LIBs was leached under 2.5 V in 3 h. Meanwhile, nearly 100% Li recovery purity was also achieved, attributed to no other metal leaching and additional agents. We also clarified the relationship between lithium leaching and other metals during the electro-oxidation of spent T-LIBs. Under the optimized voltage, Ni and O maintain the electroneutrality in the structure assisting Li leaching, while Co and Mn maintain their valence states. A direct electro-oxidation Li leaching approach achieves high Li recovery purity and meanwhile overcomes the secondary pollution problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Yang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Gao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, P. R. China
| | - Tian Liu
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215000, P. R. China
| | - Meiting Huang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, P. R. China
| | - Guangzhen Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, P. R. China
| | - Yufa Feng
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, P. R. China
| | - Penghui Shao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, P. R. China
| | - Xubiao Luo
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, P. R. China
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Chen WS, Hsiao CY, Lee CH. Recovery of Tantalum and Manganese from Epoxy-Coated Solid Electrolyte Tantalum Capacitors through Selective Leaching and Chlorination Processes. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:656. [PMID: 35057373 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Electronic products are ever growing in popularity, and tantalum capacitors are heavily used in small electronic products. Spent epoxy-coated solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors, containing about 22 wt.% of tantalum and 8 wt.% of manganese, were treated with selective leaching by hydrochloric acid and chlorination after removing the epoxy resin, and the products converted, respectively, to Mn(OH)2 and TaCl5. The effects of acid type, acid concentration, liquid–solid ratio, and reaction time were investigated to dissolve the manganese. The optimal selective leaching conditions were determined as 3 mol/L of HCl, 40 mL/g at 25 °C for 32 min. Next, residues of selective leaching after washing and drying were heated with ferrous chloride to convert to pure TaCl5. Mixing 48 wt.% of chloride and 52 wt.% of residues for a total of 5 g was conducted to complete the chlorination process in the tube furnace at 450 °C for 3 h. A total of 2.35 g of Ta was collected and the recovery of Ta achieved 94%. Finally, Mn(OH)2 and TaCl5 were separated and purified as the products.
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Kim J, Kim J, Kim H, Ahn SH. Nanoporous Nickel Phosphide Cathode for a High-Performance Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:30774-30785. [PMID: 31381294 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen production via a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) is an essential technology to complement discontinuity of renewable energies. Development of a high-efficiency and cost-effective gas diffusion electrode (GDE), which is a key component of this technology, remains a challenge. Here, we report a high-performance Ni phosphide GDE prepared by simple electrochemical methods. Selective leaching of excess Ni in electrodeposited NixP1-x enabled fabrication of a nanoporous NiP GDE with a large electrochemical surface area (ECSA). In half-cell tests, the nanoporous NiP GDE demonstrated a hydrogen-evolving current density of -10 mA/cm2 at an overpotential of 103 mV with good stability. In the single-cell tests, the PEMWE employing a nanoporous NiP cathode exhibited a current density of 1.47 A/cm2 at a cell voltage of 2.0 V, which was the competitive performance among state-of-the-art non-noble cathodes reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooyoung Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science , Chung-Ang University , 84 Heukseok-ro , Dongjak-gu , Seoul 06974 , Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyeong Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science , Chung-Ang University , 84 Heukseok-ro , Dongjak-gu , Seoul 06974 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunki Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science , Chung-Ang University , 84 Heukseok-ro , Dongjak-gu , Seoul 06974 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Ahn
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science , Chung-Ang University , 84 Heukseok-ro , Dongjak-gu , Seoul 06974 , Republic of Korea
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