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Boudias M, Gourgiotis A, Montavon G, Cazala C, Pichon V, Delaunay N. 226Ra and 137Cs determination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: state of the art and perspectives including sample pretreatment and separation steps. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2022; 244-245:106812. [PMID: 35042022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.106812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Achieving precise and accurate quantification of radium (226Ra) and cesium (137Cs) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is of particular interest in the field of radiological monitoring and more widely in environmental and biological sciences. However, the accuracy and sensitivity of the quantification depend on the analytical strategy implemented. Eliminating interferences during the sample handling step and/or during the analysis step is critical since presence of matrix elements can lead to spectral and non-spectral interferences in ICP-MS. Consequently, before the ICP-MS analysis, multiple sample preparation approaches have been applied to purify and/or pre-concentrate environmental and biological samples containing radium and cesium through years, such as (co)-precipitation, solid phase extraction (SPE) or dispersive SPE (dSPE). Separation steps using liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis can also be useful in complement with the abovementioned sample preparation techniques. The most attractive sample handling technique remains SPE but efficiency of the extraction procedures is currently limited by sorbent specificity. Indeed, with the recent advances in ICP-MS instrumentation, it becomes indispensable to eliminate residual interferences and improve sensitivity. It is in this direction that it will be possible to meet analytical challenges, e.g. analyzing radium and cesium at concentrations below the pg L-1 range in complex matrices of small volumes, as they are found for instance in pore waters or in biological samples. Development of new innovative sorbents based for example on hybrid and nanostructured materials has been reported with the aim of enhancing sorbent specificity and/or capacity. In the present review, the performances of the different analytical approaches are discussed, followed by an overview of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Boudias
- Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques, Bioanalytiques et Miniaturisation - UMR Chimie Biologie Innovation, CNRS - ESPCI Paris PSL, 75005, Paris, France; Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SEDRE/LELI, Fontenay-aux-Roses, 92260, France
| | - Alkiviadis Gourgiotis
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SEDRE/LELI, Fontenay-aux-Roses, 92260, France.
| | - Gilles Montavon
- Laboratoire SUBATECH, UMR 6457, IN2P3/CNRS/IMT Atlantique/Université de Nantes, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, BP 20722, 44307, Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Charlotte Cazala
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SEDRE/LELI, Fontenay-aux-Roses, 92260, France
| | - Valérie Pichon
- Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques, Bioanalytiques et Miniaturisation - UMR Chimie Biologie Innovation, CNRS - ESPCI Paris PSL, 75005, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Delaunay
- Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques, Bioanalytiques et Miniaturisation - UMR Chimie Biologie Innovation, CNRS - ESPCI Paris PSL, 75005, Paris, France
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2
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Wang W, Evans RD, Newman K, Toms A. Automated separation and measurement of 226Ra and trace metals in freshwater, seawater and fracking water by online ion exchange chromatography coupled with ICP-MS. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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3
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Thakur P, Ward AL, González-Delgado AM. Optimal methods for preparation, separation, and determination of radium isotopes in environmental and biological samples. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2021; 228:106522. [PMID: 33360557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, radium has attracted considerable attention primarily because of the rapid increase in unconventional (fracking) drilling technology in the United States and around the world. One of the major radionuclides of interest in unconventional drilling wastes is radium isotopes (224Ra, 226Ra, 228Ra). To access long-term risks associated with radium isotopes entering into the environment, accurate measurements of radium isotopes in environmental and biological samples are crucial. This article reviews many aspects of radium chemistry, which includes recent developments in radiochemical separations methods, advancements in analytical techniques followed by a more detailed discussion on the recent trends in radium determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punam Thakur
- Carlsbad Environmental Monitoring & Research Center, 1400 University Drive, Carlsbad, NM, 88220, USA.
| | - Anderson L Ward
- U.S. Department of Energy, Carlsbad Field Office, 4021 National Parks Highway, Carlsbad, NM, 88221, USA
| | - Amir M González-Delgado
- Carlsbad Environmental Monitoring & Research Center, 1400 University Drive, Carlsbad, NM, 88220, USA
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Braysher E, Russell B, Collins SM, van Es EM, Shearman R, Molin FD, Read D, Anagnostakis M, Arndt R, Bednár A, Bituh T, Bolivar JP, Cobb J, Dehbi N, Di Pasquale S, Gascó C, Gilligan C, Jovanovič P, Lawton A, Lees AMJ, Lencsés A, Mitchell L, Mitsios I, Petrinec B, Rawcliffe J, Shyti M, Suárez-Navarro JA, Suursoo S, Tóth-Bodrogi E, Vaasma T, Verheyen L, Westmoreland J, de With G. Development of a reference material for analysing naturally occurring radioactive material from the steel industry. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1141:221-229. [PMID: 33248656 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Accurate measurement of naturally occurring radionuclides in blast furnace slag, a by-product of the steel industry, is required for compliance with building regulations where it is often used as an ingredient in cement. A matrix reference blast furnace slag material has been developed to support traceability in these measurements. Raw material provided by a commercial producer underwent stability and homogeneity testing, as well as characterisation of matrix constituents, to provide a final candidate reference material. The radionuclide content was then determined during a comparison exercise that included 23 laboratories from 14 countries. Participants determined the activity per unit mass for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K using a range of techniques. The consensus values obtained from the power-moderated mean of the reported participant results were used as indicative activity per unit mass values for the three radionuclides: A0(226Ra) = 106.3 (34) Bq·kg-1, A0(232Th) = 130.0 (48) Bq·kg-1 and A0(40K) = 161 (11) Bq·kg-1 (where the number in parentheses is the numerical value of the combined standard uncertainty referred to the corresponding last digits of the quoted result). This exercise helps to address the current shortage of NORM industry reference materials, putting in place infrastructure for production of further reference materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Braysher
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK; University of Surrey, Stag Hill, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - B Russell
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - S M Collins
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK; University of Surrey, Stag Hill, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - E M van Es
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - R Shearman
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - F Dal Molin
- CEFAS, Lowestoft, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0HT, UK
| | - D Read
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK; University of Surrey, Stag Hill, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - M Anagnostakis
- Nuclear Engineering Department, National Technical University of Athens, 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - R Arndt
- IAF-Radioökologie GmbH, Wilhelm-Rönsch-Straße 9, 01454, Radeberg, Germany
| | - A Bednár
- RadiÖko Ltd., H-8200, Veszprém, Wartha Vince Str. 1/2, Hungary
| | - T Bituh
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - J P Bolivar
- University of Huelva, Department of Integrated Sciences, Natural Resources, Health and Environment (RENSMA), Campus El Carmen, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - J Cobb
- Jacobs, Renaissance Centre, 601 Faraday Street, Birchwood Park, Warrington, WA3 6GN, UK
| | - N Dehbi
- ASTERALIS (VEOLIA NUCLEAR SOLUTIONS), 556 Chemin de L'Islon, 38670, Chasse sur Rhone, France
| | - S Di Pasquale
- Institute for Radioelements (IRE) - Radioactivity Measurement Laboratory, Avenue de L'Espérance,1, 6220, Fleurus, Belgium
| | - C Gascó
- CIEMAT, Avda de La Complutense 40, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - P Jovanovič
- ZVD D.o.o., Chengdujska Street 25, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - A Lawton
- UK National Nuclear Laboratory, NNL Preston, Springfields, Salwick, Lancashire, PR4 0XJ, UK
| | - A M J Lees
- Cavendish Nuclear Ltd, Greeson Court, Westlakes Science & Technology Park, Moor Row, Cumbria, CA24 3HZ, UK
| | - A Lencsés
- Nuclear Power Plant Paks, Environmental Monitoring Laboratory, 7030, Paks, Kurcsatov Str. 1/D, Hungary
| | - L Mitchell
- Public Health England, Centre Chemical Radiation and Environmental Hazards, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - I Mitsios
- Nuclear Engineering Department, National Technical University of Athens, 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - B Petrinec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - J Rawcliffe
- UK National Nuclear Laboratory, NNL Preston, Springfields, Salwick, Lancashire, PR4 0XJ, UK
| | - M Shyti
- Institute of Applied Nuclear Physics, University of Tirana, Th. Filipeu, Qesarake, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - S Suursoo
- University of Tartu, Institute of Physics, W.Ostwaldi 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - E Tóth-Bodrogi
- Department of Radiochemistry and Radioecology, Bio- Environmental- and Chemical-engineering Research and Development Center, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, H-8200 Veszprém, Egyetem Str. 10., H-8210, Veszprém, POB 1158, Hungary
| | - T Vaasma
- University of Tartu, Institute of Physics, W.Ostwaldi 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - L Verheyen
- SCK CEN, Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | | | - G de With
- Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group, Utrechtseweg 310 - B50-West, 6812, AR ARNHEM, Netherlands
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Yang G, Zheng J, Tagami K, Uchida S, Zhang J, Wang J, Du J. Simple and sensitive determination of radium-226 in river water by single column-chromatographic separation coupled to SF-ICP-MS analysis in medium resolution mode. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 220-221:106305. [PMID: 32560892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a novel and simple method to measure ultra-trace 226Ra in river water samples at fg L-1 (mBq L-1) levels as a means for surveying 226Ra in an unintended contamination in river water. To simplify the procedure, a single column was used for separation and purification; 10 mL of AG 50W-X8 resin was packed into a 10 mL Eppendorf pipette tip, which was used as a separation column. A 500 mL sample solution was loaded, and interfering elements were removed with 80 mL 4 M HCl in 20% ethanol. Subsequently, Ra together with Ba was eluted by 20 mL 5 M HNO3 prior to SF-ICP-MS analysis; this allows the naturally existing Ba in water samples to be employed as a yield tracer for 226Ra analysis. Using the medium mode of SF-ICP-MS, the instrumental detection limit of 380 fg L-1 (10 mBq L-1) was obtained. An extremely low method detection limit of 0.46 fg L-1 (0.02 mBq L-1) was achieved with 500-fold pre-concentration. Finally, the developed technique was applied to analyze natural water samples collected from Japanese rivers, in which the 226Ra concentrations varied in the range of 0.7-49.6 fg L-1 (0.03-1.82 mBq L-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosheng Yang
- Center for Advanced Radiation Emergency Medicine, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Jian Zheng
- Center for Advanced Radiation Emergency Medicine, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan; Biospheric Assessment for Waste Disposal Team, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Keiko Tagami
- Center for Advanced Radiation Emergency Medicine, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan; Biospheric Assessment for Waste Disposal Team, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shigeo Uchida
- Biospheric Assessment for Waste Disposal Team, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Jing Zhang
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Jinlong Wang
- Stake Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jinzhou Du
- Stake Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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Verlinde M, Gorny J, Montavon G, Khalfallah S, Boulet B, Augeray C, Larivière D, Dalencourt C, Gourgiotis A. A new rapid protocol for 226Ra separation and preconcentration in natural water samples using molecular recognition technology for ICP-MS analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2019; 202:1-7. [PMID: 30771696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new rapid protocol for 226Ra separation and preconcentration in natural water samples was developed before its determination by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). For this purpose, the commercially available Ra specific resin AnaLig® Ra-01 was used. This resin shows a high selectivity for radium in a large range of acid concentrations and no affinity or possible elution of 226Ra interfering elements. The distribution coefficients of Ra and other elements over a wide range of acid (HCl and HNO3) concentrations were obtained. Due to the high radium selectivity, the new developed protocol uses only 50 mg of dry resin and its performance was evaluated using 100 mL of three natural waters with different ionic strengths, spiked with a known quantity of 226Ra. Radium was successfully separated and preconcentrated yielding recoveries ranging between 72% and 86%. In parallel with the characterisation of the resin sorption properties, a detailed study of polyatomic interferences was performed on our ICP-MS allowing to identify the prominent elements favouring interferences at m/z = 226. Furthermore, a 226Ra sensitivity comparison between different ICP-MS instruments and configurations was done in order to determine high sensitivity conditions for radium analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Verlinde
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SEDRE/LELI, 31 Avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92260, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - J Gorny
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SEDRE/LELI, 31 Avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92260, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - G Montavon
- SUBATECH, UMR CNRS, 6457 IMT Atlantique/IN2P3/Université de Nantes, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, BP 20722, 44307, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - S Khalfallah
- SUBATECH, UMR CNRS, 6457 IMT Atlantique/IN2P3/Université de Nantes, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, BP 20722, 44307, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - B Boulet
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SAME/LMRE, Bat 501 Bois des Rames, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - C Augeray
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SAME/LERCA, 31 rue de l'Ecluse, 78110, Le Vésinet, France
| | - D Larivière
- Laboratoire de radioécologie, Département de chimie, Université de Laval, 1045 Avenue de la médecine, G1V 0A6, Québec, Canada
| | - C Dalencourt
- Laboratoire de radioécologie, Département de chimie, Université de Laval, 1045 Avenue de la médecine, G1V 0A6, Québec, Canada
| | - A Gourgiotis
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SEDRE/LELI, 31 Avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92260, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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Wærsted FM, Jensen KA, Reinoso-Maset E, Skipperud L. High Throughput, Direct Determination of 226Ra in Water and Digested Geological Samples. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12246-12252. [PMID: 30280885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed for direct measurements of 226Ra in water samples with triple quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-QQQ). The limit of detection was 0.42 pg L-1 226Ra (15 mBq L-1, 0.42 pCi L-1), which is compliant with the specifications for methods used for routine analysis of drinking water quality according to European and U.S. regulations. The use of N2O as reaction gas ensured that no separation before analysis was necessary. Water samples with high total dissolved solids (conductivity >100 mS cm-1) were also successfully analyzed after a simple dilution, yet the associated detection limit was higher (17 pg L-1, 0.61 Bq L-1, 16 pCi L-1). 226Ra content in soil and rock samples was determined with the same method after acid (HNO3 + H3PO4) digestion and dilution, resulting in a limit of detection of 0.75 ng kg-1 (27 Bq kg-1, 0.74 nCi L-1). Analysis of water samples was achieved within 2 min on a running instrument, while the preparation and analysis of 15 geological samples can be completed in 3 h. The key advantages of this direct analysis method are short preparation time, low labor intensity, low sample input (2 mL for water samples, 0.2 g for geological material), high sample throughput (2 min sample to sample, >150 samples measured in 8 h), and use of standard ICP-QQQ hardware. Overall, the proposed method offers a new opportunity for measuring a large number of samples with minimal effort and, in turn, for improving emergency preparedness, environmental monitoring, and data collection for environmental modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Wærsted
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management , Norwegian University of Life Sciences , P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås , Norway
| | - K A Jensen
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management , Norwegian University of Life Sciences , P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås , Norway
| | - E Reinoso-Maset
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management , Norwegian University of Life Sciences , P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås , Norway
| | - L Skipperud
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management , Norwegian University of Life Sciences , P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås , Norway
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8
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Miranda MG, Russell B, Ivanov P. Measurement of 151Sm in nuclear decommissioning samples by ICP-MS/MS. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-5764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Determination of 226Ra in solid samples of few milligrams after mineralisation and measurement by solid scintillation. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-017-5399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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The behaviour of 226Ra in high-volume environmental water samples on TK100 resin. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2017; 312:105-110. [PMID: 28366971 PMCID: PMC5357471 DOI: 10.1007/s10967-017-5203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Accurate, low-level measurement of 226Ra in high volume water samples requires rapid pre-concentration and robust separation techniques prior to measurement in order to comply with discharge limits and drinking water regulations. This study characterises the behaviour of 226Ra and interfering elements on recently developed TK100 (Triskem International) extraction chromatography resin. Distribution coefficients over a range of acid concentrations are given, along with an optimised procedure that shows rapid pre-concentration and separation of 226Ra on TK100 resin is achievable for high volume (1 L) water samples without the need for sample pre-treatment.
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