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Loehrer S, Hagenbuch F, Marti H, Pesch T, Hässig M, Borel N. Longitudinal study of Chlamydia pecorum in a healthy Swiss cattle population. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292509. [PMID: 38079424 PMCID: PMC10712897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia pecorum is a globally endemic livestock pathogen but prevalence data from Switzerland has so far been limited. The present longitudinal study aimed to get an insight into the C. pecorum prevalence in Swiss cattle and investigated infection dynamics. The study population consisted of a bovine herd (n = 308) located on a farm in the north-eastern part of Switzerland. The herd comprised dairy cows, beef cattle and calves all sampled up to five times over a one-year period. At each sampling timepoint, rectal and conjunctival swabs were collected resulting in 782 samples per sampled area (total n = 1564). Chlamydiaceae screening was performed initially, followed by C. pecorum-specific real-time qPCR on all samples. For C. pecorum-positive samples, bacterial loads were determined. In this study, C. pecorum was the only chlamydial species found. Animal prevalences were determined to be 5.2-11.4%, 38.1-61.5% and 55-100% in dairy cows, beef cattle and calves, respectively. In all categories, the number of C. pecorum-positive samples was higher in conjunctival (n = 151) compared to rectal samples (n = 65), however, the average rectal load was higher. At a younger age, the chlamydial prevalence and the mean bacterial loads were significantly higher. Of all sampled bovines, only 9.4% (29/308) were high shedders (number of copies per μl >1,000). Calves, which tested positive multiple times, either failed to eliminate the pathogen between sampling timepoints or were reinfected, whereas dairy cows were mostly only positive at one timepoint. In conclusion, C. pecorum was found in healthy Swiss cattle. Our observations suggested that infection takes place at an early age and immunity might develop over time. Although the gastrointestinal tract is supposed to be the main infection site, C. pecorum was not present in rectal samples from dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Loehrer
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Hagenbuch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Marti
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Theresa Pesch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hässig
- Department for Farm Animals, Section for Herd Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Feodorova VA, Zaitsev SS, Lyapina AM, Kichemazova NV, Saltykov YV, Khizhnyakova MA, Evstifeev VV, Larionova OS. Whole genome sequencing characteristics of Chlamydia psittaci caprine AMK-16 strain, a promising killed whole cell veterinary vaccine candidate against chlamydia infection. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293612. [PMID: 37903115 PMCID: PMC10615304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci is a primary zoonotic pathogen with a broad host range causing severe respiratory and reproductive system infection in animals and humans. To reduce the global burden of C. psittaci-associated diseases on animal welfare and health and to control the pathogen spread in husbandry, effective vaccines based on promising vaccine candidate(s) are required. Recently, the caprine C. psittaci AMK-16 strain (AMK-16) demonstrated a high level of protection (up to 80-100%) in outbred mice and pregnant rabbits immunized with these formaldehyde-inactivated bacteria against experimental chlamydial wild-type infection. This study investigated the molecular characteristics of AMK-16 by whole-genome sequencing followed by molecular typing, phylogenetic analysis and detection of main immunodominant protein(s) eliciting the immune response in mouse model. Similarly to other C. psittaci, AMK-16 harbored an extrachromosomal plasmid. The whole-genome phylogenetic analysis proved that AMK-16 strain belonging to ST28 clustered with only C. psittaci but not with Chlamydia abortus strains. However, AMK-16 possessed the insert which resulted from the recombination event as the additional single chromosome region of a 23,100 bp size with higher homology to C. abortus (98.38-99.94%) rather than to C. psittaci (92.06-92.55%). At least six of 16 CDSs were absent in AMK-16 plasticity zone and 41 CDSs in other loci compared with the reference C. psittaci 6BC strain. Two SNPs identified in the AMK-16 ompA sequence resulted in MOMP polymorphism followed by the formation of a novel genotype/subtype including three other C. psittaci strains else. AMK-16 MOMP provided marked specific cellular and humoral immune response in 100% of mice immunized with the inactivated AMK-16 bacteria. Both DnaK and GrpE encoded by the recombination region genes were less immunoreactive, inducing only a negligible T-cell murine immune response, while homologous antibodies could be detected in 50% and 30% of immunized mice, respectively. Thus, AMK-16 could be a promising vaccine candidate for the development of a killed whole cell vaccine against chlamydiosis in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina A. Feodorova
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research, Department for Microbiology and Biotechnology, Saratov State University of Genetics, Biotechnology and Engineering Named After N.I. Vavilov, Saratov, Russia
| | - Sergey S. Zaitsev
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research, Saratov State University of Genetics, Biotechnology and Engineering Named After N.I. Vavilov, Saratov, Russia
| | - Anna M. Lyapina
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research, Saratov State University of Genetics, Biotechnology and Engineering Named After N.I. Vavilov, Saratov, Russia
| | - Natalya V. Kichemazova
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research, Saratov State University of Genetics, Biotechnology and Engineering Named After N.I. Vavilov, Saratov, Russia
| | - Yury V. Saltykov
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research, Saratov State University of Genetics, Biotechnology and Engineering Named After N.I. Vavilov, Saratov, Russia
| | - Mariya A. Khizhnyakova
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research, Saratov State University of Genetics, Biotechnology and Engineering Named After N.I. Vavilov, Saratov, Russia
| | - Vitaliy V. Evstifeev
- Laboratory of Viral and Chlamydial Infections, Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan, Russia
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine by N.E. Bauman, Kazan City, Russia
| | - Olga S. Larionova
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research, Department for Microbiology and Biotechnology, Saratov State University of Genetics, Biotechnology and Engineering Named After N.I. Vavilov, Saratov, Russia
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Marzok M, Hereba AM, Kandeel M, Selim A. Serosurvey and associated risk factors for Chlamydia abortus infection in cattle from Egypt. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 96:101972. [PMID: 36989678 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.101972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia abortus is an important gram-negative pathogen poses serious public health problem in human and reproductive disorders in animals. There are very few data on the prevalence of C. abortus in cattle and none on the associated risk factors for infection in cattle in earlier literature. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the risk factors and seropositivity of C. abortus infection in cattle. In northern Egypt, 400 cattle from five governorates were examined using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in a cross-sectional study. The results revealed that the overall prevalence for C. abortus in cattle was 20.75 % and the highest level was observed in Gharbia 26.67 % while the lowest rate was found in Menofia governorate 15.38 %. The age, herd size, application of disinfection and history of abortion or stillbirth had significant association with prevalence of C. abortus infection by univariate analysis. In addition, Cattle above the age of 4 years, a median herd size of 10-50, the absence of disinfectant application, a history of stillbirth, and a history of abortion were all found as risk factors for C. abortus infection using multivariable logistic regression. These findings could be used to establish effective management strategies to prevent and control C. abortus infection in cattle and lower the risk of C. abortus infection in cattle in Egypt.
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Wu XJ, Gao J, Zhang Q, Li CX, Zheng WB, Liu Q, Zhu XQ, Lei YP, Gao WW. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Chlamydia Infection in Cattle in Shanxi Province, North China. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020252. [PMID: 36670792 PMCID: PMC9854887 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The information on Chlamydia infection in cattle is limited in Shanxi Province, north China. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence and risk factors of Chlamydia and Chlamydia abortus infection in cattle in Shanxi Province. In November 2020, a large-scale investigation of Chlamydia seroprevalence was conducted on 981 cattle serum samples collected from 40 cattle farms in 11 cities of Shanxi Province. The seroprevalence of Chlamydia and C. abortus was examined by indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The seroprevalence of Chlamydia and C. abortus was 52.29% (513/981) and 2.96% (29/981), respectively, in cattle in Shanxi Province. Location was identified as a risk factor for Chlamydia and C. abortus infection (p < 0.05). Under different management patterns, the seroprevalence of Chlamydia and C. abortus in large-scale animal farming companies was higher than that in household animal farms and animal farming cooperatives, and only the seroprevalence of Chlamydia was significantly different in different management patterns (p < 0.01). The results showed that there was higher seroprevalence of Chlamydia in cattle in Shanxi Province, while C. abortus was not the dominant species. This study provided baseline information on Chlamydia infection in cattle in Shanxi Province, which constitutes valuable data for monitoring livestock health and preventing potential zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Jin Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Chen-Xu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Wen-Bin Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Higher Education of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yu-Ping Lei
- Veterinary Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Taiyuan 030008, China
- Correspondence: (Y.-P.L.); (W.-W.G.)
| | - Wen-Wei Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Correspondence: (Y.-P.L.); (W.-W.G.)
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Polo C, García-Seco T, Díez-Guerrier A, Briones V, Domínguez L, Pérez-Sancho M. What about the bull? A systematic review about the role of males in bovine infectious infertility within cattle herds. Vet Anim Sci 2023; 19:100284. [PMID: 36647444 PMCID: PMC9840180 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2023.100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous pathogens affect cow fertility. Nevertheless, little information has been published about microorganisms associated with cattle infertility focusing on bulls. The present review offers a current analysis and highlights potential key aspects on the relevance of bulls in the emergence of infertility problems of infectious origin within herds that are still not completely determined. The present systematic review was conducted using the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases on December 9, 2022. In total, 2,224 bibliographic records were reviewed and, according to strict inclusion criteria, 38 articles were selected from 1966 to 2022, from which we ranked more than 27 different microorganisms (fungi were not identified). The most cited pathogens were BoHV (described by 26.3% of the papers), Campylobacter fetus (23.7%), Tritrichomonas foetus (18.4%), and BVDV, Ureaplasma spp., and Mycoplasma spp. (10.5% each). Despite the general trend towards an increasing number of publications about bull-infertility problems, a number of pathogens potentially transmitted through both natural breeding and seminal doses given to females and associated with infertility within herds were not ranked in the study (e.g., Chlamydia spp.). This work highlights i) the need to clearly establish the role of certain microorganisms not traditionally associated with reproductive problems in bull infertility (e.g., Staphylococcus spp. or BoHV-4) and ii) the need to perform additional studies on breeding bulls to clarify their role in infertility problems within herds. This would allow monitoring for pathogens that have gone unnoticed and those that are fastidious to diagnose and/or potentially transmitted to females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coral Polo
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain,MAEVA SERVET S.L., Calle de la Fragua 3, 28749 Alameda del Valle, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa García-Seco
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Díez-Guerrier
- MAEVA SERVET S.L., Calle de la Fragua 3, 28749 Alameda del Valle, Madrid, Spain,Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Briones
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain,Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez-Sancho
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain,Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain,Corresponding author at: VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Ali A, R.Derar D, A.Mousa H, A.Osman S, Refaai W, I.Almundarij T, A.Al Dubib M, A.Allam S. First report on the isolation of Chlamydia abortus from female dromedary camels with ovarian hydrobursitis. Theriogenology 2022; 191:102-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Orjuela AG, Reyes Castañeda LJ, Tobón JC, Parra Arango JL, Guzmán-Barragán B. Seroprevalence of antibodies to Chlamydia abortus and risk factors in cattle from Villavicencio, Colombia. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09481. [PMID: 35637665 PMCID: PMC9142854 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia abortus is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium, responsible for abortions and reproductive problems. The disease has a high zoonotic potential and causes great economic losses in ruminant farmers. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 514 cattle from 24 farms of Villavicencio, Colombia. The blood samples were collected from each individual animal and analyzed by Indirect Elisa for immunoglobulin G (IgG) in blood serum (Idexx Chlamydiosis total Ab test). A serum was considered positive when the optical density (OD) of the sample was ≥30% of that of the positive control serum. Data on potential risk factors associated with the disease were collected through a questionnaire in each farm and analyzed. The individual and herd prevalence was estimated. A risk factors analysis was performed through univariate and multivariable using the software SPSS version 20. The animal level seroprevalence was found to be 47.1% and the herd 91.6%. The prevalence in cattle aged 0-1, 1-3 and >4 years was 23.8%; 31.4% and 51.4% respectively. The risk factors associated with the prevalence of disease were female sex (OR = 2.102 CI: 1.066-4.144), age older than 4 years (OR = 2.707 CI: 1.667-4.394), presence of canines on the farm (OR = 2.556 CI: 1.560-4.189) and retention of placenta (OR = 2.678 CI: 1.670-4.295). A high prevalence was identified, suggesting natural infection where the pathogen could be transmitted to humans at the animal-human interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Góngora Orjuela
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Colombia
| | | | - Julio César Tobón
- Industria Colombiana de Productos Veterinarios (Vecol), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jorge L. Parra Arango
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Colombia
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Ghoneim IM, Al-Ahmad JA, Fayez MM, El-Sabagh IM, Humam NAA, Al-Eknah MM. Characterization of microbes associated with cervico-vaginal adhesion in the reproductive system of camels (Camelus dromedaries). Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:132. [PMID: 33469798 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vaginal and cervical adhesions are severe long-standing reproductive disorder in dromedaries and consequently result in a high culling rate. This study was designed to compare the microbial communities of the vaginae, cervices, and uteri of normal (n = 10) camels versus camels suffering from cervico-vaginal adhesion (n = 23). Vaginal, cervical, and uterine swab samples were collected from control and affected animals. Furthermore, serum samples were obtained for serological testing of Chlamydiosis and Coxiellosis. For bacteriological and fungal examination, swab samples were plated on Columbia and Saboraud's dextrose agar, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was applied to samples expressed seropositive for Chlamydiosis. Vaginal swab bacterial cultures showed that the affected animals were significantly infected with Staphylococcus aureus (P = 0.0322, CI: 0.25-0.95) than the control, while mycological cultures showed that both control and affected animals were infected with Cryptococcus and Candida albicans. Corynebacterium spp. (22.7%), Pseudomonas spp. (4.5%), Klebsiella spp. (9.1%), T. pyogenes (18.2%), and anaerobic bacteria (Fusobacterium necrophorum and Clostridium spp.; 34.78%) were also identified in affected animals. Cervical samples from affected animals were distinguished by the existence of S. aureus (27.8%), Klebsiella spp. (5.6%), Corynebacterium spp. (22.2%), Cryptococcus (16.7%), Proteus spp. (11.1% (, T. pyogenes (11.1%), Pseudomonas spp. (5.6%), and Fusobacterium necrophorum (17.4%). Uterine samples from affected animals were characterized by the presence of S. aureus (22.2%), Streptococcus (22.2%), Corynebacterium spp. (11.1%), E. coli (11.1%), and Pseudomonas spp. (11.1%). Anaerobic bacteria were not isolated from control nor affected animals. Enzyme immunoassays revealed that 50% and 34.8% of the control and affected animals were positive for Coxiella burnetii, respectively, Chlamydia was detected in 43.5% of samples from affected animals, only 60% of which were confirmed positive. These results show that microbial communities linked with cervico-vaginal adhesion in dromedary camels are likely to be polymicrobial. The findings of this study are helpful in designing antimicrobial therapies toward reducing the incidence for cervico-vaginal adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Ghoneim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Alahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - J A Al-Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Alahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - M M Fayez
- Al Ahsa Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Al Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - I M El-Sabagh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Alahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - N A A Humam
- Department of Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Alahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - M M Al-Eknah
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Alahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
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Pagliarani S, Johnston SD, Beagley KW, Dief H, Palmieri C. The occurrence and pathology of chlamydiosis in the male reproductive tract of non-human mammals: A review. Theriogenology 2020; 154:152-160. [PMID: 32622195 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Organisms belonging to the Family Chlamydiaceae are responsible for a broad range of diseases in humans, livestock, companion animals and non-domestic species. Infection of the reproductive organs can cause a range of syndromes of which sub- and infertility are the most frequently observed clinical manifestations. While the gross and histological lesions associated with the isolation of Chlamydiaceae from the non-human female reproductive tract are well documented, little attention has been given to the pathological effects of this infection in the male genital system. As such, the occurrence and importance of Chlamydia-associated disease in male non-human mammalian species is less well documented. In order to improve our understanding of the significance of chlamydiosis in domestic, laboratory and wild animals, this review provides an up-to-date summary of Chlamydia-associated male reproductive pathology, whether that infection occurs naturally or experimentally. Although most lesions in males are described as incidental and of minor significance, results of recent studies suggest that infection with Chlamydiaceae can adversely impact male fertility and/or be instrumental in disease transmission. Although in humans, bulls and mice Chlamydia infection has been associated with morphological and functional abnormalities of the spermatozoa, this review will focus on the gross and histological findings linked to the colonisation of the genital system by this pathogen. Advances in our understanding of male reproductive chlamydiosis are necessary for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, as well as epidemiological and conservation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pagliarani
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, Australia; School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, Australia.
| | - Stephen D Johnston
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, Australia
| | - Kenneth W Beagley
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4001, Australia
| | - Hamdy Dief
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, Australia
| | - Chiara Palmieri
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, Australia
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Anstey SI, Quigley BL, Polkinghorne A, Jelocnik M. Chlamydial infection and on-farm risk factors in dairy cattle herds in South East Queensland. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:505-508. [PMID: 31588995 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydial infections in dairy cattle are common and have been sporadically associated with reduced performance and severe disease manifestations. While chlamydial infections are well described in sheep, very little is known about the epidemiology of these infections in dairy cattle in Australia. In this study, we screened for chlamydial infections and assessed on-farm risks in dairy cattle herds from Southeast Queensland (SE Qld) region of Australia. In total, 228 paired vaginal and rectal swabs were collected from 114 visually healthy dairy cows from four farms in SE Qld. Risk factors were rated by observational study and included: hygiene and cleanliness of cows, walkway and parlour, incidence of perinatal mortality, external replacements, mode of breeding, calving pen management, heat reduction strategies, and feed ration usage. Testing for chlamydial pathogens (Chlamydia pecorum, Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia abortus) was done using species-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays. Detected rates of chlamydial infection were evaluated against the on-farm risk factors. C. pecorum infection was widespread in all four farms, with 56.1% (64/114) of individual animals shedding this organism from vaginal and rectal, or both sites. C. abortus and C. psittaci were not detected in any animals. No association was found to exist with risk factors and C. pecorum infection rates in our study, however the number of Chlamydia positive animals was statistically different between the herds. This study suggests that subclinical chlamydial infections may impact on dairy herd health at the production level rather than affecting individual animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Anstey
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4557, Australia
| | - B L Quigley
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4557, Australia
| | - A Polkinghorne
- Department of Microbiology, Nepean Hospital, NSW Health Pathology, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Jelocnik
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4557, Australia
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Eckert T, Goericke-Pesch S, Heydel C, Bergmann M, Kauffold J, Failing K, Wehrend A. Interaction of different Chlamydiae species with bovine spermatozoa. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:23. [PMID: 30683062 PMCID: PMC6347757 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interaction of spermatozoa and Chlamydiae spp. might contribute to reduced fertility in cattle. To proof this hypothesis, bovine semen was incubated with viable or heat inactivated Chlamydia (C.) abortus or psittaci (Multiplicity of infection = 1) and sperm motility was monitored with a computer-assisted sperm analyzer over 24 h. Additionally, the interaction with the spermatozoa was further investigated by means of light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results Only viable Chlamydiae of both species decreased sperm motility and this only after about 9 h. Taking binding rates into account, the loss of sperm motility after about 9 h could likely be a consequence of Chlamydiae attachment to the spermatozoa. About two thirds of the Chlamydiae elementary bodies were bound to the front third of the sperm, the acrosomal region. No inclusions of Chlamydiae in spermatozoa were observed in TEM after 2 h co-incubation. Conclusions As initial motility was not affected following co-incubation of viable Chlamydiae and bovine sperm, it seems likely that sperm could serve as a carrier/vehicle for Chlamydiae facilitating cervical passage of Chlamydiae spp. in cattle. Additionally, our results suggest that spermatozoa carrying Chlamydiae may have no initial disadvantage in reaching the oviduct, but are immotile at the time of ovulation what might have an impact on fertilization capacities of the individual sperm. Consequently, high concentrations of the investigated Chlamydiae in the seminal plasma or female genital tract might play a role in reduced fertility in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Eckert
- Klinikum Veterinärmedizin, Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 106, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,Institute for Veterinary-Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sandra Goericke-Pesch
- Klinikum Veterinärmedizin, Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 106, 35392, Giessen, Germany. .,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Section for Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 68, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. .,Reproductive Unit of the Clinics - Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 15, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Carsten Heydel
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 85-89, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Bergmann
- Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 98, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kauffold
- Ambulatorische und Geburtshilfliche Tierklinik, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str., 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Axel Wehrend
- Klinikum Veterinärmedizin, Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 106, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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12
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Pellerin JL, Oseikria M, Moreno D, Rodolakis A, Vorimore F, Laroucau K, Bruyas JF, Roux C, Michaud S, Larrat M, Fieni F. Risk of Chlamydia abortus transmission via embryo transfer using in vitro produced early bovine embryos. Theriogenology 2018; 126:114-120. [PMID: 30551017 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine (i) whether Chlamydia (C.) abortus would adhere to the intact zona pellucida (ZP-intact) of early in vitro produced bovine embryos; (ii) whether the bacteria would adhere to the embryos (ZP-free) after in vitro infection; and (iii) the efficacy of the International Embryo Transfer Society (IETS) washing protocol. The experimentation was made twice. For each replicate 100 (8-16-cell) bovine embryos produced in vitro were randomly divided into 10 batches. Height batches (4 ZP-intact and 4 ZP-free) of 10 embryos were incubated in a medium containing 4 × 107Chlamydia/ml of AB7 strain. After incubation for 18 h at 37 °C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2, the embryos were washed in accordance with the IETS guidelines. In parallel, two batches (1 ZP-intact and 1 ZP-free) of 10 embryos were subjected to similar procedures but without exposure to C. abortus as a control group. The 10 washing fluids from each batch were collected and centrifuged for 1 h at 13,000×g. Each batch of washed embryos and each wash pellets were tested using PCR. C. abortus DNA was found in all ZP-intact and ZP-free batches of 10 embryos after 10 successive washes. For ZP-intact infected embryos, Chlamydia-DNA was also detected in all 10 wash baths for two batches (2/8) of embryos, whereas for ZP-free infected embryos, Chlamydia-DNA was detected in all 10 wash baths for 6/8 batches of embryos. In contrast, none of the embryos or their washing fluids in the control batches was DNA positive. The bacterial load for batches of 10 embryos after the 10 wash baths was significantly higher for batches of ZP-free embryos (20.7 ± 9 × 103 bacteria/mL) than for batches of ZP-intact embryos (0.47 ± 0.19 × 103 bacteria/mL). These results demonstrate that C. abortus adheres to the ZP as well as the early embryonic cells of in vitro produced bovine embryos after in vitro infection, and that the standard washing protocol recommended by the IETS fails to remove it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Pellerin
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - Mouhamad Oseikria
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - Diego Moreno
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - Annie Rodolakis
- INRA, Animal Infectious Diseases and Public Health Tours, France
| | - Fabien Vorimore
- ANSES, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Karine Laroucau
- ANSES, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jean-Fancois Bruyas
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - Cécile Roux
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - Sandrine Michaud
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - Myriam Larrat
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - Francis Fieni
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France.
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13
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Rojas MDC, Fort M, Bettermann S, Entrocassi C, Costamagna SR, Sachse K, Rodríguez Fermepin M. [Detection of Chlamydia abortus in bovine reproductive losses in the province of La Pampa, Argentina]. Rev Argent Microbiol 2018; 50:269-274. [PMID: 29352599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive losses linked to an infectious etiology in bovine cattle are a major economic concern worldwide. In Argentina, more than 50% of abortion cases have unknown causes. Species belonging to Chlamydiaceae family are frequent etiologic agents of abortion around the world; however, there is yet no information on their prevalence in Argentina. The objective of this work was to identify Chlamydia spp., and particularly C. abortus in reproductive losses from bovine cattle in La Pampa, Argentina. Real time PCR targeting Chlamydiaceae-specific DNA fragments was performed on 251 samples obtained from bovine abortions and stillborns, and ArrayTube was used for species identification on positive samples. Chlamydiaceae DNA was detected in 12 samples of aborted fetuses (4.78%), 83.33% (10/12) accounting for abortions and 16.66% (2/12) for stillborns. C. abortus was detected by ArrayTube in 5 cases (1.99% of all samples, and 41.67% of Chlamydiaceae positive samples). This study shows the first detection of Chlamydiaceae and C. abortus DNA on reproductive losses of bovine cattle in Argentina, and the described prevalence value (4.78%) should be taken as baseline value due to the type of samples analyzed. Detection of genetic material from Chlamydiaceae not matching any of the studied species could be due to intraspecies variants or local species not yet described. Further research on Chlamydia infections in bovine cattle in Argentina is imperative to describe their range, to analyze their economic and zoonotic implications and to make recommendations about prevention and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del C Rojas
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Anguil, Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Fort
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Anguil, Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Simone Bettermann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Alemania
| | - Carolina Entrocassi
- Cátedra de Microbiología Clínica, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sixto R Costamagna
- Cátedra de Parasitología Clínica, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Konrad Sachse
- Department RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Alemania
| | - Marcelo Rodríguez Fermepin
- Cátedra de Microbiología Clínica, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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14
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Needham KB, Kucera AC, Heidinger BJ, Greives TJ. Repeated immune challenges affect testosterone but not sperm quality. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2017; 327:398-406. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katie B. Needham
- Department of Biological Sciences; North Dakota State University; Fargo North Dakota
| | - Aurelia C. Kucera
- Department of Biological Sciences; North Dakota State University; Fargo North Dakota
| | - Britt J. Heidinger
- Department of Biological Sciences; North Dakota State University; Fargo North Dakota
| | - Timothy J. Greives
- Department of Biological Sciences; North Dakota State University; Fargo North Dakota
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15
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Clinical, diagnostic and pathologic features of presumptive cases of Chlamydia pecorum-associated arthritis in Australian sheep flocks. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:193. [PMID: 27608808 PMCID: PMC5017062 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0832-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arthritis is an economically significant disease in lambs and is usually the result of a bacterial infection. One of the known agents of this disease is Chlamydia pecorum, a globally recognised livestock pathogen associated with several diseases in sheep, cattle and other hosts. Relatively little published information is available on the clinical, diagnostic and pathologic features of C. pecorum arthritis in sheep, hindering efforts to enhance our understanding of this economically significant disease. In this case series, a combination of standard diagnostic testing used routinely by veterinarians, such as the Chlamydia complement fixation text (CFT), veterinary clinical examinations, and additional screening via C. pecorum specific qPCR was used to describe putative chlamydial infections in five sheep flocks with suspected ovine arthritis. Case presentation Five separate cases involving multiple lambs (aged six to ten months) of different breeds with suspected C. pecorum arthritis are presented. In two of the five cases, arthritic lambs exhibited marked depression and lethargy. Arthritis with concurrent conjunctivitis was present in four out of five lamb flocks examined. Chlamydia CFT demonstrated medium to high positive antibody titres in all flocks examined. C. pecorum shedding was evident at multiple sites including the conjunctiva, rectum and vagina, as determined via qPCR. Two of the five flocks received antimicrobials and all flocks recovered uneventfully regardless of treatment. Conclusion This case series highlights the features a field veterinarian may encounter in cases of suspected ovine chlamydial arthritis. Our analysis suggests a presumptive diagnosis of chlamydial arthritis in lambs can be made when there is evidence of joint stiffness with or without synovial effusion and elevated chlamydia antibody titres. C. pecorum-specific qPCR was found to be a useful ancillary diagnostic tool, detecting Chlamydia positivity in low or negative CFT titre animals. Variables such as symptom duration relative to sampling, sheep breed and farm management practices were all factors recorded that paint a complex epidemiological and diagnostic picture for this disease. These case studies serve to provide a platform for further research to improve diagnostic testing and new treatment and control strategies for C. pecorum infections in sheep.
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16
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Chlamydia pecorum is the endemic intestinal species in cattle while C. gallinacea, C. psittaci and C. pneumoniae associate with sporadic systemic infection. Vet Microbiol 2016; 193:93-9. [PMID: 27599935 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the prevalence and diversity of bovine Chlamydia spp. in cattle, whole blood from dairy and beef cattle in 11 provinces of China (n=2003) and vaginal swabs, whole blood samples, feces, milk samples from cows in a Yangzhou dairy farm (n=108) were examined using genus- and species-specific PCRs. In cattle from 11 provinces, 2.4% (48/2003) of whole-blood samples were positive for Chlamydia spp., and four Chlamydia species (C. pneumoniae, 41.7%, 20/48; C. psittaci, 22.9%, 11/48; C. gallinacea, 20.8%, 10/48; C. pecorum, 6.3%, 3/48) were identified. In a further study on a Yangzhou dairy farm, 64.8% (70/108) of the cows were positive for Chlamydia spp. C. pecorum was the intestinal endemic species (51/51, 100%), and C. gallinacea was the most frequent species in vaginal swabs (24/27, 88.9%), whole blood buffy coats (5/8, 62.5%) and milk (4/6, 66.7%). C. psittaci and C. pneumoniae were infrequently detected. DNA sequencing of the ompA gene demonstrated the presence of multiple in-herd C. pecorum serovars and single C. gallinacea and C. psittaci serovars which were identical with those of poultry from Yangzhou. This is the first report of C. gallinacea and C. pneumoniae in cattle. Further study is required to address the transmission of Chlamydia spp., in particular of C. gallinacea and C. pneumoniae from their natural hosts, and their potential pathogenic effect on health and production of cattle.
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17
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Oseikria M, Pellerin JL, Rodolakis A, Vorimore F, Laroucau K, Bruyas JF, Roux C, Michaud S, Larrat M, Fieni F. Can Chlamydia abortus be transmitted by embryo transfer in goats? Theriogenology 2016; 86:1482-1488. [PMID: 27341774 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine (i) whether Chlamydia abortus would adhere to or penetrate the intact zona pellucida (ZP-intact) of early in vivo-derived caprine embryos, after in vitro infection; and (ii) the efficacy of the International Embryo Transfer Society (IETS) washing protocol for bovine embryos. Fifty-two ZP-intact embryos (8-16 cells), obtained from 14 donors were used in this experiment. The embryos were randomly divided into 12 batches. Nine batches (ZP-intact) of five embryos were incubated in a medium containing 4 × 10(7)Chlamydia/mL of AB7 strain. After incubation for 18 hours at 37 °C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2, the embryos were washed in batches in 10 successive baths of a phosphate buffer saline and 5% fetal calf serum solution in accordance with IETS guidelines. In parallel, three batches of ZP-intact embryos were used as controls by being subjected to similar procedures but without exposure to C. abortus. The 10 wash baths were collected separately and centrifuged for 1 hour at 13,000 × g. The washed embryos and the pellets of the 10 centrifuged wash baths were frozen at -20 °C before examination for evidence of C. abortus using polymerase chain reaction. C. abortus DNA was found in all of the infected batches of ZP-intact embryos (9/9) after 10 successive washes. It was also detected in the 10th wash fluid for seven batches of embryos, whereas for the two other batches, the last positive wash bath was the eighth and the ninth, respectively. In contrast, none of the embryos or their washing fluids in the control batches were DNA positive. These results report that C. abortus adheres to and/or penetrates the ZP of in vivo caprine embryos after in vitro infection, and that the standard washing protocol recommended by the IETS for bovine embryos, failed to remove it. The persistence of these bacteria after washing makes the embryo a potential means of transmission of the bacterium during embryo transfer from infected donor goats to healthy recipients and/or their offspring. Nevertheless, the detection of C. abortus DNA by polymerase chain reaction does not prove that the bacteria found was infectious. Further studies are required to investigate whether enzymatic and/or antibiotic treatment of caprine embryos infected by C. abortus would eliminate the bacteria from the ZP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oseikria
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - J L Pellerin
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - A Rodolakis
- INRA, Animal Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Tours, France
| | - F Vorimore
- ANSES, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - K Laroucau
- ANSES, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - J F Bruyas
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - C Roux
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - S Michaud
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - M Larrat
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - F Fieni
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France.
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18
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Diel de Amorim M, Nielsen K, McKell B, Huang Y, Card C. Aortic rupture causing cardiac tamponade in a 24-day-old Friesian colt with concurrent colonic Chlamydiosisand Balantidiasis. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Diel de Amorim
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Canada
| | - K. Nielsen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Canada
| | - B. McKell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Canada
| | - Y. Huang
- Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc.; Saskatoon Canada
| | - C. Card
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Canada
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19
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Walker E, Lee EJ, Timms P, Polkinghorne A. Chlamydia pecorum infections in sheep and cattle: A common and under-recognised infectious disease with significant impact on animal health. Vet J 2015; 206:252-60. [PMID: 26586214 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing recognition that infections of livestock by the obligate intracellular bacterium, Chlamydia pecorum, are more widespread than was previously thought. A range of diseases have been associated with this pathogen, with the most important manifestations including infectious arthritis, infertility, enteritis, reduced growth rates, mastitis, and pneumonia. C. pecorum infections have also been associated with sub-clinical disease, highlighting our lack of knowledge about its true economic impact on livestock producers. Diagnosis of C. pecorum infection is based on clinical findings, serology and histopathology, which are not necessarily implemented in subclinical or early stages of infection, thus potentially contributing to under-diagnosis and under-reporting of infections associated with this bacterium. Recent molecular epidemiology studies have revealed that C. pecorum is genetically diverse and that there may be an association between certain strains and disease in sheep and cattle. Antimicrobial treatment of affected animals has questionable efficacy, justifying development of chlamydia vaccines for livestock. This review summarises current knowledge of the prevalence and impact of C. pecorum infections in sheep and cattle and provides an update on attempts to improve detection, management and treatment of infections by this important obligate intracellular pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Walker
- Centre for Animal Health Innovation, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia; Central West Local Land Services, Dubbo, NSW, Australia
| | - Effie J Lee
- State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Timms
- Centre for Animal Health Innovation, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Adam Polkinghorne
- Centre for Animal Health Innovation, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia.
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Prohl A, Wolf K, Weber C, Müller KE, Menge C, Sachse K, Rödel J, Reinhold P, Berndt A. Kinetics of Local and Systemic Leucocyte and Cytokine Reaction of Calves to Intrabronchial Infection with Chlamydia psittaci. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135161. [PMID: 26252769 PMCID: PMC4529195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of cattle with chlamydiae is ubiquitous and, even in the absence of clinical sequeleae, has a quantifiable negative impact on livestock productivity. Despite recent progress, our knowledge about immune response mechanisms capable of counteracting the infection and preventing its detrimental effects is still limited. A well-established model of bovine acute respiratory Chlamydia (C.) psittaci infection was used here to characterize the kinetics of the local and systemic immune reactions in calves. In the course of two weeks following inoculation, leukocyte surface marker expression was monitored by flow cytometry in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Immune-related protein and receptor transcription were determined by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR in blood, BALF and lung tissue. An early increase of IL2RA, IL10 and HSPA1A mRNA expressions was followed by a rise of lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes exhibiting activated phenotypes in blood. Monocytes showed elevated expression rates of CD11b, CD14 and MHC class II. The rates of CD62L expression on CD8hi T cells in blood and on CD4+ T cells in BALF were also augmented and peaked between 2 and 4 dpi. Notably, CD25 antigen expression was significantly elevated, not only on CD8dim/CD62L+ and CD8-/CD62L+ cells in blood, but also on granulocytes in blood and BALF between 2–3 dpi. From 4 dpi onwards, changes declined and the calves recovered from the infection until 10 dpi. The findings highlight the effectiveness of rapid local and systemic immune reaction and indicate activated T cells, monocytes and granulocytes being essential for rapid eradication of the C. psittaci infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Prohl
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at ‘Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut’ (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Katharina Wolf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Corinna Weber
- Ruminant and Swine Clinic at Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin E. Müller
- Ruminant and Swine Clinic at Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Menge
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at ‘Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut’ (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Konrad Sachse
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at ‘Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut’ (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rödel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at ‘Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut’ (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Angela Berndt
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at ‘Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut’ (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
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21
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Enrofloxacin and macrolides alone or in combination with rifampicin as antimicrobial treatment in a bovine model of acute Chlamydia psittaci infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119736. [PMID: 25768665 PMCID: PMC4358964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci is a zoonotic bacterium with a wide host range that can cause respiratory disease in humans and cattle. In the present study, effects of treatment with macrolides and quinolones applied alone or in combination with rifampicin were tested in a previously established bovine model of respiratory C. psittaci infection. Fifty animals were inoculated intrabronchially at the age of 6-8 weeks. Seven served as untreated controls, the others were assigned to seven treatment groups: (i) rifampicin, (ii) enrofloxacin, (iii) enrofloxacin + rifampicin, (iv) azithromycin, (v) azithromycin + rifampicin, (vi) erythromycin, and (vii) erythromycin + rifampicin. Treatment started 30 hours after inoculation and continued until 14 days after inoculation (dpi), when all animals were necropsied. The infection was successful in all animals and sufficient antibiotic levels were detected in blood plasma and tissue of the treated animals. Reisolation of the pathogen was achieved more often from untreated animals than from other groups. Nevertheless, pathogen detection by PCR was possible to the same extent in all animals and there were no significant differences between treated and untreated animals in terms of local (i.e., cell count and differentiation of BALF-cells) and systemic inflammation (i.e. white blood cells and concentration of acute phase protein LBP), clinical signs, and pathological findings at necropsy. Regardless of the reduced reisolation rate in treated animals, the treatment of experimentally induced respiratory C. psittaci infection with enrofloxacin, azithromycin or erythromycin alone or in combination with rifampicin was without obvious benefit for the host, since no significant differences in clinical and pathological findings or inflammatory parameters were detected and all animals recovered clinically within two weeks.
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Prohl A, Lohr M, Ostermann C, Liebler-Tenorio E, Berndt A, Schroedl W, Rothe M, Schubert E, Sachse K, Reinhold P. Evaluation of antimicrobial treatment in a bovine model of acute Chlamydia psittaci infection: tetracycline versus tetracycline plus rifampicin. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:1-12. [PMID: 25113145 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial treatment of chlamydial infections is known to be of limited efficacy. In this study, effects of doxycycline (D), usually the drug of choice, were compared with the combined therapy of doxycycline and rifampicin (R) in a bovine model of respiratory Chlamydia psittaci infection. After intrabronchial inoculation of the pathogen, 30 animals were assigned to five groups (n = 6 per group): untreated controls, monotherapy with D (5 mg kg(-1)day(-1) or 10 mg kg(-1)day(-1)), and combination therapy of D and R (600 mg day(-1)). Treatment continued until day 14 post inoculation (d.p.i.). Clinical signs, inflammatory markers, and pathological findings confirmed successful infection in all animals. Reisolation of the pathogen was possible in 4/6 untreated animals and in 4/12 animals treated with D alone until 4 d.p.i., but in none of the calves of the two D + R groups. Pathogen detection was possible in all animals without significant differences among groups. Severity of disease and time course of its resolution, assessed by clinical and pathological findings as well as inflammatory parameters, were not significantly different between untreated controls and calves receiving D alone or in combination with R. Regardless of the treatment regimen, all groups recovered clinically and cleared the infection within 2 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Prohl
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Lohr
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Carola Ostermann
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Liebler-Tenorio
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Angela Berndt
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Wieland Schroedl
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Veterinary Faculty at The University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Evelyn Schubert
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany OIE Reference Laboratory for Chlamydiosis at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Konrad Sachse
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany OIE Reference Laboratory for Chlamydiosis at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
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Qin SY, Huang SY, Yin MY, Tan QD, Liu GX, Zhou DH, Zhu XQ, Zhou JZ, Qian AD. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Chlamydia abortus infection in free-ranging white yaks in China. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:8. [PMID: 25601354 PMCID: PMC4308933 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chlamydia is gram-negative obligate bacteria which causes a wide variety of diseases in humans and animals. To date, there are a few reports about the seroprevalence of Chlamydia and the risk factors associated with Chlamydia infection in yaks in the world. In this study, 974 blood samples were collected from white yaks (Bos grunniens) in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu province, northwest China from June 2013 to April 2014. Results Antibodies against Chlamydia abortus were examined by the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test, and 158 of 974 (16.22%) white yaks were seropositive for C. abortus antibodies at the cut-off of 1:16. The risk factors associated with seroprevalence were evaluated by a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Region, gender and age of white yak were left out of the final model, due to its insignificance in the logistic regression analysis (P > 0.05). However, season was considered as a major risk factor associated with C. abortus infection in white yaks. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first survey of C. abortus seroprevalence in white yaks in China, which extends the host range for C. abortus and has important implications for public health and the local Tibetan economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China. .,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Si-Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Ming-Yang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410128, PR China.
| | - Qi-Dong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230000, PR China.
| | - Guang-Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Dong-Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China. .,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Ji-Zhang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Ai-Dong Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
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Van Loo H, Pardon B, De Schutter P, De Bleecker K, Vanrompay D, Deprez P, Maris J. Detection of Chlamydia psittaci in Belgian cattle with signs of respiratory disease and milk drop syndrome. Vet Rec 2014; 175:562. [PMID: 25351231 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Van Loo
- Animal Health Center Flanders (DGZ Vlaanderen), Industrielaan 29, Torhout 8820, Belgium
| | - B Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - P De Schutter
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - K De Bleecker
- Animal Health Center Flanders (DGZ Vlaanderen), Industrielaan 29, Torhout 8820, Belgium
| | - D Vanrompay
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - P Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - J Maris
- Animal Health Center Flanders (DGZ Vlaanderen), Industrielaan 29, Torhout 8820, Belgium
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Molecular and pathological insights into Chlamydia pecorum-associated sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis (SBE) in Western Australia. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:121. [PMID: 24884687 PMCID: PMC4064815 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite its global recognition as a ruminant pathogen, cases of Chlamydia pecorum infection in Australian livestock are poorly documented. In this report, a C. pecorum specific Multi Locus Sequence Analysis scheme was used to characterise the C. pecorum strains implicated in two cases of sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis confirmed by necropsy, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. This report provides the first molecular evidence for the presence of mixed infections of C. pecorum strains in Australian cattle. Case presentation Affected animals were two markedly depressed, dehydrated and blind calves, 12 and 16 weeks old. The calves were euthanized and necropsied. In one calf, a severe fibrinous polyserositis was noted with excess joint fluid in all joints whereas in the other, no significant lesions were seen. No gross abnormalities were noted in the brain of either calf. Histopathological lesions seen in both calves included: multifocal, severe, subacute meningoencephalitis with vasculitis, fibrinocellular thrombosis and malacia; diffuse, mild, acute interstitial pneumonia; and diffuse, subacute epicarditis, severe in the calf with gross serositis. Immunohistochemical labelling of chlamydial antigen in brain, spleen and lung from the two affected calves and brain from two archived cases, localised the antigen to the cytoplasm of endothelium, mesothelium and macrophages. C. pecorum specific qPCR, showed dissemination of the pathogen to multiple organs. Phylogenetic comparisons with other C. pecorum bovine strains from Australia, Europe and the USA revealed the presence of two genetically distinct sequence types (ST). The predominant ST detected in the brain, heart, lung and liver of both calves was identical to the C. pecorum ST previously described in cases of SBE. A second ST detected in an ileal tissue sample from one of the calves, clustered with previously typed faecal bovine isolates. Conclusion This report provides the first data to suggest that identical C. pecorum STs may be associated with SBE in geographically separated countries and that these may be distinct from those found in the gastrointestinal tract. This report provides a platform for further investigations into SBE and for understanding the genetic relationships that exist between C. pecorum strains detected in association with other infectious diseases in livestock.
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Ostermann C, Linde S, Siegling-Vlitakis C, Reinhold P. Evaluation of pulmonary dysfunctions and acid-base imbalances induced by Chlamydia psittaci in a bovine model of respiratory infection. Multidiscip Respir Med 2014; 9:10. [PMID: 24517577 PMCID: PMC4021058 DOI: 10.1186/2049-6958-9-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chlamydia psittaci (Cp) is a respiratory pathogen capable of inducing acute pulmonary zoonotic disease (psittacosis) or persistent infection. To elucidate the pathogenesis of this infection, a translational large animal model was recently introduced by our group. This study aims at quantifying and differentiating pulmonary dysfunction and acid–base imbalances induced by Cp. Methods Forty-two calves were grouped in (i) animals inoculated with Cp (n = 21) and (ii) controls sham-inoculated with uninfected cell culture (n = 21). For pulmonary function testing, impulse oscillometry, capnography, and FRC (functional residual capacity) measurement were applied to spontaneously breathing animals. Variables of acid–base status were assessed in venous blood using both (i) traditional Henderson-Hasselbalch and (ii) strong ion approach. Results Both obstructive and restrictive pulmonary disorders were induced in calves experimentally inoculated with Cp. Although disorders in respiratory mechanics lasted for 8–11 days, the pattern of spontaneous breathing was mainly altered in the period of acute illness (until 4 days post inoculation, dpi). Expiration was more impaired than inspiration, resulting in elevated FRC. Ventilation was characterised by a reduction in tidal volume (−25%) combined with an increased percentage of dead space volume and a significant reduction of alveolar volume by 10%. Minute ventilation increased significantly (+50%) due to a compensatory doubling of respiratory rate. Hyperventilatory hypocapnia at 2–3 dpi resulted in slightly increased blood pH at 2 dpi. However, the acid–base equilibrium was additionally influenced by metabolic components, i.e. the systemic inflammatory response, all of which were detected with help of the strong ion theory. Decreased concentrations of albumin (2–10 dpi), a negative acute-phase marker, resulted in a decrease in the sum of non-volatile weak acids (Atot), revealing an alkalotic effect. This was counterbalanced by acidic effects of decreased strong ion difference (SID), mediated by the interplay between hypochloraemia (alkalotic effect) and hyponatraemia (acidic effect). Conclusions This bovine model was found to be suitable for studying pathophysiology of respiratory Cp infection and may help elucidating functional host-pathogen interactions in the mammalian lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Ostermann
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at 'Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut' (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Susanna Linde
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at 'Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut' (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at 'Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut' (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Chen Q, Gong X, Zheng F, Cao X, Li Z, Zhou J. Seroprevalence of Chlamydophila abortus infection in yaks (Bos grunniens) in Qinghai, China. Trop Anim Health Prod 2013; 46:503-7. [PMID: 24343703 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-013-0519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydophila abortus is an important amphixenosis which in a wide range of animals, associated with reproductive disorders in yaks. In order to assess the prevalence of this infection in yaks in Qinghai, China, a cross-sectional study was carried out, and a total of 674 serum samples were collected from June to October 2012 in six counties, and antibodies to C. abortus were examined by indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test. The overall seroprevalence of C. abortus in yaks was 17.66 % (119/674), and the seroprevalence of antibodies to C. abortus in yaks ranged from 11.82 to 28.43 % among the six different areas, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The seropositivity of C. abortus infection in different age groups varied from 16.33 to 18.49 %, and prevalence in yaks of ≥3 year (18.49 %) was slightly higher than that in yaks of <3 year, but the differences among the age groups were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The seroprevalence of C. abortus infection in male yak (16.8 %) was slightly lower than that in females (17.85 %), and the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). So far, this is the first systematic and comprehensive investigation of C. abortus infectionin in yaks in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, China
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Ostermann C, Rüttger A, Schubert E, Schrödl W, Sachse K, Reinhold P. Infection, disease, and transmission dynamics in calves after experimental and natural challenge with a Bovine Chlamydia psittaci isolate. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64066. [PMID: 23691148 PMCID: PMC3653844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia (C.) psittaci is the causative agent of psittacosis, a zoonotic disease in birds and man. In addition, C. psittaci has been repeatedly found in domestic animals and is, at least in calves, also able to induce respiratory disease. Knowledge about transmission routes in cattle herds is still deficient, and nothing is known about differences in host response after either experimental or natural exposure to C. psittaci. Therefore, our recently developed respiratory infection model was exploited to evaluate (i) the presence of the pathogen in blood, excretions and air, (ii) the possibility of transmission and (iii) clinical symptoms, acute phase and immune response until 5 weeks after exposure. In this prospective study, intrabronchial inoculation of 108 inclusion-forming units of C. psittaci (n = 21 calves) led to reproducible acute respiratory illness (of approximately one week), accompanied by a systemic inflammatory reaction with an innate immune response dominated by neutrophils. Excretion and/or exhalation of the pathogen was sufficient to transmit the infection to naïve sentinel calves (n = 3) co-housed with the infected animals. Sentinel calves developed mild to subclinical infections only. Notably, excretion of the pathogen, predominantly via feces, occurred more frequently in animals naturally exposed to C. psittaci (i.e. sentinels) as compared to experimentally-inoculated calves. The humoral immune response was generally weak, and did not emerge regularly following experimental infection; however, it was largely absent after naturally acquired infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Ostermann
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at 'Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut' (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany.
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Zhou DH, Zhao FR, Xia HY, Xu MJ, Huang SY, Song HQ, Zhu XQ. Seroprevalence of chlamydial infection in dairy cattle in Guangzhou, southern China. Ir Vet J 2013; 66:2. [PMID: 23379717 PMCID: PMC3568409 DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-66-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia spp. are obligate intracellular gram-negative bacteria that cause a wide range of significant diseases in humans and animals worldwide, resulting in significant economic losses. Chlamydial infection in cattle has been reported in many countries including China. However, there has been no survey of chlamydial infection of dairy cattle in Guangzhou, southern China. The objective of the present investigation was to examine the chlamydial seroprevalence in dairy cattle in Guangzhou, subtropical southern China by using an indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA). The overall seroprevalence of chlamydial infection in dairy cattle was 7.25% (29/400). Greater than or equal to eight-yr-old dairy cattle had the highest seroprevalence (10.34%), followed by those that were ≥ 6 years old or < 7 years old dairy cattle (10.20%), although there were no statistically significant differences among different groups (P > 0.05). Dairy cattle with 5 pregnancies had the highest seroprevalence (10.81%). These results indicate that chlamydial infection was present in dairy cattle in Guangzhou, subtropical southern China, and integrated strategies and measures should be executed to control and prevent chlamydial infection and disease outbreak in the study region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China.
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Poudel A, Elsasser TH, Rahman KS, Chowdhury EU, Kaltenboeck B. Asymptomatic endemic Chlamydia pecorum infections reduce growth rates in calves by up to 48 percent. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44961. [PMID: 23024776 PMCID: PMC3443228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Chlamydia (C.) bacteria cause in cattle some acute but rare diseases such as abortion, sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis, kerato-conjunctivitis, pneumonia, enteritis and polyarthritis. More frequent, essentially ubiquitous worldwide, are low-level, asymptomatic chlamydial infections in cattle. We investigated the impact of these naturally acquired infections in a cohort of 51 female Holstein and Jersey calves from birth to 15 weeks of age. In biweekly sampling, we measured blood/plasma markers of health and infection and analyzed their association with clinical appearance and growth in dependence of chlamydial infection intensity as determined by mucosal chlamydial burden or contemporaneous anti-chlamydial plasma IgM. Chlamydia 23S rRNA gene PCR and ompA genotyping identified only C. pecorum (strains 1710S, Maeda, and novel strain Smith3v8) in conjunctival and vaginal swabs. All calves acquired the infection but remained clinically asymptomatic. High chlamydial infection associated with reduction of body weight gains by up to 48% and increased conjunctival reddening (P<10−4). Simultaneously decreased plasma albumin and increased globulin (P<10−4) suggested liver injury by inflammatory mediators as mechanisms for the growth inhibition. This was confirmed by the reduction of plasma insulin like growth factor-1 at high chlamydial infection intensity (P<10−4). High anti-C. pecorum IgM associated eight weeks later with 66% increased growth (P = 0.027), indicating a potential for immune protection from C. pecorum-mediated growth depression. The worldwide prevalence of chlamydiae in livestock and their high susceptibility to common feed-additive antibiotics suggests the possibility that suppression of chlamydial infections may be a major contributor to the growth promoting effect of feed-additive antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Poudel
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Theodore H. Elsasser
- Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kh. Shamsur Rahman
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Erfan U. Chowdhury
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Bernhard Kaltenboeck
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Osman KM, Ali HA, ElJakee JA, Galal HM. Chlamydiaceaein riverine buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and cows (Bos taurus) in Egypt with and without signs of reproductive disease. N Z Vet J 2012; 60:228-33. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2012.668123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ali A, Al-Sobayil F, Hassanein K, Al-Hawas A. Ovarian hydrobursitis in female camels (Camelus dromedarius): The role of Chlamydophila abortus and a trial for medical treatment. Theriogenology 2012; 77:1754-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Talafha AQ, Ababneh MM, Ababneh MM, Al-Majali AM. Prevalence and risk factors associated with Chlamydophila abortus infection in dairy herds in Jordan. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 44:1841-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Reinhold P, Sachse K, Kaltenboeck B. Chlamydiaceae in cattle: commensals, trigger organisms, or pathogens? Vet J 2010; 189:257-67. [PMID: 20980178 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological data indicate that infection of cattle with chlamydiae such as Chlamydophila (C.) pecorum, C. abortus, C. psittaci and Chlamydia suis, is ubiquitous with mixed infections occurring frequently. The apparent lack of association between infection and clinical disease has resulted in debate as to the pathogenic significance of these organisms, and their tendency to sub-clinical and/or persistent infection presents a challenge to the study of their potential effects. However, recent evidence indicates that chlamydial infections have a substantial and quantifiable impact on livestock productivity with chronic, recurrent infections associated with pulmonary disease in calves and with infertility and sub-clinical mastitis in dairy cows. Data also suggest these infections manifest clinically when they coincide with a number of epidemiological risk factors. Future research should: (1) use relevant animal models to clarify the pathogenesis of bovine chlamydioses; (2) quantify the impact of chlamydial infection at a herd level and identify strategies for its control, including sub-unit vaccine development; and (3) evaluate the zoonotic risk of bovine chlamydial infections which will require the development of species-specific serodiagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at The Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Karlsson AC, Alenius S, Björkman C, Persson Y, Englund S. Investigation of Chlamydiaceae in semen and cauda epididymidis and seroprevalence of Chlamydophila abortus in breeding bulls. Acta Vet Scand 2010; 52:2. [PMID: 20070900 PMCID: PMC2820431 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-52-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reproductive disorders associated with chlamydial infection have been reported worldwide in cattle and there are indications of potential venereal transmission. METHODS Semen samples from 21 dairy bulls and cauda epididymidis tissue samples from 43 beef bulls were analysed for chlamydial agent by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) including an internal amplification control (mimic). Additionally, presence of antibodies against Chlamydophila (Cp.) abortus among the bulls was investigated with the commercial Pourquier ELISA Cp. abortus serum verification kit. RESULTS No chlamydial agent was detected by PCR in either the semen samples or in the tissue samples. Additionally, no antibodies against Cp. abortus were detected. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that Cp. abortus is very rare, or absent in Swedish bulls and thus the risk for venereal transmission of chlamydial infection through their semen is low. However, because Chlamydophila spp. infection rates seem to differ throughout the world, it is essential to clarify the relative importance of transmission of the infection through semen on cattle fertility.
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Mohamad KY, Rodolakis A. Recent advances in the understanding of Chlamydophila pecorum infections, sixteen years after it was named as the fourth species of the Chlamydiaceae family. Vet Res 2009; 41:27. [PMID: 19995513 PMCID: PMC2820232 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2009075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydophila pecorum found in the intestine and vaginal mucus of asymptomatic ruminants has also been associated with different pathological conditions in ruminants, swine and koalas. Some endangered species such as water buffalos and bandicoots have also been found to be infected by C. pecorum. The persistence of C. pecorum strains in the intestine and vaginal mucus of ruminants could cause long-term sub-clinical infection affecting the animal’s health. C. pecorum strains present many genetic and antigenic variations, but coding tandem repeats have recently been found in some C. pecorum genes, allowing C. pecorum strains isolated from sick animals to be differentiated from those isolated from asymptomatic animals. This review provides an update on C. pecorum infections in different animal hosts and the implications for animal health. The taxonomy, typing and genetic aspects of C. pecorum are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Yousef Mohamad
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly (Tours), France
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Kemmerling K, Müller U, Mielenz M, Sauerwein H. Chlamydophila species in dairy farms: polymerase chain reaction prevalence, disease association, and risk factors identified in a cross-sectional study in western Germany. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:4347-54. [PMID: 19700694 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of Chlamydophila spp. was determined in a cross-sectional study carried out in 2007 using 100 randomly selected dairy herds in the western part of Germany. Ten dairy cows per herd were sampled in herds with fewer than 100 cows; in bigger herds, 10% of the cows were sampled. For the detection of Chlamydophila spp., vaginal swabs from early lactating dairy cows were analyzed using an established highly sensitive genus-specific real-time PCR. In consideration of the discontinuous shedding of the pathogen, a herd was classified as positive if at least 1 animal per herd tested positive for Chlamydophila spp. By use of these methods and definitions, 61% of the dairy herds and 13.5% of the cows were detected as PCR-positive for Chlamydophila spp., which is indicative for ongoing infections. To compare herd health and herd performance between herds testing positive or negative and to identify risk factors for the presence of Chlamydophila spp., a questionnaire was designed to evaluate farm characteristics and management practices. In addition, the performance recordings of the state dairy recording organization were used for these purposes. Milk yield, number of lactations, and calving to first-service interval were lower in herds testing positive for Chlamydophila spp. compared with negative herds. For all these variables, there was no interaction between Chlamydophila status and lactation number. Replacement of animals from outside sources, use of breeding bulls, lack of separate calving pens, and low scores for cleanliness of beddings, walkways, and cows were identified as the main risk factors for Chlamydophila spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kemmerling
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Pantchev A, Sting R, Bauerfeind R, Tyczka J, Sachse K. Detection of all Chlamydophila and Chlamydia spp. of veterinary interest using species-specific real-time PCR assays. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 33:473-84. [PMID: 19733907 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyse the occurrence of chlamydiae in several mammalian host species. Clinical samples that previously tested positive in a Chlamydiaceae-specific real-time PCR were retested using six species-specific real-time PCR assays to identify the chlamydial species involved. Chlamydophila (Cp.) abortus was the agent most frequently found in cattle, sheep, horses, goats, and pigs. Detection in cattle of Cp. psittaci (11% of samples) and Chlamydia (C.) suis (9%), as well as Cp. psittaci in a goat sample was somewhat unexpected. DNA of two different chlamydiae was identified in 56 (12.7%) of 440 samples tested. Cp. felis was the predominant species found in cats, while in guinea pigs and rabbits only Cp. caviae was detected. Interestingly, the latter two pathogens were also identified in samples from dogs. The data show that mixed chlamydial infections are not rare and suggest an extended host range of individual species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Pantchev
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, Schaflandstr. 3/3, 70736 Fellbach, Germany
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Short- and long-term effects of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation on rabbit sperm quality. Anim Reprod Sci 2009; 118:310-6. [PMID: 19625146 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Infections and resulting inflammation are widely known to cause transient or permanent male infertility. The objectives of this study were (1) to provide a suitable animal model of a sub-acute inflammatory state by intraperitoneally inoculating bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and (2) to define the short- and long-term effects of this state on the sperm quality of rabbit bucks. Two series of experiments were performed to accomplish these objectives. In experiment 1, 15 healthy New Zealand White rabbit bucks were divided into five homogeneous groups, receiving 25, 50, 100 and 150 microg/kg body weight (b.w.) of E. coli LPS dissolved in 2ml of sterile saline or only saline (control), respectively. White blood cells (WBC), rectal temperature, feed intake and mating ability were observed for 3 consecutive days following inoculation. Inoculation of 50 microg/kg b.w. produces a reversible inflammation-like state that lasts for about 3 days, with minimal distress to the animals, and therefore it was used in our experiment. The major symptoms were fever and anorexia. Changes in WBC count and a moderate reduction in reproductive activity also occurred. In experiment 2, two groups of five rabbit bucks each were treated with 50 microg/kg b.w. E. coli LPS diluted in 2ml of saline or only saline (controls), respectively. Semen samples were collected weekly up to 56 days after inoculation and the changes in semen characteristics were examined. During the first 3 days, semen volume and concentration decreased in both experimental groups, probably due to the high collection frequency. Sperm membrane integrity and the number of necrotic sperm were seriously affected 30 days after the LPS challenge, reaching a maximum at the end of the spermatogenic cycle (56 days). These results suggest that a sub-acute inflammation may cause infertility by compromising sperm membrane integrity which decreases a month after LPS-treatment. In addition, the rabbit could be a useful LPS animal model for further study of the effects of inflammation and the underlying mechanisms on sperm characteristics.
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Petit T, Spergser J, Aurich J, Rosengarten R. Examination of semen from bulls at five Austrian artificial insemination centres for chlamydiae and mollicutes. Vet Rec 2008; 162:792-3. [PMID: 18552332 DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.24.792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Petit
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Andrology, University of Veterinary Sciences, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Godin AC, Björkman C, Englund S, Johansson KE, Niskanen R, Alenius S. Investigation of Chlamydophila spp. in dairy cows with reproductive disorders. Acta Vet Scand 2008; 50:39. [PMID: 18822135 PMCID: PMC2564924 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-50-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reports worldwide indicate high prevalence of Chlamydophila spp. infection in cattle. To assess the prevalence in Sweden, 525 cows in 70 dairy herds with reproductive disorders was investigated. Methods To detect antibodies two commercially available kits were used. Moreover, 107 specimens, including vaginal swabs, organ tissues and milk were analysed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results Two (0.4%) cows were seropositive in the Pourquier Cp. abortus ELISA. The seroprevalence with the Chekit ELISA was 28% with no difference between cases and controls. Five specimens were positive in real-time PCR and further analysed by nested PCR. Cp. pecorum was confirmed by partial omp1 DNA sequencing of the nested PCR product of vaginal swabs from control cows. Conclusion The results suggest that Cp. abortus infection is absent or rare in Swedish cows whereas Cp. pecorum is probably more spread. They also suggest that Chlamydophila spp. are not related to reproduction disorders in Swedish cattle.
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Prevalence of PCV2 in Austrian and German boars and semen used for artificial insemination. Theriogenology 2008; 69:814-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 12/16/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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