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Wang S, Tian B, Hu Y, Li T, Cui X, Zhang L, Luo X. Research progress on the biological regulatory mechanisms of selenium on skeletal muscle in broilers. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103646. [PMID: 38520938 PMCID: PMC10978542 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the indispensable trace elements for both humans and animals, selenium widely participates in multiple physiological processes and facilitates strong anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune enhancing abilities. The biological functions of selenium are primarily driven by its presence in selenoproteins as a form of selenocysteine. Broilers are highly sensitive to selenium intake. Recent reports have demonstrated that selenium deficiency can adversely affect the quality of skeletal muscles and the economic value of broilers; the regulatory roles of several key selenoproteins (e.g., GPX1, GPX4, TXNRD1, TXNRD3, SelK, SelT, and SelW) have been identified. Starting from the selenium metabolism and its biological utilization in the skeletal muscle, the effect of the selenium antioxidant function on broiler meat quality is discussed in detail. The progress of research into the prevention of skeletal muscle injury by selenium and selenoproteins is also summarized. The findings emphasize the necessity of in vivo and in vitro research, and certain mechanism problems are identified, which aids their further examination. This mini-review will be helpful to provide a theoretical basis for the further study of regulatory mechanisms of selenium nutrition in edible poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchen Wang
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Bing Tian
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Yun Hu
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xugang Luo
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China.
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Zhu L, Wu W, Wu B, Hu Y, Zhang L, Zhang W, Li T, Cui X, Gao F, Li D, Luo X, Wang S. Dietary copper requirement of broilers fed a corn-soybean meal diet during 22-42 d of age. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:96-104. [PMID: 38333573 PMCID: PMC10851206 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
This research was to assess the dietary copper (Cu) requirement of broiler chickens fed a practical corn-soybean meal diet during 22-42 d of age. A total of 288 numbered Arbor Acres male broilers at 22 d of age were randomly allotted 6 treatments with 8 replicate cages (6 broilers per cage) per treatment. Broilers were fed a Cu-unsupplemented corn-soybean meal basal diet (control, containing 7.36 mg Cu/kg) or the basal diet added with 3, 6, 9, 12, or 15 mg Cu/kg from CuSO4·5H2O for 21 d. Quadratic, asymptotic and broken-line models were fitted and the best fitted models were selected to determine dietary Cu requirements. The results revealed that the contents of Cu in serum and liver, mRNA expression levels of Cu- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) in liver and monoamine oxidase b (MAO B) in heart, as well as protein expression level of CuZnSOD in liver were affected (P < 0.05) by supplemental Cu levels, and the above indices varied linearly and quadratically (P < 0.05) with increasing Cu levels. Dietary Cu requirements assessed according to the best fitted broken-line models (P < 0.05) of the above indexes were 10.45-13.81 mg/kg. It was concluded that mRNA expression levels of CuZnSOD in liver and MAO B in heart, as well as liver CuZnSOD protein expression level were new specific sensitive biomarkers for estimating dietary Cu requirements, and the dietary Cu requirement was recommended to be 14 mg/kg to support Cu metabolic needs related to key Cu-containing enzymes in broilers fed the corn-soybean meal diet during 22-42 d of age, which was higher than the dietary Cu requirement (8 mg/kg) for broilers at the corresponding stage suggested by the Chinese Feeding Standard of Chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhu
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Bingxin Wu
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Yun Hu
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weiyun Zhang
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Feiyu Gao
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Ding Li
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Xugang Luo
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Shengchen Wang
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
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Li Y, Mu T, Li R, Miao S, Jian H, Dong X, Zou X. Effects of different selenium sources and levels on the physiological state, selenoprotein expression, and production and preservation of selenium-enriched eggs in laying hens. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103347. [PMID: 38150828 PMCID: PMC10788287 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenium (i.e., Se) is a trace element that is vital in poultry nutrition, and optimal forms and levels of Se are critical for poultry productivity and health. This study aimed to compare the effects of sodium selenite (SS), yeast selenium (SY), and methionine selenium (SM) at selenium levels of 0.15 mg/kg and 0.30 mg/kg on production performance, egg quality, egg selenium content, antioxidant capacity, immunity and selenoprotein expression in laying hens. The trial was conducted in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, and a total of 576 forty-three-wk-old Hyland Brown laying hens were randomly assigned into 6 treatment groups, with diets supplemented with 0.15 mg Se/kg and 0.3 mg Se/kg of SS, SY and SM for 8 wk, respectively. Results revealed that SM increased the laying rate compared to SS and SY (P < 0.05), whereas different selenium levels had no effect. Organic selenium improved egg quality, preservation performance, and selenium deposition compared to SS (P < 0.05), while SY and SM had different preferences for Se deposition in the yolk and albumen. Also, organic selenium enhanced the antioxidant capacity and immune functions of laying hens at 0.15 mg Se/kg, whereas no obvious improvement was observed at 0.30 mg Se/kg. Moreover, SY and SM increased the mRNA expression of most selenoproteins compared to SS (P < 0.05), with SM exhibiting a more pronounced effect. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive association between glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPx2), thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs), selenoprotein K (SelK), selenoprotein S (SelS), and antioxidant and immune properties. In conclusion, the use of low-dose organic selenium is recommended as a more effective alternative to inorganic selenium, and a dosage of 0.15 mg Se/kg from SM is recommended based on the trail conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tianming Mu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ru Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sasa Miao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huafeng Jian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinyang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoting Zou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Zhang H, Zhao Z, Guan W, Zhong Y, Wang Y, Zhou Q, Liu F, Luo Q, Liu J, Ni J, He N, Guo D, Li L, Xing Q. Nano-Selenium inhibited antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors by suppressing bacterial selenocompound metabolism and chemotaxis pathways in animal manure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115277. [PMID: 37499390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Numerous antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factors (VFs) found in animal manure pose significant risks to human health. However, the effects of graphene sodium selenite (GSSe), a novel chemical nano-Selenium, and biological nano-Selenium (BNSSe), a new bioaugmentation nano-Se, on bacterial Se metabolism, chemotaxis, ARGs, and VFs in animal manure remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of GSSe and BNSSe on ARGs and VFs expression in broiler manure using high-throughput sequencing. Results showed that BNSSe reduced Se pressure during anaerobic fermentation by inhibiting bacterial selenocompound metabolism pathways, thereby lowering manure Selenium pollution. Additionally, the expression levels of ARGs and VFs were lower in the BNSSe group compared to the Sodium Selenite and GSSe groups, as BNSSe inhibited bacterial chemotaxis pathways. Co-occurrence network analysis identified ARGs and VFs within the following phyla Bacteroidetes (genera Butyricimonas, Odoribacter, Paraprevotella, and Rikenella), Firmicutes (genera Lactobacillus, Candidatus_Borkfalkia, Merdimonas, Oscillibacter, Intestinimonas, and Megamonas), and Proteobacteria (genera Desulfovibrio). The expression and abundance of ARGs and VFs genes were found to be associated with ARGs-VFs coexistence. Moreover, BNSSe disruption of bacterial selenocompound metabolism and chemotaxis pathways resulted in less frequent transfer of ARGs and VFs. These findings indicate that BNSSe can reduce ARGs and VFs expression in animal manure by suppressing bacterial selenocompound metabolism and chemotaxis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zhang
- College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yi Chun 336000, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yi Chun 336000, China
| | - Weikun Guan
- College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yi Chun 336000, China
| | - Yuhong Zhong
- College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yi Chun 336000, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yi Chun 336000, China
| | - Qilong Zhou
- College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yi Chun 336000, China
| | - Fuyu Liu
- College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yi Chun 336000, China
| | - Qi Luo
- College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yi Chun 336000, China
| | - Junyi Liu
- College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yi Chun 336000, China
| | - Jian Ni
- College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yi Chun 336000, China
| | - Ning He
- College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yi Chun 336000, China
| | - Dongsheng Guo
- College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yi Chun 336000, China
| | - Lizhi Li
- College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yi Chun 336000, China.
| | - Qingfeng Xing
- College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yi Chun 336000, China.
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Wang C, Wang L, Chen Q, Guo X, Zhang L, Liao X, Huang Y, Lu L, Luo X. Dietary trace mineral pattern influences gut microbiota and intestinal health of broilers. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad240. [PMID: 37439267 PMCID: PMC10370895 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary trace minerals can impact gut flora, which can further affect intestinal health. However, the dietary balance pattern of trace minerals for the intestinal health of broilers needs to be explored. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the dietary pattern of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Se on the intestinal morphology, microbiota, short-chain fatty acid concentrations, antioxidant status, and the expression of tight junction proteins in broilers. A total of 240 1-d-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly assigned to one of five treatments with six replicate cages of eight birds per cage for each treatment. The birds were fed the corn-soybean meal basal diet supplemented with five combination patterns of trace minerals for 42 d. The dietary treatments were as follows: the inorganic sources were added to the diet based on the recommendations of the current National Research Council (NRC, T1) and Ministry of Agriculture of P.R. China (MAP) (T2) for broiler chicks, respectively; the inorganic sources were added to the diet at the levels based on our previous results of inorganic trace mineral requirements for broilers (T3); the organic sources were added to the diet at the levels considering the bioavailabilities of organic trace minerals for broilers described in our previous studies (T4); and the organic sources were added to the diet based on the recommendations of the current MAP for broiler chicks (T5). The results showed that broilers from T1 had lower (P < 0.05) crypt depth (CD), and a higher (P < 0.05) villus height: CD in duodenum on day 21 and lower CD (P < 0.05) in jejunum on day 42 than those from T3 and T4. Broilers from T1, T3, and T5 had a higher (P < 0.05) Shannon index in cecum on day 21 than those from T4. Broilers from T1 had a higher (P < 0.05) abundance of Lactobacillus in ileum on day 21 than those from T2 and T3. Broilers from T1, T2, and T5 had a higher (P < 0.05) valeric acid concentrations in cecum on day 42 than those from T3 and T4. In addition, Birds from T2 had higher (P < 0.05) Claudin-1 mRNA levels in jejunum on day 42 than those from T3 and T4. And birds from T3, T4, and T5 had a higher (P < 0.05) Occludin protein expression levels in duodenum on day 42 than those from T2. These results indicate that dietary pattern of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Se influenced gut flora and intestinal health of broilers, and the appropriate pattern of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Se in the diet for intestinal health of broilers would be Cu 12 mg, Fe 229 mg, Mn 81 mg, Zn 78 mg, and Se 0.24 mg/kg (1 to 21 d of age), and Cu 11 mg, Fe 193 mg, Mn 80 mg, Zn 73 mg, and Se 0.22 mg/kg (22 to 42 d of age), when the trace minerals as inorganic sources were added to diets according to the recommendations of the current NRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanlong Wang
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Liangzhi Wang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Science Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qingyi Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- Laizhou Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Laizhou 261400, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiudong Liao
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanling Huang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Science Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xugang Luo
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
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Pecoraro BM, Leal DF, Frias-De-Diego A, Browning M, Odle J, Crisci E. The health benefits of selenium in food animals: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:58. [PMID: 35550013 PMCID: PMC9101896 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00706-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium is an essential trace mineral important for the maintenance of homeostasis in animals and humans. It evinces a strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and potential antimicrobial capacity. Selenium biological function is primarily achieved by its presence in selenoproteins as a form of selenocysteine. Selenium deficiency may result in an array of health disorders, affecting many organs and systems; to prevent this, dietary supplementation, mainly in the forms of organic (i.e., selenomethionine and selenocysteine) inorganic (i.e., selenate and selenite) sources is used. In pigs as well as other food animals, dietary selenium supplementation has been used for improving growth performance, immune function, and meat quality. A substantial body of knowledge demonstrates that dietary selenium supplementation is positively associated with overall animal health especially due to its immunomodulatory activity and protection from oxidative damage. Selenium also possesses potential antiviral activity and this is achieved by protecting immune cells against oxidative damage and decreasing viral replication. In this review we endeavor to combine established and novel knowledge on the beneficial effects of dietary selenium supplementation, its antioxidant and immunomodulatory actions, and the putative antimicrobial effect thereof. Furthermore, our review demonstrates the gaps in knowledge pertaining to the use of selenium as an antiviral, underscoring the need for further in vivo and in vitro studies, particularly in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Pecoraro
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Diego F Leal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alba Frias-De-Diego
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew Browning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jack Odle
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elisa Crisci
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
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Wang C, Lu L, Zhang L, Liao X, Li S, Luo X. Evaluation of optimal dietary calcium level by bone characteristics and calcium metabolism-related gene expression of broilers from 22 to 42 d of age. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac092. [PMID: 35323911 PMCID: PMC9030108 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current dietary Ca recommendation of broilers is primarily based on the previous studies carried out more than 30 yr ago. However, the modern commercial broilers are quite different from those more than 30 yr ago. The present experiment was conducted to evaluate an optimal dietary Ca level by bone characteristics and Ca metabolism-related gene expression of broilers fed a corn-soybean meal diet from 22 to 42 d of age. A total of 252 22-d-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly assigned to 1 of 7 treatments with 6 replicate cages of 6 birds per cage for each treatment. Broilers were fed the corn-soybean meal diets containing 0.50%, 0.60%, 0.70%, 0.80%, 0.90%, 1.00%, or 1.10% Ca for 21 d, and each diet contained 0.31% non-phytate P. The results showed that the mineral contents in tibia and middle toe bone, mineral density in tibia and middle toe bone, middle toe ash percentage, middle toe ash Ca percentage, and tibia alkaline phosphatase mRNA expression level of broilers were influenced (P < 0.04) by dietary Ca level and increased quadratically (P < 0.05) as dietary Ca level increased. The estimates of optimal dietary Ca levels were 0.55%, 0.60%, 0.70%, 0.72%, 0.63%, 0.66%, and 0.70%, respectively, based on the best fitted broken-line, quadratic, or asymptotic models (P < 0.02) of the above sensitive indices. These results indicate that the optimal dietary Ca level would be 0.72% to support all of the Ca metabolism and bone development of broilers fed the corn-soybean meal diet from 22 to 42 d of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanlong Wang
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiudong Liao
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sufen Li
- Department of Animal Science, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xugang Luo
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
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