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Park SO, Uyangaa E, Lee YK, Yun SH, Yu M, Kim HJ, Cho HW, Byeon HW, Lee CK, Eo SK. Exploring the Preventive Potential of Solubilized Sturgeon Oil on Acute Infection with Respiratory Viruses. Mar Drugs 2025; 23:112. [PMID: 40137298 PMCID: PMC11943521 DOI: 10.3390/md23030112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2025] [Accepted: 02/25/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory viral infections (ARIs) represent a significant global health challenge, contributing heavily to worldwide morbidity and mortality rates. Recent efforts to combat ARIs have focused on developing nasal spray formulations that effectively target the nasal mucosa. However, challenges such as irritation, discomfort, and safety concerns highlight the need for natural, eco-friendly ingredients. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of solubilized sturgeon oil (SSO), prepared as an oil-in-water nanoemulsion from Siberian sturgeon, as an eco-friendly preventive nasal spray agent against ARIs. Intranasal pre-treatment with SSO effectively inhibited respiratory infections caused by SARS-CoV-2, influenza A virus (IAV), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Additionally, it suppressed viral replication in both nasal and lung tissues. This antiviral effect was linked to reduced pulmonary inflammation, characterized by decreased infiltration of Ly-6C+ monocytes and Ly-6G+ neutrophils, along with lower pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Histopathological analyses confirmed that nasal SSO administration significantly mitigated lung inflammation progression caused by viral infections. Notably, the protective effects of SSO against SARS-CoV-2, IAV, and RSV persisted for at least six hours following nasal application. These findings highlight SSO as a promising eco-friendly and safe candidate for nasal spray formulations, providing a potential frontline defense against ARIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Ok Park
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, and Core Facility Center for Zoonosis Research (Core-FCZR), College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; (S.O.P.); (E.U.); (S.-H.Y.); (M.Y.); (H.J.K.); (H.W.C.); (H.W.B.)
| | - Erdenebileg Uyangaa
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, and Core Facility Center for Zoonosis Research (Core-FCZR), College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; (S.O.P.); (E.U.); (S.-H.Y.); (M.Y.); (H.J.K.); (H.W.C.); (H.W.B.)
| | - Yong-Kwang Lee
- BIO R&D Center, Sturgeon Bio Ltd., Co., Cheongju 28581, Republic of Korea; (Y.-K.L.); (C.-K.L.)
| | - Suk-Hyun Yun
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, and Core Facility Center for Zoonosis Research (Core-FCZR), College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; (S.O.P.); (E.U.); (S.-H.Y.); (M.Y.); (H.J.K.); (H.W.C.); (H.W.B.)
| | - Minyeong Yu
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, and Core Facility Center for Zoonosis Research (Core-FCZR), College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; (S.O.P.); (E.U.); (S.-H.Y.); (M.Y.); (H.J.K.); (H.W.C.); (H.W.B.)
| | - Hyo Jin Kim
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, and Core Facility Center for Zoonosis Research (Core-FCZR), College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; (S.O.P.); (E.U.); (S.-H.Y.); (M.Y.); (H.J.K.); (H.W.C.); (H.W.B.)
| | - Hye Won Cho
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, and Core Facility Center for Zoonosis Research (Core-FCZR), College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; (S.O.P.); (E.U.); (S.-H.Y.); (M.Y.); (H.J.K.); (H.W.C.); (H.W.B.)
| | - Hee Won Byeon
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, and Core Facility Center for Zoonosis Research (Core-FCZR), College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; (S.O.P.); (E.U.); (S.-H.Y.); (M.Y.); (H.J.K.); (H.W.C.); (H.W.B.)
| | - Chong-Kil Lee
- BIO R&D Center, Sturgeon Bio Ltd., Co., Cheongju 28581, Republic of Korea; (Y.-K.L.); (C.-K.L.)
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, and Core Facility Center for Zoonosis Research (Core-FCZR), College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; (S.O.P.); (E.U.); (S.-H.Y.); (M.Y.); (H.J.K.); (H.W.C.); (H.W.B.)
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Du S, Liu X, Hu X, Zhan P. Viral Protein Dimerization Quality Control: A Design Strategy for a Potential Viral Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2024; 67:16951-16966. [PMID: 39303015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
The global pharmaceutical market has been profoundly impacted by the coronavirus pandemic, leading to an increased demand for specific drugs. Consequently, drug resistance has prompted continuous innovation in drug design strategies to effectively combat resistant pathogens or disease variants. Protein dimers play crucial roles in vivo, including catalytic reactions, signal transduction, and structural stability. The site of action for protein dimerization modulators typically does not reside within the active site of the protein, thereby potentially impeding resistance development. Therefore, harnessing viral protein dimerization modulators could represent a promising avenue for combating viral infections. In this Perspective, we provide a detailed introduction to the design principles and applications of dimerization modulators in antiviral research. Furthermore, we analyze various representative examples to elucidate their modes of action while presenting our perspective on dimerization modulators along with the opportunities and challenges associated with this groundbreaking area of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing Du
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Xueping Hu
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
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Al Adem K, Ferreira J, Villanueva A, Fadl S, El-Sadaany F, Masmoudi I, Gidiya Y, Gurudza T, Cardoso T, Saksena N, Rabeh W. 3-chymotrypsin-like protease in SARS-CoV-2. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20231395. [PMID: 39036877 PMCID: PMC11300678 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20231395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses constitute a significant threat to the human population. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, SARS-CoV-2, is a highly pathogenic human coronavirus that has caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. It has led to a global viral outbreak with an exceptional spread and a high death toll, highlighting the need for effective antiviral strategies. 3-Chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), the main protease in SARS-CoV-2, plays an indispensable role in the SARS-CoV-2 viral life cycle by cleaving the viral polyprotein to produce 11 individual non-structural proteins necessary for viral replication. 3CLpro is one of two proteases that function to produce new viral particles. It is a highly conserved cysteine protease with identical structural folds in all known human coronaviruses. Inhibitors binding with high affinity to 3CLpro will prevent the cleavage of viral polyproteins, thus impeding viral replication. Multiple strategies have been implemented to screen for inhibitors against 3CLpro, including peptide-like and small molecule inhibitors that covalently and non-covalently bind the active site, respectively. In addition, allosteric sites of 3CLpro have been identified to screen for small molecules that could make non-competitive inhibitors of 3CLpro. In essence, this review serves as a comprehensive guide to understanding the structural intricacies and functional dynamics of 3CLpro, emphasizing key findings that elucidate its role as the main protease of SARS-CoV-2. Notably, the review is a critical resource in recognizing the advancements in identifying and developing 3CLpro inhibitors as effective antiviral strategies against COVID-19, some of which are already approved for clinical use in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenana Al Adem
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Juliana C. Ferreira
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Adrian J. Villanueva
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samar Fadl
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Farah El-Sadaany
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Imen Masmoudi
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yugmee Gidiya
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tariro Gurudza
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Thyago H.S. Cardoso
- OMICS Centre of Excellence, G42 Healthcare, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nitin K. Saksena
- Victoria University, Footscray Campus, Melbourne, VIC. Australia
| | - Wael M. Rabeh
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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