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Cani M, Epistolio S, Dazio G, Modesti M, Salfi G, Pedrani M, Isella L, Gillessen S, Vogl UM, Tortola L, Treglia G, Buttigliero C, Frattini M, Pereira Mestre R. Antiandrogens as Therapies for COVID-19: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:298. [PMID: 38254788 PMCID: PMC10814161 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2019, the breakthrough of the coronavirus 2 disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), represented one of the major issues of our recent history. Different drugs have been tested to rapidly find effective anti-viral treatments and, among these, antiandrogens have been suggested to play a role in mediating SARS-CoV-2 infection. Considering the high heterogeneity of studies on this topic, we decided to review the current literature. METHODS We performed a systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines. A search strategy was conducted on PUBMED and Medline. Only original articles published from March 2020 to 31 August 2023 investigating the possible protective role of antiandrogens were included. In vitro or preclinical studies and reports not in the English language were excluded. The main objective was to investigate how antiandrogens may interfere with COVID-19 outcomes. RESULTS Among 1755 records, we selected 31 studies, the majority of which consisted of retrospective clinical data collections and of randomized clinical trials during the first and second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we can state that antiandrogens do not seem to protect individuals from SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity and, thus, their use should not be encouraged in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Cani
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland (S.G.); (U.M.V.)
- Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy;
| | - Samantha Epistolio
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6600 Locarno, Switzerland (M.F.)
| | - Giulia Dazio
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6600 Locarno, Switzerland (M.F.)
| | - Mikol Modesti
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland (S.G.); (U.M.V.)
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Salfi
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland (S.G.); (U.M.V.)
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Martino Pedrani
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland (S.G.); (U.M.V.)
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Isella
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland (S.G.); (U.M.V.)
| | - Silke Gillessen
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland (S.G.); (U.M.V.)
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland;
| | - Ursula Maria Vogl
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland (S.G.); (U.M.V.)
| | - Luigi Tortola
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland (S.G.); (U.M.V.)
| | - Giorgio Treglia
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland;
- Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Consuelo Buttigliero
- Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy;
| | - Milo Frattini
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6600 Locarno, Switzerland (M.F.)
| | - Ricardo Pereira Mestre
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland (S.G.); (U.M.V.)
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland;
- Clinical Research Unit, myDoctorAngel, 6934 Bioggio, Switzerland
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Travalini IG, Vergamini LB, Silva ILAFE, Caruso P, Orellana FM, Curado MP, Zequi SDC. Epidemiological profile of COVID-19 in patients with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy at a Brazilian Cancer Center. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2023; 21:eAO0273. [PMID: 37878968 PMCID: PMC10567105 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2023ao0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Older individuals with cancer constitute a high-risk group for COVID-19. Entry of the virus into cells occurs through the binding of the S protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, which is mediated by the TMPRSS2 gene and regulated by androgen receptors. Androgen deprivation therapy in patients with prostate cancer inhibits AR-TMPRSS2 interactions, which in turn inhibits the aggressiveness of the infection. We were unable to prove an association between the use of androgen deprivation therapy and a reduction in factors associated with worse clinical outcomes. Most of the data presented show a tendency to favor the outcomes of patients who do not undergo androgen deprivation therapy, which can be explained by the fact that, in general, their clinical conditions are better and their performance status scores are lower than those of patients who undergo androgen deprivation therapy. Abstract presented to the oncology department of A.C.Camargo Cancer Center as a conclusion of the Scientific Initiation. OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiological aspects of COVID-19 in patients with prostate cancer who received androgen deprivation therapy and those who did not. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy and those who did not undergo androgen deprivation therapy. These patients were treated at the A.C.Camargo Cancer Center between March 2020 and March 2021. RESULTS Of the 78 patients with prostate cancer and positive RT-PCR test results, 50% were undergoing androgen deprivation therapy, and 49% were experiencing a non-metastatic biochemical relapse. Of these, 80.6% were symptomatic on the day of examination compared to 97.2% in the Control Group. A total of 82.1% of the patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy required hospitalization, with 30.8% admitted to the intensive care unit compared to 21.6% in the Control Group. There was no statistically significant difference in the use of a high-flow oxygen cannula, the need for orotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation, the need for dialysis, multiple organ failure, or death. A significant difference was found between the groups in terms of the average length of stay in the intensive care unit. CONCLUSION Androgen deprivation therapy was not associated with protective factors or potential treatments in patients with prostate cancer and COVID-19. Although the number of patients analyzed was limited, and there may have been a selection bias, this is a unique study that cannot be expanded or replicated in similar (unvaccinated) populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Bonachi Vergamini
- A.C.Camargo Cancer CenterSão PauloSPBrazil A.C.Camargo Cancer Center , São Paulo , SP , Brazil .
| | | | - Pedro Caruso
- A.C.Camargo Cancer CenterSão PauloSPBrazil A.C.Camargo Cancer Center , São Paulo , SP , Brazil .
| | - Fernanda Monteiro Orellana
- Universidade Federal de São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil .
| | - Maria Paula Curado
- A.C.Camargo Cancer CenterSão PauloSPBrazil A.C.Camargo Cancer Center , São Paulo , SP , Brazil .
| | - Stênio de Cássio Zequi
- A.C.Camargo Cancer CenterSão PauloSPBrazil A.C.Camargo Cancer Center , São Paulo , SP , Brazil .
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Coelingh Bennink HJ, Egberts JF, Debruyne FM. Testosterone suppression combined with high dose estrogen as potential treatment of SARS-CoV-2. A mini review. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12376. [PMID: 36540359 PMCID: PMC9754753 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to females, males experience severe acute respiratory syndrome due to COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) more often, and also die more frequently from COVID-19. Testosterone has inhibitory and estrogens have favorable effects on the immune system. Both ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are specific host-cellular proteins stimulating viral entry in cells and SARS-CoV-2. Both proteins can be suppressed by inhibition of testosterone levels and by stimulation of estrogen levels. Therefore, both androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) and estrogen therapy (ET) may decrease COVID-19 virus cell entry. Literature was searched for evidence of COVID-19 treatment benefits with estrogens, progesterone, androgen deprivation, and anti-androgens. Data supporting the effect of ADT on SARS-CoV-2 are sparse and inconsistent. The benefit of anti-androgen therapy is inconsistent. Data on the effect of ET were not found. Indirect estrogen data related to menopausal hormone therapy and hormonal contraception are favorable. In a small study, progesterone had some beneficial effects. The combination of ADT and ET (ADET) has never been studied as a treatment option for SARS-CoV-2. Based on the mode of action of the combination, it is hypothesized that ADET may be an effective and safe treatment of SARS-CoV-2, to be confirmed in a clinical trial.
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Kucukyildiz K, Yilmaz-Oral D, Turkcan D, Oztekin CV, Gur S. Impact of COVID-19 on male urogenital health: Success of vaccines. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:103327. [PMID: 35905935 PMCID: PMC9316714 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Throughout 2021, the scientific and medical communities were concentrated on dealing with the acute morbidity and mortality induced by the COVID-19 pandemic due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We reviewed the present data for adverse effects of COVID-19 on the different parts of the male urogenital system during the dynamic situation of the COVID-19 pandemic. With the approval of COVID-19 vaccinations, there is a ray of hope at the end of this dark tunnel and a chance to look ahead for the management of long-term consequences in males with urogenital illness. A multidisciplinary investigation of these cases could provide information for establishing and optimizing treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kutay Kucukyildiz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Didem Yilmaz-Oral
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Damla Turkcan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cetin Volkan Oztekin
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kyrenia, Girne-TRNC, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Serap Gur
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey,Corresponding author
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Sari Motlagh R, Abufaraj M, Karakiewicz PI, Rajwa P, Mori K, Mun DH, Shariat SF. Association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease severity among prostate cancer patients on androgen deprivation therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Urol 2022; 40:907-914. [PMID: 34477955 PMCID: PMC8414446 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-021-03810-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Androgen-regulated enzymes such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) are involved in the SARS-CoV-2 infection process. The expression of TMPRSS2 and its fusion gene, which are increased in the epithelium of the human prostate gland during prostate carcinogenesis, are regulated by androgens. Our goal was to assess the risk of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and the severity of the disease in PCa patients treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis according to PRISMA guidelines. We queried PubMed and Web of Science databases on 1 July 2021. We used random- and/or fixed-effects meta-analytic models in the presence or absence of heterogeneity according to Cochrane's Q test and I2 statistic, respectively. RESULTS Six retrospective studies (n = 50,220 patients) were selected after considering inclusion and exclusion criteria for qualitative evidence synthesis. Four retrospective studies were included to assess the SARS-CoV-2 infection risk in PCa patients under ADT vs. no ADT and the summarized risk ratio (RR) was 0.8 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.44-1.47). Five retrospective studies were included to assess the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in PCa patients under ADT versus no ADT and the summarized RR was 1.23 (95% CI 0.9-1.68). CONCLUSION We found a non-significant association between the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity in PCa patients treated with ADT. However, our results suggest that during the COVID-19 pandemic PCa patients can safely undergo ADT as a cancer therapy without worsening COVID-19 risk and trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Sari Motlagh
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Men's Health and Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abufaraj
- Department of Special Surgery, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- The National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Pierre I Karakiewicz
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Pawel Rajwa
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Keiichiro Mori
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dong-Ho Mun
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Special Surgery, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Karl Landsteiner Institute of Urology and Andrology, Vienna, Austria.
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6
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Guo W, Porter LM, Crozier TWM, Coates M, Jha A, McKie M, Nathan JA, Lehner PJ, Greenwood EJD, McCaughan F. Topical TMPRSS2 inhibition prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection in differentiated human airway cultures. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/4/e202101116. [PMID: 35110354 PMCID: PMC8814636 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited effective prophylactic/early treatments for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Viral entry requires spike protein binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptor and cleavage by transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), a cell surface serine protease. Targeting of TMPRSS2 by either androgen blockade or direct inhibition is in clinical trials in early SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS We used differentiated primary human airway epithelial cells at the air-liquid interface to test the impact of targeting TMPRSS2 on the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS We first modelled the systemic delivery of compounds. Enzalutamide, an oral androgen receptor antagonist, had no impact on SARS-CoV-2 infection. By contrast, camostat mesylate, an orally available serine protease inhibitor, blocked SARS-CoV-2 entry. However, oral camostat is rapidly metabolised in the circulation, with poor airway bioavailability. We therefore modelled local airway administration by applying camostat to the apical surface of differentiated airway cultures. We demonstrated that a brief exposure to topical camostat effectively restricts SARS-CoV-2 infection. CONCLUSION These experiments demonstrate a potential therapeutic role for topical camostat for pre- or post-exposure prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2, which can now be evaluated in a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Guo
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Linsey M Porter
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas WM Crozier
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew Coates
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Akhilesh Jha
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mikel McKie
- Medical Research Council, Biostatistic Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - James A Nathan
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward JD Greenwood
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,
| | - Frank McCaughan
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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7
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Nassau DE, Best JC, Kresch E, Gonzalez DC, Khodamoradi K, Ramasamy R. Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on male reproductive health. BJU Int 2021; 129:143-150. [PMID: 34402155 PMCID: PMC8444635 DOI: 10.1111/bju.15573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has led to more than 160 million infections and 3.5 million deaths globally. Men are disproportionately affected by COVID‐19, having more severe disease with higher mortality rates than women. Androgens have been implicated as the underlying cause for more severe disease, as the androgen receptor has been noted to upregulate the cell surface receptors that mediate viral cell entry and infection. Unfortunately, despite testosterone’s potential role in COVID‐19 prognosis, androgen deprivation therapy is neither protective nor a treatment for COVID‐19. Interestingly, the male reproductive organs have been found to be vulnerable in moderate to severe illness, leading to reports of erectile dysfunction and orchitis. COVID‐19 viral particles have been identified in penile and testis tissue, both in live patients who recovered from COVID‐19 and post mortem in men who succumbed to the disease. Although sexual transmission remains unlikely in recovered men, moderate to severe COVID‐19 infection can lead to germ cell and Leydig cell depletion, leading to decreased spermatogenesis and male hypogonadism. The objective of this review is to describe the impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 on male reproductive health. There are still many unanswered questions as to the specific underlying mechanisms by which COVID‐19 impacts male reproductive organs and the long‐term sequelae of SARS‐CoV‐2 on male reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Nassau
- Department of Urology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jordan C Best
- Department of Urology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Eliyahu Kresch
- Department of Urology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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8
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Aldea M, Michot JM, Danlos FX, Ribas A, Soria JC. Repurposing of Anticancer Drugs Expands Possibilities for Antiviral and Anti-Inflammatory Discovery in COVID-19. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:1336-1344. [PMID: 33846172 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic led to an unprecedented destabilization of the world's health and economic systems. The rapid spread and life-threatening consequences of COVID-19 have imposed testing of repurposed drugs, by investigating interventions already used in other indications, including anticancer drugs. The contours of anticancer drug repurposing have been shaped by similarities between the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and malignancies, including abnormal inflammatory and immunologic responses. In this review, we discuss the salient positive and negative points of repurposing anticancer drugs to advance treatments for COVID-19. SIGNIFICANCE: Targeting anti-inflammatory pathways with JAK/STAT inhibitors or anticytokine therapies aiming to curb COVID-19-related cytokine storm, using antiangiogenic drugs to reduce vascular abnormalities or immune-checkpoint inhibitors to improve antiviral defenses, could be of value in COVID-19. However, conflicting data on drug efficacy point to the need for better patient selection and biomarker studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Aldea
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Francois-Xavier Danlos
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Paris Saclay University, Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jean-Charles Soria
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. .,Paris Saclay University, Saint-Aubin, France
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