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Kraihammer M, Garnuszek P, Bauman A, Maurin M, Alejandre Lafont M, Haubner R, von Guggenberg E, Gabriel M, Decristoforo C. Improved quality control of [ 177Lu]Lu-PSMA I&T. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2023; 8:7. [PMID: 36971890 PMCID: PMC10043144 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-023-00191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted radionuclide therapy with [177Lu]Lu-PSMA I&T (zadavotide guraxetan) has proven high efficacy and safety in treating patients with advanced prostate cancer worldwide. Several methods to determine the radiochemical purity have been reported but also limitations in the HPLC analysis due to retention of the sample and tailing effects when using standard gradients containing trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). We here report on the validation of a method for quality control of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA I&T including determination of radiochemical purity, identity testing and limit test for PSMA I&T by HPLC using a Phosphate buffer /Acetonitrile gradient system, complemented with a TLC system with 0.1N Citrate buffer pH 5 as mobile phase including validation of the methods, batch and stability data as well as identification of the main radiochemical impurity by mass spectrometry. RESULTS The described HPLC method met the defined acceptance criteria in terms of accuracy, specificity, robustness, linearity, range and LOQ. HPLC analysis revealed symmetrical peaks and quantitative recovery from the column. Batch data showed a radiochemical purity > 95% as determined by HPLC, stability data a pronounced degradation due to radiolysis, which could be limited by addition of ascorbic acid, dilution and storage at low temperatures. The main radiochemical impurity was found to be the de-iodinated form of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA I&T. TLC analysis allowed to determine the amount of free Lu-177 even in the presence of DTPA in the final formulation. CONCLUSION Overall the described combination of HPLC and TLC provides a reliable tool for quality control of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA I&T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kraihammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrinology, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - Piotr Garnuszek
- Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock, Poland
| | - Andreas Bauman
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Maurin
- Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock, Poland
| | | | - Roland Haubner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elisabeth von Guggenberg
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Gabriel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrinology, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - Clemens Decristoforo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Larenkov A, Mitrofanov I, Pavlenko E, Rakhimov M. Radiolysis-Associated Decrease in Radiochemical Purity of 177Lu-Radiopharmaceuticals and Comparison of the Effectiveness of Selected Quenchers against This Process. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041884. [PMID: 36838872 PMCID: PMC9967390 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The radiolytic degradation of vector molecules is a major factor affecting the shelf life of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. The development of time-stable dosage forms of radiopharmaceuticals is the key to their successful implementation in clinical practice. Using [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 molecule as an example, the time dependence of the change in radiochemical purity (RCP, %) under radiolysis conditions was studied. The dependence of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 radiolysis on parameters such as time, radionuclide activity, buffer agent concentration, precursor amount, and preparation volume was evaluated. It was shown that the absorbed dose was the dominant factor influencing the RCP. The RCP value is inversely proportional to the absorbed dose in the [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 preparation and has an exponential dependence. The lutetium-177 dose factor ψ (Gy·mL·MBq-1) and PSMA-617 concentration-dependent dose constant κ (Gy-1) were evaluated for absorbed dose estimation via computer modeling, chemical dosimetry, and radiochemical purity monitoring under various conditions. The further refinement and application of the dependencies found can be useful for predicting the RCP value at the stage of optimizing the composition of the finished dosage form of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. The influence of the buffer agent (sodium acetate) concentration on [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 radiolytic degradation was shown and should be considered both when developing a dosage form, and when comparing the results of independent studies. The effectiveness of the addition of various stabilizing agents, such as DMSA, cysteine, gentisic acid, vanillin, methionine, adenine, dobesilic acid, thymine, uracil, nicotinamide, meglumine, and mannitol, in suppressing the effects of radiolysis was evaluated.
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Mitrofanov YA, Bubenshchikov VB, Belousov AV, Lunev AS, Larenkov AA. Evaluation of the Applicability of External X-ray Radiation to Stimulate the Autoradiolysis Processes in Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals (Exemplified by [153Sm]Sm-PSMA-617 and [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617). HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143923010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Cyclotron Production of Gallium-68 Radiopharmaceuticals Using the 68Zn(p,n) 68Ga Reaction and Their Regulatory Aspects. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010070. [PMID: 36678699 PMCID: PMC9867404 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing and implementing various radionuclide production methods guarantees a sustainable supply, which is important for medical use. The use of medical cyclotrons for radiometal production can increase the availability of gallium-68 (68Ga) radiopharmaceuticals. Although generators have greatly influenced the demand for 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals, the use of medical cyclotrons is currently being explored. The resulting 68Ga production is several times higher than obtained from a generator. Moreover, the use of solid targets yields end of purification and end of synthesis (EOS) of up to 194 GBq and 72 GBq, respectively. Furthermore, experiments employing liquid targets have provided promising results, with an EOS of 3 GBq for [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11. However, some processes can be further optimized, specifically purification, to achieve high 68Ga recovery and apparent molar activity. In the future, 68Ga will probably remain one of the most in-demand radionuclides; however, careful consideration is needed regarding how to reduce the production costs. Thus, this review aimed to discuss the production of 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals using Advanced Cyclotron Systems, Inc. (ACSI, Richmond, BC, Canada) Richmond, Canada and GE Healthcare, Wisconsin, USA cyclotrons, its related factors, and regulatory concerns.
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Nelson BJB, Andersson JD, Wuest F, Spreckelmeyer S. Good practices for 68Ga radiopharmaceutical production. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2022; 7:27. [PMID: 36271969 PMCID: PMC9588110 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-022-00180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The radiometal gallium-68 (68Ga) is increasingly used in diagnostic positron emission tomography (PET), with 68Ga-labeled radiopharmaceuticals developed as potential higher-resolution imaging alternatives to traditional 99mTc agents. In precision medicine, PET applications of 68Ga are widespread, with 68Ga radiolabeled to a variety of radiotracers that evaluate perfusion and organ function, and target specific biomarkers found on tumor lesions such as prostate-specific membrane antigen, somatostatin, fibroblast activation protein, bombesin, and melanocortin. Main body These 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals include agents such as [68Ga]Ga-macroaggregated albumin for myocardial perfusion evaluation, [68Ga]Ga-PLED for assessing renal function, [68Ga]Ga-t-butyl-HBED for assessing liver function, and [68Ga]Ga-PSMA for tumor imaging. The short half-life, favourable nuclear decay properties, ease of radiolabeling, and convenient availability through germanium-68 (68Ge) generators and cyclotron production routes strongly positions 68Ga for continued growth in clinical deployment. This progress motivates the development of a set of common guidelines and standards for the 68Ga radiopharmaceutical community, and recommendations for centers interested in establishing 68Ga radiopharmaceutical production. Conclusion This review outlines important aspects of 68Ga radiopharmacy, including 68Ga production routes using a 68Ge/68Ga generator or medical cyclotron, standardized 68Ga radiolabeling methods, quality control procedures for clinical 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals, and suggested best practices for centers with established or upcoming 68Ga radiopharmaceutical production. Finally, an outlook on 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals is presented to highlight potential challenges and opportunities facing the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce J B Nelson
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Jan D Andersson
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada.,Edmonton Radiopharmaceutical Center, Alberta Health Services, 11560 University Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Sarah Spreckelmeyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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Alfteimi A, Lützen U, Helm A, Jüptner M, Marx M, Zhao Y, Zuhayra M. Automated synthesis of [ 68Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 without pre-purification of the generator eluate on three common synthesis modules and two generator types. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2022; 7:20. [PMID: 35904684 PMCID: PMC9338183 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-022-00172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The recent development of quinoline-based radiotracers, which act as fibroblast activation protein inhibitors (FAPIs), has shown promising preclinical and clinical advantages. [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 is a new radiotracer for in vivo detection of the fibroblast activation protein by positron emission tomography (PET). Recently, the automated synthesis of [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 was reported based on pre-concentration and purification of the generator eluate by using a cation exchange-cartridge. Our aim was to simplify the synthesis and shorten the automated synthesis of [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 to make it accessible and thus even more attractive to a broader clinical and scientific community. Results We developed and evaluated the GMP compliant automatic synthesis of [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 using two different 68Ge/68Ga generators (an Eckert & Ziegler, GalliaPharm generator, 1.85 GBq/50 mCi and an iThemba generator, 1.85 GBq/50 mCi) Somerset West, South Africa) and three different commercial and customized systems: the EasyOne module from Trasis; the GaSy module from Synthra with a customized synthesis template and a customized single use cassette. Additionally, the automatic synthesis of [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 was established on a GallElut synthesis module from Scintomics with fixed tubing. Conclusions Independent of the synthesis modules or the generators employed we were able to complete the synthesis of [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 in 12 min including the process of purification and formulation. In all cases, the final products showed more than 99.5% chemical purity and the radiochemical yield reached around 92.5% (decay corrected). All quality control parameters (e.g. sterility, stability and radiochemical purity) were conform to the European Pharmacopoeia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Alfteimi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Diagnostic Imaging and Therapy, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Karl Lennert Cancer Center North, Feld-Str. 21 (Haus L), 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulf Lützen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Diagnostic Imaging and Therapy, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Karl Lennert Cancer Center North, Feld-Str. 21 (Haus L), 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Helm
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Diagnostic Imaging and Therapy, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Karl Lennert Cancer Center North, Feld-Str. 21 (Haus L), 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Jüptner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Diagnostic Imaging and Therapy, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Karl Lennert Cancer Center North, Feld-Str. 21 (Haus L), 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marlies Marx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Diagnostic Imaging and Therapy, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Karl Lennert Cancer Center North, Feld-Str. 21 (Haus L), 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Diagnostic Imaging and Therapy, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Karl Lennert Cancer Center North, Feld-Str. 21 (Haus L), 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Maaz Zuhayra
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Diagnostic Imaging and Therapy, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Karl Lennert Cancer Center North, Feld-Str. 21 (Haus L), 24105, Kiel, Germany.
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Migliari S, Sammartano A, Boss M, Gotthardt M, Scarlattei M, Baldari G, Silva C, Bonadonna RC, Ruffini L. Development and Validation of an Analytical HPLC Method to Assess Chemical and Radiochemical Purity of [ 68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-Exendin-4 Produced by a Fully Automated Method. Molecules 2022; 27:543. [PMID: 35056858 PMCID: PMC8778103 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) is preferentially expressed in pancreatic islets, especially in β-cells, and highly expressed in human insulinomas and gastrinomas. In recent years several GLP-1R-avid radioligands have been developed to image insulin-secreting tumors or to provide a tentative quantitative in vivo biomarker of pancreatic β-cell mass. Exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide with high binding affinity to GLP-1R, has been labeled with Ga-68 for imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). Preparation conditions may influence the quality and in vivo behavior of tracers. Starting from a published synthesis and quality controls (QCs) procedure, we have developed and validated a new rapid and simple UV-Radio-HPLC method to test the chemical and radiochemical purity of [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-exendin-4, to be used in the clinical routine. Methods: Ga-68 was obtained from a 68Ge/68Ga Generator (GalliaPharma®) and purified using a cationic-exchange cartridge on an automated synthesis module (Scintomics GRP®). NODAGA-exendin-4 contained in the reactor (10 µg) was reconstituted with HEPES and ascorbic acid. The reaction mixture was incubated at 100 °C. The product was purified through HLB cartridge, diluted, and sterilized. To validate the proposed UV-Radio-HPLC method, a stepwise approach was used, as defined in the guidance document released by the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH), adopted by the European Medicines Agency (CMP/ICH/381/95 2014). The assessed parameters are specificity, linearity, precision (repeatability), accuracy, and limit of quantification. Therefore, a range of concentrations of Ga-NODAGA-exendin-4, NODAGA-exendin-4 (5, 4, 3.125, 1.25, 1, and 0.75 μg/mL) and [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-exendin-4 were analyzed. To validate the entire production process, three consecutive batches of [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-exendin-4 were tested. Results: Excellent linearity was found between 5-0.75 μg/mL for both the analytes (NODAGA-exendin-4 and 68Ga-NODAGA-exendin-4), with a correlation coefficient (R2) for calibration curves equal to 0.999, average coefficients of variation (CV%) < 2% (0.45% and 0.39%) and average per cent deviation value of bias from 100%, of 0.06% and 0.04%, respectively. The calibration curve for the determination of [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-exendin-4 was linear with a R2 of 0.993 and CV% < 2% (1.97%), in accordance to acceptance criteria. The intra-day and inter-day precision of our method was statistically confirmed using 10 μg of peptide. The mean radiochemical yield was 45 ± 2.4% in all the three validation batches of [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-exendin-4. The radiochemical purity of [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-exendin-4 was >95% (97.05%, 95.75% and 96.15%) in all the three batches. Conclusions: The developed UV-Radio-HPLC method to assess the radiochemical and chemical purity of [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-exendin-4 is rapid, accurate and reproducible like its fully automated production. It allows the routine use of this PET tracer as a diagnostic tool for PET imaging of GLP-1R expression in vivo, ensuring patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Migliari
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.S.); (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Antonino Sammartano
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.S.); (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Marti Boss
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Martin Gotthardt
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Maura Scarlattei
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.S.); (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Giorgio Baldari
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.S.); (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Claudia Silva
- Food and Drug Sciences Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Riccardo C. Bonadonna
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy;
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Livia Ruffini
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.S.); (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.R.)
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Baudhuin H, Cousaert J, Vanwolleghem P, Raes G, Caveliers V, Keyaerts M, Lahoutte T, Xavier C. 68Ga-Labeling: Laying the Foundation for an Anti-Radiolytic Formulation for NOTA-sdAb PET Tracers. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050448. [PMID: 34068666 PMCID: PMC8151064 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During the preparation of [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-sdAb at high activity, degradation of the tracers was observed, impacting the radiochemical purity (RCP). Increasing starting activities in radiolabelings is often paired with increased degradation of the tracer due to the formation of free radical species, a process known as radiolysis. Radical scavengers and antioxidants can act as radioprotectant due to their fast interaction with formed radicals and can therefore reduce the degree of radiolysis. This study aims to optimize a formulation to prevent radiolysis during the labeling of NOTA derivatized single domain antibody (sdAbs) with 68Ga. Gentisic acid, ascorbic acid, ethanol and polyvinylpyrrolidone were tested individually or in combination to find an optimal mix able to prevent radiolysis without adversely influencing the radiochemical purity (RCP) or the functionality of the tracer. RCP and degree of radiolysis were assessed via thin layer chromatography and size exclusion chromatography for up to three hours after radiolabeling. Individually, the radioprotectants showed insufficient efficacy in reducing radiolysis when using high activities of 68Ga, while being limited in amount due to negative impact on radiolabeling of the tracer. A combination of 20% ethanol (VEtOH/VBuffer%) and 5 mg ascorbic acid proved successful in preventing radiolysis during labeling with starting activities up to 1-1.2 GBq of 68Ga, and is able to keep the tracer stable for up to at least 3 h after labeling at room temperature. The prevention of radiolysis by the combination of ethanol and ascorbic acid potentially allows radiolabeling compatibility of NOTA-sdAbs with all currently available 68Ge/68Ga generators. Additionally, a design is proposed to allow the incorporation of the radioprotectant in an ongoing diagnostic kit development for 68Ga labeling of NOTA-sdAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Baudhuin
- Department of Medical Imaging (MIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (P.V.); (V.C.); (M.K.); (T.L.); (C.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2-477-4991
| | - Julie Cousaert
- Nuclear Medicine Department (NUCG), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 101, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Philippe Vanwolleghem
- Department of Medical Imaging (MIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (P.V.); (V.C.); (M.K.); (T.L.); (C.X.)
| | - Geert Raes
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory (MCI), VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vicky Caveliers
- Department of Medical Imaging (MIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (P.V.); (V.C.); (M.K.); (T.L.); (C.X.)
- Nuclear Medicine Department (NUCG), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 101, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Marleen Keyaerts
- Department of Medical Imaging (MIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (P.V.); (V.C.); (M.K.); (T.L.); (C.X.)
- Nuclear Medicine Department (NUCG), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 101, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Tony Lahoutte
- Department of Medical Imaging (MIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (P.V.); (V.C.); (M.K.); (T.L.); (C.X.)
- Nuclear Medicine Department (NUCG), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 101, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Catarina Xavier
- Department of Medical Imaging (MIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (P.V.); (V.C.); (M.K.); (T.L.); (C.X.)
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Romero E, Martínez A, Oteo M, Ibañez M, Santos M, Morcillo MÁ. Development and long-term evaluation of a new 68Ge/ 68Ga generator based on nano-SnO 2 for PET imaging. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12756. [PMID: 32728067 PMCID: PMC7392752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radionuclide generator systems can routinely provide radionuclides on demand such as 68Ga produced by a 68Ge/68Ga generator without the availability of an on-site accelerator or a research reactor. Thus, in this work nano-SnO2 was used to develop a new 68Ge/68Ga generator which was evaluated over a period of 17 months and 305 elution cycles. The elution yield was 91.1 ± 1.8% in the first 7 mL (1 M HCl as eluent) when the generator was new and then it decreased with time and use to 73.8 ± 1.9%. Around 80% of the elutable 68Ga activity was obtained in 1 mL and the 68Ge content in the eluate did not exceed 1 × 10–4% over the investigation period when it was eluted regularly. The described generator provided adequate results for radiolabelling of DOTA-TOC with direct use of eluate. In addition, [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC was tested satisfactorily for in vivo tumor detection by microPET/CT imaging in a lung cancer mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Romero
- Biomedical Applications and Pharmacokinetics Unit, CIEMAT, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Martínez
- Biomedical Applications and Pharmacokinetics Unit, CIEMAT, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Oteo
- Biomedical Applications and Pharmacokinetics Unit, CIEMAT, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ibañez
- Biomedical Applications and Pharmacokinetics Unit, CIEMAT, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Meisenheimer M, Kürpig S, Essler M, Eppard E. Manual vs automated
68
Ga‐radiolabelling—A comparison of optimized processes. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 63:162-173. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Kürpig
- Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Markus Essler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
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Meisenheimer M, Kürpig S, Essler M, Eppard E. Ethanol effects on 68Ga-radiolabelling efficacy and radiolysis in automated synthesis utilizing NaCl post-processing. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2019; 4:26. [PMID: 31659535 PMCID: PMC6779680 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-019-0076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Recent studies showed that ethanol in the reaction mixture improves radiolabelling with trivalent radiometals in terms of precursor amount, reaction time, reaction temperature and radiolysis. With regard to clinical application, this effect is of practical interest in radiopharmacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the positive effect of ethanol can be exploited in automated systems utilizing NaCl-post processing. Methods Gallium-68 was obtained from a 1.85 GBq 68Ge/68Ga-generator. Radiolabelling was performed on an automated 68Ga-labelling cassette module. The standard labelling protocol was used without modifications. 0–40 vol% ethanol were added to the reaction mixture. Quality control was performed using radioHPLC and radioTLC. Results Utilization of additional ethanol on an automated cassette module can be achieved by adding ethanol directly to the buffer solution without further modifications of the standard procedure. Radiolysis was decreased significantly as analysed by radioHPLC. Conclusion It was possible to combine the positive effects of ethanol on radiolabelling efficacy and radiolysis with the standard labelling procedure of an automated cassette module system. The whole process guarantees safe preparation of highly pure 68Ga-peptide for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meisenheimer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 21, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Kürpig
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 21, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Essler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 21, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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Tieu W, Hollis CA, Kuan KK, Takhar P, Stuckings M, Spooner N, Malinconico M. Rapid and automated production of [68Ga]gallium chloride and [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE on a medical cyclotron. Nucl Med Biol 2019; 74-75:12-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Stallons TAR, Saidi A, Tworowska I, Delpassand ES, Torgue JJ. Preclinical Investigation of 212Pb-DOTAMTATE for Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy in a Neuroendocrine Tumor Model. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1012-1021. [PMID: 30926632 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin analogues have been examined as a treatment for somatostatin receptor overexpressing tumors for years; specifically, octreotate (TATE) and octreotide (TOC). Several versions of these analogues coupled to beta or gamma nuclides are currently used as imaging agents, as treatments with peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) for patients with neuroendocrine tumors or are being explored in preclinical and clinical settings. Our study describes the use of 212Pb-DOTAMTATE, the octreotate analogue, in combination with 212Pb, the parent of an alpha emitter. Preclinical studies demonstrated tumor targeting of 212Pb-DOTAMTATE of >20% ID/g up to 24 hours post drug injection. The addition of kidney protection agents, including l-lysine and l-arginine decreases drug accumulation in the kidneys and the addition of ascorbic acid to the chelation mixture reduces oxidation of the drug product. 212Pb-DOTAMTATE displays a favorable toxicity profile with single-dose injections of 20 μCi showing 100% survival and with nontoxic cumulative doses up to 45 μCi, when fractionated into three smaller doses of 15 μCi. In an initial efficacy study, a single 10 μCi injection of 212Pb-DOTAMTATE extended the mean survival 2.4-fold. Efficacy was enhanced by giving three treatment cycles of 212Pb-DOTAMTATE and reducing the time between injections to two weeks. Efficacy was optimized further by the addition of a chemo-sensitizing agent, 5-fluorouracil, given in combination with three cycles of 10 μCi 212Pb-DOTAMTATE. These conditions led to 79% of the animals being tumor free at the end of the 31-week study suggesting that 212Pb-DOTAMTATE alone or in combination with a chemotherapeutic may have positive clinical implications.
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Lee JY, Lee SY, Kim GG, Hur MG, Yang SD, Park JH, Kim SW. Development of 68Ga-SCN-DOTA-Capsaicin as an Imaging Agent Targeting Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in Breast Cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2017; 32:169-175. [PMID: 28598691 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2017.2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
68Ga-labeled capsaicin using a DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazocyclododecane-N,N',N″,N'″-tetraacetic acid) derivative [68Ga-SCN-Benzyl(Bn)-DOTA-capsaicin] was studied for the diagnosis of breast cancers, such as MCF-7 and SK-BR-3. The standard compound, 69Ga-SCN-Bn-DOTA-capsaicin, was also prepared and characterized by spectroscopic analysis. The binding affinity of 68Ga-SCN-Bn-DOTA-capsaicin was evaluated by using breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, SK-BR-3) and colon cancer cell (CT-26); the biodistribution was carried out by using MCF-7-bearing nude mice, after which the positron emission tomography (PET) images were obtained at different time intervals (15-120 minutes). 68Ga-SCN-Bn-DOTA-capsaicin showed a cellular uptake of 0.93% Injected Dose (ID) after 30 minutes of incubation, whereas 68Ga-SCN-Bn-DOTA showed a lower uptake of 0.25% ID. The tumor-to-blood ID/g% ratios increased and were found to be 0.49, 0.22, and 0.77 for 15, 30, and 60 minutes, respectively. The small-animal PET study showed that the uptake of 68Ga-SCN-Bn-DOTA-capsaicin was higher in the tumor regions even at 30 minutes after injection. These results suggest that 68Ga-SCN-Bn-DOTA-capsaicin is a potential targeting agent for PET imaging of MCF-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Lee
- 1 Radiation Instrumentation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yeun Lee
- 1 Radiation Instrumentation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Gyun Kim
- 1 Radiation Instrumentation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , Jeongeup, Republic of Korea.,2 Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Dongguk University , Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Goo Hur
- 1 Radiation Instrumentation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Dae Yang
- 1 Radiation Instrumentation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Park
- 1 Radiation Instrumentation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Wook Kim
- 2 Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Dongguk University , Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
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Bunka M, Müller C, Vermeulen C, Haller S, Türler A, Schibli R, van der Meulen NP. Imaging quality of (44)Sc in comparison with five other PET radionuclides using Derenzo phantoms and preclinical PET. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 110:129-133. [PMID: 26774390 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PET is the favored nuclear imaging technique because of the high sensitivity and resolution it provides, as well as the possibility for quantification of accumulated radioactivity. (44)Sc (T1/2=3.97h, Eβ(+)=632keV) was recently proposed as a potentially interesting radionuclide for PET. The aim of this study was to investigate the image quality, which can be obtained with (44)Sc, and compare it with five other, frequently employed PET nuclides using Derenzo phantoms and a small-animal PET scanner. The radionuclides were produced at the medical cyclotron at CRS, ETH Zurich ((11)C, (18)F), at the Injector II research cyclotron at CRS, PSI ((64)Cu, (89)Zr, (44)Sc), as well as via a generator system ((68)Ga). Derenzo phantoms, containing solutions of each of these radionuclides, were scanned using a GE Healthcare eXplore VISTA small-animal PET scanner. The image resolution was determined for each nuclide by analysis of the intensity signal using the reconstructed PET data of a hole diameter of 1.3mm. The image quality of (44)Sc was compared to five frequently-used PET radionuclides. In agreement with the positron range, an increasing relative resolution was determined in the sequence of (68)Ga<(44)Sc<(89)Zr<(11)C<(64)Cu<(18)F. The performance of (44)Sc was in agreement with the theoretical expectations based on the energy of the emitted positrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruta Bunka
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland; Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Müller
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland.
| | - Christiaan Vermeulen
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Haller
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Türler
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland; Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas P van der Meulen
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland; Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland.
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Oehlke E, Lengkeek NA, So Le V, Pellegrini PA, Greguric I, Weiner R. The role of additives in moderating the influence of Fe(III) and Cu(II) on the radiochemical yield of [ 68 Ga(DOTATATE)]. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 107:13-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Romero E, Martínez A, Oteo M, García A, Morcillo MA. Preparation of ⁶⁸Ga-labelled DOTA-peptides using a manual labelling approach for small-animal PET imaging. Appl Radiat Isot 2015; 107:113-120. [PMID: 26492321 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
(68)Ga-DOTA-peptides are a promising PET radiotracers used in the detection of different tumours types due to their ability for binding specifically receptors overexpressed in these. Furthermore, (68)Ga can be produced by a (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator on site which is a very good alternative to cyclotron-based PET isotopes. Here, we describe a manual labelling approach for the synthesis of (68)Ga-labelled DOTA-peptides based on concentration and purification of the commercial (68)Ga/(68)Ga generator eluate using an anion exchange-cartridge. (68)Ga-DOTA-TATE was used to image a pheochromocytoma xenograft mouse model by a microPET/CT scanner. The method described provides satisfactory results, allowing the subsequent (68)Ga use to label DOTA-peptides. The simplicity of the method along with its implementation reduced cost, makes it useful in preclinical PET studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Romero
- CIEMAT - Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology, Biomedical Applications and Pharmacokinetics Unit, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alfonso Martínez
- CIEMAT - Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology, Biomedical Applications and Pharmacokinetics Unit, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Oteo
- CIEMAT - Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology, Biomedical Applications and Pharmacokinetics Unit, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel García
- CIEMAT - Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology, Biomedical Applications and Pharmacokinetics Unit, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Morcillo
- CIEMAT - Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology, Biomedical Applications and Pharmacokinetics Unit, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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van der Meulen NP, Bunka M, Domnanich KA, Müller C, Haller S, Vermeulen C, Türler A, Schibli R. Cyclotron production of 44Sc: From bench to bedside. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 42:745-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Tworowska I, Ranganathan D, Thamake S, Delpassand E, Mojtahedi A, Schultz MK, Zhernosekov K, Marx S. Radiosynthesis of clinical doses of ⁶⁸Ga-DOTATATE (GalioMedix™) and validation of organic-matrix-based ⁶⁸Ge/⁶⁸Ga generators. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 43:19-26. [PMID: 26702783 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 68Ga-DOTATATE is a radiolabeled peptide-based agonist that targets somatostatin receptors overexpressed in neuroendocrine tumors. Here, we present our results on validation of organic matrix 68Ge/68Ga generators (ITG GmbH) applied for radiosynthesis of the clinical doses of 68Ga-DOTATATE (GalioMedixTM). METHODS The clinical grade of DOTATATE (25 μg±5 μg) compounded in 1 M NaOAc at pH=5.5 was labeled manually with 514±218 MBq (13.89±5.9 mCi) of 68Ga eluate in 0.05 N HCl at 95°C for 10 min. The radiochemical purity of the final dose was validated using radio-TLC. The quality control of clinical doses included tests of their osmolarity, endotoxin level, radionuclide identity, filter integrity, pH, sterility and 68Ge breakthrough. RESULTS The final dose of 272±126 MBq (7.35±3.4 mCi) of 68Ga-DOTATATE was produced with a radiochemical yield (RCY) of 99%±1%. The total time required for completion of radiolabeling and quality control averaged approximately 35 min. This resulted in delivery of 50%±7% of 68Ga-DOTATATE at the time of calibration (not decay corrected). CONCLUSIONS 68Ga eluted from the generator was directly applied for labeling of DOTA-peptide with no additional pre-concentration or pre-purification of isotope. The low acidity of 68Ga eluate allows for facile synthesis of clinical doses with radiochemical and radionuclide purity higher than 98% and average activity of 272±126 MBq (7.3±3 mCi). There is no need for post-labeling C18 Sep-Pak purification of final doses of radiotracer. Advances in knowledge and implications for patient care. The clinical interest in validation of 68Galabeled agents has increased in the past years due to availability of generators from different vendors (Eckert-Ziegler, ITG, iThemba), favorable approach of U.S. FDA agency to initiate clinical trials, and collaboration of U.S. centers with leading EU clinical sites. The list of 68Ga-labeled tracers evaluated in clinical studies should growth because of the sensitivity of PET technique, the simplicity of the shakebake approach for the dose preparation and reliability of 68Ge/68Ga generators. Our studies have confirmed the reproducible elution profile, and high reliability of ITG GmbH generators required for routine doses preparation according to FDA recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael K Schultz
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
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Development of a simple kit-based method for preparation of pharmaceutical-grade 68Ga-DOTATOC. Nucl Med Commun 2015; 36:502-10. [DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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21
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Larenkov AA, Bruskin AB, Kodina GE. Preparation of highly purified 68Ga solutions via ion exchange in hydrochloric acid–ethanol mixtures. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Velikyan I. Continued rapid growth in68Ga applications: update 2013 to June 2014. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2015; 58:99-121. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Velikyan
- Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Uppsala University; SE-75183 Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science; Uppsala University; SE-75285 Uppsala Sweden
- PET-Centre, Centre for Medical Imaging; Uppsala University Hospital; SE-75185 Uppsala Sweden
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Sudbrock F, Fischer T, Zimmermanns B, Guliyev M, Dietlein M, Drzezga A, Schomäcker K. Characterization of SnO2-based (68)Ge/ (68)Ga generators and (68)Ga-DOTATATE preparations: radionuclide purity, radiochemical yield and long-term constancy. EJNMMI Res 2014; 4:36. [PMID: 26055937 PMCID: PMC4884004 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-014-0036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the increasing utilization of 68Ge-68Ga radionuclide generators, 68Ga labelled peptides like DOTATATE are receiving more attention in nuclear medicine. On the one hand, the long half-life of the parent nuclide 68Ge is an enormous advantage for routine applications, but the question of the long-term stability of the 68Ge breakthrough arises, which up to now has scarcely been investigated. Method A sum of 123 eluates from four different 68Ge-68Ga generators (iThemba Labs, Faure, South Africa) and 115 samples of the prepared radiopharmaceutical 68Ga-DOTATATE were measured first with a dose calibrator and again after decay of the eluted 68Ga via gamma-ray spectrometry. A complete decay curve was recorded for one sample eluate. A further three eluates were eluted in ten fractions of 0.5 ml in order to obtain detailed information concerning the distribution of the two nuclides within the eluates. The influences of factors such as the amount of DOTATATE, addition of Fe3+ salts and replacement of HEPES buffer with sodium acetate on the radiochemical synthesis were also tested. Results The content of long-lived 68Ge breakthrough increases over the entire period of use to more than 100 ppm. The labelling process with the chelator DOTA removes 68Ge efficiently. The maximum activity found in the residues of the radiopharmaceuticals investigated in this study was below 10 Bq in nearly all cases. In many cases (12% of the labelled substance), the long-lived parent nuclide could not be identified at all. The labelling process is still viable for reduced amounts of the chelator and with acetate buffer. Conclusion Effective doses received by the patient from 68Ge in the injected radiopharmaceutical 68Ga-DOTATATE are lower than 0.1 μSv and are therefore practically negligible, especially when compared with the contribution of the PET radiopharmaceutical itself. Gamma-ray spectrometry as recommended by the European Pharmacopeia is suitable for quantification of radionuclidic impurities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-014-0036-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Sudbrock
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str 62, Cologne, NRW 50937, Germany,
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Eder M, Neels O, Müller M, Bauder-Wüst U, Remde Y, Schäfer M, Hennrich U, Eisenhut M, Afshar-Oromieh A, Haberkorn U, Kopka K. Novel Preclinical and Radiopharmaceutical Aspects of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC: A New PET Tracer for Imaging of Prostate Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2014; 7:779-96. [PMID: 24983957 PMCID: PMC4113732 DOI: 10.3390/ph7070779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of prostate cancer lesions by PET imaging of the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has gained highest clinical impact during the last years. 68Ga-labelled Glu-urea-Lys(Ahx)-HBED-CC ([68Ga]Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC) represents a successful novel PSMA inhibitor radiotracer which has recently demonstrated its suitability in individual first-in-man studies. The radiometal chelator HBED-CC used in this molecule represents a rather rarely used acyclic complexing agent with chemical characteristics favourably influencing the biological functionality of the PSMA inhibitor. The simple replacement of HBED-CC by the prominent radiometal chelator DOTA was shown to dramatically reduce the in vivo imaging quality of the respective 68Ga-labelled PSMA-targeted tracer proving that HBED-CC contributes intrinsically to the PSMA binding of the Glu-urea-Lys(Ahx) pharmacophore. Owing to the obvious growing clinical impact, this work aims to reflect the properties of HBED-CC as acyclic radiometal chelator and presents novel preclinical data and relevant aspects of the radiopharmaceutical production process of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eder
- German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Oliver Neels
- German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Miriam Müller
- German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Bauder-Wüst
- German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Remde
- German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Martin Schäfer
- German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Ute Hennrich
- German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Michael Eisenhut
- German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Ali Afshar-Oromieh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kopka
- German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
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Development of Single Vial Kits for Preparation of 68Ga-Labelled Peptides for PET Imaging of Neuroendocrine Tumours. Mol Imaging Biol 2014; 16:550-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0719-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Asti M, Iori M, Capponi PC, Atti G, Rubagotti S, Martin R, Brennauer A, Müller M, Bergmann R, Erba PA, Versari A. Influence of different chelators on the radiochemical properties of a 68-Gallium labelled bombesin analogue. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 41:24-35. [PMID: 24183610 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The radiolabelled bombesin analogue AMBA shows high potential for diagnosis and treatment of prostate and breast cancer, but the influence of different chelators, which differ in terms of radiochemical reactivity and stability, have not been explored so far. In order to find the best suitable chelator for labelling of AMBA, we synthesized AMBA analogues linked to the most commonly used chelators DOTA, NOTA and NODAGA and compared their reactivity and stability after labelling with 68-Gallium. METHODS For the synthesis of DO3A-, NO2A- and NODAGA-AMBA, a solid-phase synthesis approach was used. The influence of concentration, pH and temperature on the radiolabelling was analysed. The in vitro stability of all complexes in saline, human serum, human whole blood and against transchelation and transmetallation was analysed. RESULTS The peptides were synthesised in high yield and purity. Purity and identity of products and impurities were confirmed using UHPLC coupled to ESI-MS. Radiolabelling of these peptides was optimal at elevated temperature, although room temperature labelling was reported previously for NOTA and NODAGA chelators. The highest reactivity was observed for NODAGA-AMBA. On preparation of NO2A-AMBA, the formation of a by-product was detected with HPLC. More detailed analysis revealed the formation of an isomer with the same mass to charge ratio which led to the conclusion that a coordination isomer was formed. All complexes showed high stability in saline, human serum or when challenged with DTPA, transferrin and varying metals (Fe(3+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+)). Conversely, the stability in human blood was low, and varying metabolites were detected and identified by ESI-MS. CONCLUSION All three precursors are available in high yields suitable for routine production. NODAGA-AMBA showed the most favoured features when labelled with 68-gallium, but a further comparison in vivo should be performed in order to confirm the superior features found in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Asti
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Oncology and Advanced Technologies Department, IRCCS-Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
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