1
|
Carnicero B, Fuentes R, Sanhueza N, Mattos H, Aguirre-Campos C, Contreras D, Troncoso E, Henríquez JP, Boltaña S. Sublethal neurotoxicity of saxitoxin in early zebrafish development: Impact on sensorimotor function and neurotransmission systems. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27874. [PMID: 38545180 PMCID: PMC10966597 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX) represents a marine toxin of significant concern due to its deleterious implications for aquatic ecosystems and public food safety. As a potent paralytic agent, the role of STX in obstructing voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) is well-characterized. Yet, the mechanistic details underlying its low-dose toxicity remain largely enigmatic. In the current study, zebrafish embryos and larvae were subjected to subchronic exposure of graded STX concentrations (0, 1, 10, and 100 μg/L) until the 7th day post-fertilization. A tactile stimulus-based assay was employed to evaluate potential behavioral perturbations resulting from STX exposure. Both behavioral and transcription level analyses unveiled a compromised tactile response, which was found to be associated with a notable upregulation in the mRNA of two distinct VGSC isoforms, specifically the scn8aa/ab and scn1Laa/ab transcripts, even at the minimal STX dose. Notably, exposure to this lowest STX concentration also resulted in alterations in the transcriptional patterns of pivotal genes for cholinergic and GABAergic pathways, including ache and gabra1. Furthermore, STX induced a marked decrease in the levels of the neurotransmitter GABA. Our findings underscore that prolonged low-dose STX exposure during early development can significantly compromise the tactile response behavior in zebrafish. This study reveals that chronic low-dose STX exposure of developing zebrafish alters neurotransmission pathways that converge on altered tactile behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Carnicero
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Departamento de Oceanografía, Centro de Biotecnología, ThermoFish Lab, Universidad de Concepción, 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ricardo Fuentes
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Nataly Sanhueza
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Departamento de Oceanografía, Centro de Biotecnología, ThermoFish Lab, Universidad de Concepción, 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - Humberto Mattos
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Departamento de Oceanografía, Centro de Biotecnología, ThermoFish Lab, Universidad de Concepción, 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - Constanza Aguirre-Campos
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - David Contreras
- Biotechnology Center, Renewable Resources Laboratory, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, 4030000, Chile
| | - Eduardo Troncoso
- Biotechnology Center, Renewable Resources Laboratory, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, 4030000, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Henríquez
- Neuromuscular Studies Lab (NeSt Lab), Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Sebastián Boltaña
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Departamento de Oceanografía, Centro de Biotecnología, ThermoFish Lab, Universidad de Concepción, 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Beltrán-Solís K, García-Mendoza E, Sánchez-Serrano S, López LM. Domoic acid affects brain morphology and causes behavioral alterations in two fish species. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21729. [PMID: 38066055 PMCID: PMC10709449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) produces neurotoxic damage in seabirds and marine mammals when they are exposed to this potent neurotoxin. Other vertebrates are also susceptible to DA intoxication including humans. However, neurobehavioral affectations have not been detected in fish when naturally exposed to DA but only when it is administered intraperitoneally. Therefore, the current idea is that fish are less sensitive to DA acquired under ecologically relevant routes of exposure. Here, we show that oral consumption of DA induces neurobehavioral and histopathological alterations in the brain and heart of totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) and striped bass (Morone saxatilis). Lesions were found in both species in the optic tectum and cerebellum after exposure for 7 days to a diet containing 0.776 µgDA g-1. The affectations prevailed chronically. Also, we found that cardiac tissue exhibits lesions and focal atrium melanism. Although affectations of the brain and heart tissue were evident, excitotoxic signs like those described for other vertebrates were not observed. However, the use of standardized behavioral tests (dark/light and antipredator avoidance tests) permitted the detection of behavioral impairment of fish after DA exposure. Pathological and associated behavioral alterations produced by DA can have relevant physiological consequences but also important ecological implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kassandra Beltrán-Solís
- Posgrado en Ecología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California (CICESE), Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Ernesto García-Mendoza
- Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California (CICESE), Ensenada, Mexico.
| | - Samuel Sánchez-Serrano
- Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Baja California, Mexico
| | - Lus M López
- Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Baja California, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bouquet A, Perdrau MA, Laabir M, Foucault E, Chomérat N, Rolland JL, Abadie E. Liza ramada Juveniles after Exposure to the Toxic Dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum: Effects on Fish Viability, Tissue Contamination and Microalgae Survival after Gut Passage. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060401. [PMID: 35737062 PMCID: PMC9229845 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pinnatoxins (PnTX) and Portimines (Prtn), two toxins produced by the benthic dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum, are known to be lethal to mice after intraperitoneal or oral administration. They are also known to accumulate in shellfish such as mussels and clams, but their effect on fish and the upper food chain remains unknown. In this work, juveniles of the fish Liza ramada (Mullet) were exposed to a strain of V. rugosum producing PnTX G and Prtn A. The fishes’ viability and contamination were recorded at times interval. Results showed that L. ramada juveniles were able to feed on V. rugosum and that their tissues could be contaminated by PnTX G and Prtn A without impact on fish viability. Furthermore, the microalgae temporary cysts survived and germinated after fish gut passage. This study showed the potential of L. ramada to transfer PnTX and Prtn toxins to the upper food chain and to disseminate V. rugosum in environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Bouquet
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 87 Avenue Jean Monnet, 34200 Sète, France; (M.A.P.); (E.F.); (E.A.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (J.L.R.)
| | - Marie Anaïs Perdrau
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 87 Avenue Jean Monnet, 34200 Sète, France; (M.A.P.); (E.F.); (E.A.)
| | - Mohamed Laabir
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France;
| | - Elodie Foucault
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 87 Avenue Jean Monnet, 34200 Sète, France; (M.A.P.); (E.F.); (E.A.)
| | - Nicolas Chomérat
- IFREMER, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, 29900 Concarneau, France;
| | - Jean Luc Rolland
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 87 Avenue Jean Monnet, 34200 Sète, France; (M.A.P.); (E.F.); (E.A.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (J.L.R.)
| | - Eric Abadie
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 87 Avenue Jean Monnet, 34200 Sète, France; (M.A.P.); (E.F.); (E.A.)
- IFREMER, Biodivenv, 79 Route de Pointe Fort, 97231 Martinique, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Haque MN, Nam SE, Han YS, Park HS, Rhee JS. Chronic exposure to sublethal concentrations of saxitoxin reduces antioxidant activity and immunity in zebrafish but does not affect reproductive parameters. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 243:106070. [PMID: 34974311 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.106070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Saxitoxin produced by dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria can be transferred to humans through intoxicated organisms such as fish, but limited research has addressed the adverse effects of this toxin on aquatic organisms. In this study, we measured the potential effects of a 90-day exposure to saxitoxin (0.1 or 1 µg·L - 1) on body weight and length, antioxidant defense system, immunity, sex hormones, and genes involved in associated key metabolic pathways in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Significant impairments in body weight and length were observed in response to 1 µg·L - 1 saxitoxin in both male and female zebrafish. A significant increase in the levels of malondialdehyde, together with decreased enzymatic activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase, was observed in fish of both sexes exposed to 1 µg·L - 1 saxitoxin, indicating the occurrence of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. Immune parameters such as alternative complement activity, lysozyme activity, and immunoglobulin content were also significantly reduced. However, exposure of male and female zebrafish to saxitoxin for 90 days did not significantly affect reproductive parameters such as the gonadosomatic index and plasma concentrations of vitellogenin, estradiol, and 11-keto testosterone. Transcriptional responses showed similar trends to those of the biochemical parameters, as genes involved in the antioxidant defense system and immunity were downregulated, whereas the transcription of genes related to reproductive metabolism showed no significant change upon treatment with 1 µg·L - 1 saxitoxin. Our findings indicate that long-term exposure to a sublethal concentration of saxitoxin can inhibit growth through induction of oxidative stress and immunosuppression, while the reproductive parameters of zebrafish are not a main target of this toxin at sublethal concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Niamul Haque
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Nam
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seok Han
- Neo Environmental Business Co., Bucheon 14523, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Sook Park
- Department of Song-Do Bio-Environmental Engineering, Incheon Jaeneung University, Incheon 22573, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Sung Rhee
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; Yellow Sea Research Institute, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Painefilú JC, Bianchi VA, Krock B, De Anna JS, Kristoff G, Luquet CM. Effects of paralytic shellfish toxins on the middle intestine of Oncorhynchus mykiss: Glutathione metabolism, oxidative status, lysosomal function and ATP-binding cassette class C (ABCC) proteins activity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 204:111069. [PMID: 32758696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We studied the absorption, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress markers of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST) from three extracts from Alexandrium catenella and A. ostenfeldii, in middle Oncorhynchus mykiss intestine in vitro and ex vivo preparations. We measured glutathione (GSH) content, glutathione-S transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase (CAT) enzymatic activity, and lipid peroxidation in isolated epithelium exposed to 0.13 and 1.3 μM PST. ROS production and lysosomal membrane stability (as neutral red retention time 50%, NRRT50) were analyzed in isolated enterocytes exposed to PST alone or plus 3 μM of the ABCC transport inhibitor MK571. In addition, the concentration-dependent effects of PST on NRRT50 were assayed in a concentration range from 0 to 1.3 μM PST. We studied the effects of three different PST extracts on the transport rate of the ABCC substrate DNP-SG by isolated epithelium. The extract with highest inhibition capacity was selected for studying polarized DNP-SG transport in everted and non-everted intestinal segments. We registered lower GSH content and GST activity, and higher GR activity, with no significant changes in CAT activity, lipid peroxidation or ROS level. PST exposure decreased NRRT50 in a concentration-depend manner (IC50 = 0.0045 μM), but PST effects were not augmented by addition of MK571. All the three PST extracts inhibited ABCC transport activity, but this inhibition was effective only when the toxins were applied to the apical side of the intestine and DNP-SG transport was measured at the basolateral side. Our results indicate that PST are absorbed by the enterocytes from the intestine lumen. Inside the enterocytes, these toxins decrease GSH content and inhibit the basolateral ABCC transporters affecting the normal functions of the cell. Furthermore, PST produce a strong cytotoxic effect to the enterocytes by damaging the lysosomal membrane, even at low, non-neurotoxic concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Painefilú
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, Subsede INIBIOMA-CEAN (CONICET-UNCo), ruta provincial 61, km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Virginia A Bianchi
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, Subsede INIBIOMA-CEAN (CONICET-UNCo), ruta provincial 61, km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Bernd Krock
- Ökologische Chemie, Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Julieta S De Anna
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, Subsede INIBIOMA-CEAN (CONICET-UNCo), ruta provincial 61, km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Gisela Kristoff
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática Invertebrados Nativos, Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIBICEN (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes, 2160, CABA, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes, 2160, CABA, Argentina
| | - Carlos M Luquet
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, Subsede INIBIOMA-CEAN (CONICET-UNCo), ruta provincial 61, km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371, Neuquén, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang D, Tang J, Zhang J, Zhang DL, Hu CX. Responses of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in zebrafish liver exposed to sublethal doses of Aphanizomenon flosaquae DC-1 aphantoxins. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 215:105269. [PMID: 31408752 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Blooms of the dominant cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flosaquae are frequently encountered in natural waters, and their secretion of neurotoxic paralytic shellfish toxins called aphantoxins threatens environmental safety and human health worldwide. The liver is the primary detoxification organ in animals, and its pro- and anti-inflammatory responses are important functions in the detoxification of toxins. Therefore, we investigated the response of these inflammatory factors to aphantoxins in the liver of zebrafish (Danio rerio). A. flosaquae DC-1 was sampled during blooms in Dianchi Lake, China and cultured, and the toxin was extracted and analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography. The primary constituents were gonyautoxins 1 (34.04%) and 5 (21.28%) and neosaxitoxin (12.77%). Zebrafish were injected intraperitoneally with 5.3 μg (low dose) or 7.61 μg (high dose) of saxitoxin equivalents [equivalents (eq.)]/kg body weight of A. flosaquae DC-1 aphantoxins. Hyperemia, the hepatosomatic index (HSI), and physiological and molecular responses of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the zebrafish liver were investigated at different time points 1-24 h post-exposure. Aphantoxins significantly enhanced hepatic hyperemia and altered the HSI 3-24 h post-exposure, suggesting that inflammation caused morphological changes. Subsequent investigations using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-8 and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor β were higher in the liver of zebrafish exposed to aphantoxins, which indicated physiological inflammatory responses. Further analysis by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated upregulated mRNA expression of these cytokines, suggesting molecular inflammatory responses in the zebrafish liver. These changes showed dose- and time-dependent patterns. These results indicated that aphantoxins induced hyperemia and altered the HSI, and subsequently increased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 to induce physiological inflammatory responses. These changes activated the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β to suppress inflammatory damage. The induced changes were the result of upregulated mRNA expression of these inflammatory cytokines caused by aphantoxins. Aphantoxins resulted in hepatic immunotoxicity and response by inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Zebrafish liver in turn suppressed the inflammatory damage by upregulating the activities of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In the future, these pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the zebrafish liver may be prove to be useful biomarkers of aphantoxins and blooms in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, People's Hospital of Dongxihu District, Wuhan, 430040, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - De Lu Zhang
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Chun Xiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Calado SLDM, Santos GS, Wojciechowski J, Magalhães VFD, Silva de Assis HC. The accumulation dynamics, elimination and risk assessment of paralytic shellfish toxins in fish from a water supply reservoir. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:3222-3229. [PMID: 30463170 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish Toxins (PSTs) or saxitoxins are neurotoxins that block the neural transmission by binding to the voltage-gated sodium channels in the nerve cells. There are >50 analogues described, which could be biotransformed into a molecular form of greater or lesser toxicity. The Alagados Reservoir is used for water supply, and persistent cyanobacterial blooms as well as PSTs concentrations have been found in this water body since 2002. The aims of this study were to quantify the concentrations of PSTs in the water and fish samples from the Alagados Reservoir. In addition, we evaluated the elimination of PSTs for 90 days in fish and estimated the potential risk to human health. Water and fish samples were collected from the reservoir. For the water samples the phytoplankton and chemical analyses were carried out. Fish were divided into two sample times: Field Samples (FS) and Elimination Experiment Samples (EES), which were maintained for 90 days in filtered and dechlorinated water. For chemical analysis, the muscles of FS were collected on the fish sampling day and the muscles and feces of EES were collected at 7, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days. PSTs concentrations were present in water and fish samples, and they were estimated as a potential risk to humans; mainly for children. In addition, toxins were accumulated, biotransformed to other analogues and excreted by the fish. However, after 90 days, the toxins were still present in the water and fish muscle. Therefore, PSTs can remain for a long period in water, and fish can be a carrier of these neurotoxins. New approaches of monitoring and management are necessary in the actual global context of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Loise de Morais Calado
- Ecology and Conservation Program Post-Graduation - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Box 19031, 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Souza Santos
- Ecology and Conservation Program Post-Graduation - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Box 19031, 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Wojciechowski
- Ecology and Conservation Program Post-Graduation - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Box 19031, 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Valéria Freitas de Magalhães
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Box 21941-902, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Effects of acute waterborne exposure to harmful algal toxin domoic acid on foraging and swimming behaviours of fish early stages. Toxicon 2018; 156:66-71. [PMID: 30448286 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is a neurotoxin naturally produced by Pseudo-nitzschia diatoms that may be transferred through the marine food web and cause mass mortality events at higher trophic levels. Yet, the effects of the dissolved marine toxin on foraging responses and swimming performances of fish early stages are poorly known. Here we evaluated the effects of short-term exposure (24 h) to a single dose of domoic acid (136 μg DA L-1) on larvae (15-20 days post-hatch) of three commercially important fish species (the sea breams Diplodus sargus and Sparus aurata and the meagre Argyrosomus regius). Although DA exposure did not elicit significant effects on larval survival (p > 0.05) and swimming performance (p > 0.05), the toxin significantly affected the fish capture success (p < 0.001). Our findings suggest that toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms may compromise fish early stages, in particular larvae feeding behaviours, leading to complications in the development and increasing fish vulnerability and mortality.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lopes KC, Ferrão-Filho ADS, dos Santos EG, Cunha RA, Santos CP. Effects of crude extracts of a saxitoxin-producer strain of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii on the swimming behavior of wild and laboratory reared guppy Poecilia vivipara. Toxicon 2017; 129:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
10
|
Zhang D, Liu S, Zhang J, Zhang JK, Hu C, Liu Y. In vivo effects of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae DC-1 aphantoxins on gas exchange and ion equilibrium in the zebrafish gill. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 177:484-493. [PMID: 27424100 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aphantoxins, neurotoxins or paralytic shellfish poisons (PSPs) generated by Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, are a threat to environmental safety and human health in eutrophic waters worldwide. The molecular mechanisms of neurotoxin function have been studied; however, the effects of these neurotoxins on oxidative stress, ion transport, gas exchange, and branchial ultrastructure in fish gills are not fully understood. Aphantoxins extracted from A. flos-aquae DC-1 were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography. The major ingredients were gonyautoxins 1 and 5 and neosaxitoxin, which comprised 34.04%, 21.28%, and 12.77% of the total, respectively. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) were administered A. flos-aquae DC-1 aphantoxins at 5.3 or 7.61μg saxitoxin equivalents (eq)/kg (low and high doses, respectively) by intraperitoneal injection. The activities of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase (NKA), carbonic anhydrase (CA), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ultrastructural alterations in chloride and epithelial cells, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC) were investigated in the gills during the first 24h after exposure. Aphantoxins significantly increased the level of ROS and decreased the T-AOC in zebrafish gills from 3 to 12h post-exposure, suggesting an induction of oxidative stress and inhibition of antioxidant capacity. Reduced activities of NKA and CA demonstrated abnormal ion transport and gas exchange in the gills of aphantoxin-treated fish. Toxin administration also resulted in increased LDH activity and ultrastructural alterations in chloride and epithelial cells, suggesting a disruption of function and structure in zebrafish gills. The observed abnormalities in zebrafish gills occurred in a time- and dose-dependent manner. These findings demonstrate that aphantoxins or PSPs may inhibit ion transport and gas exchange, increase LDH activity, and result in ultrastructural damage to the gills through elevations in oxidative stress and reduced antioxidant capacity. These effects of aphantoxins in the gills of zebrafish suggest an induction of respiratory toxicity. The parameters investigated in this study may be also considered as biomarkers for studying aphantoxin/PSP exposure and cyanobacterial blooms in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delu Zhang
- Department of Lifescience and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Siyi Liu
- Department of Lifescience and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Jian Kong Zhang
- Department of Lifescience and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Chunxiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Yongding Liu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang DL, Liu SY, Zhang J, Zhang JK, Hu CX, Liu YD. Respiratory toxicity of cyanobacterial aphantoxins from Aphanizomenon flos-aquae DC-1 in the zebrafish gill. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 176:106-115. [PMID: 27130970 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aphantoxins from Aphanizomenon flos-aquae are frequently identified in eutrophic waterbodies worldwide. These toxins severely endanger environmental safety and human health due to the production of paralytic shellfish poisons (PSPs). Although the molecular mechanisms of aphantoxin neurotoxicity have been studied, many questions remain to be resolved such as in vivo alterations in branchial histology and neurotransmitter inactivation induced by these neurotoxins. Aphantoxins extracted from a naturally isolated strain of A. flos-aquae DC-1 were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The basic components of the isolated aphantoxins identified were gonyautoxin 1 (GTX1), gonyautoxin 5 (GTX5), and neosaxitoxin (neoSTX), which comprised 34.04, 21.28, and 12.77% of the total, respectively. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) was administrated 5.3 or 7.61mg STX equivalents (eq)/kg (low and high doses, respectively) of the A. flos-aquae DC-1 aphantoxins by intraperitoneal injection. Histological alterations and changes in neurotransmitter inactivation in the gills of zebrafish were investigated for 24h following exposure. Aphantoxin exposure significantly increased the activities of gill alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and resulted in histological alterations in the gills during the first 12h of exposure, indicating the induction of functional and structural damage. Gill acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities were inhibited significantly, suggesting an alteration of neurotransmitter inactivation in zebrafish gills. The observed alterations in gill structure and function followed a time- and dose-dependent pattern. The results demonstrate that aphantoxins or PSPs lead to structural damage and altered function in the gills of zebrafish, including changes in histological structure and increases in the activities of AST and ALT. The inhibition of the activities of AChE and MAO suggest that aphantoxins or PSPs could induce respiratory toxicity in the zebrafish gill. Furthermore, these parameters may be used as bioindicators for investigating aphantoxin exposure and cyanobacterial blooms in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De Lu Zhang
- Department of Lifescience and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Si Yi Liu
- Department of Lifescience and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Jian Kun Zhang
- Department of Lifescience and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Chun Xiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Yong Ding Liu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang DL, Liu SY, Zhang J, Hu CX, Li DH, Liu YD. Antioxidative responses in zebrafish liver exposed to sublethal doses Aphanizomenon flos-aquae DC-1 aphantoxins. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 113:425-432. [PMID: 25544652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae secretes paralytic shellfish poisons (PSPs), termed aphantoxins, and endangers environmental and human health via eutrophication of water worldwide. Although the molecular mechanism of neuronal PSP toxicity has been well studied, several issues remain unresolved, notably the in vivo hepatic antioxidative responses to this neurotoxin. Aphantoxins extracted from a natural isolate of A. flos-aquae DC-1 were resolved by high performance liquid chromatography. The primary components were gonyautoxins 1 and 5 and neosaxitoxin. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) were treated intraperitoneally with either 5.3 or 7.61 (low and high doses, respectively) μg saxitoxin (STX) equivalents (eq)/kg of A. flos-aquae DC-1 aphantoxins. Antioxidative responses in zebrafish liver were examined at different timepoints 1-24h post-exposure. Aphantoxin administration significantly enhanced hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content 1-12h post-exposure, indicative of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. By contrast, levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) in zebrafish liver declined significantly after 3-24h exposure, suggesting that GSH participates in MDA metabolism. A significant upregulation of the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was observed, suggesting that aphantoxins induce lipid peroxidation in zebrafish liver and are likely to be hepatotoxic. Hepatic levels of MDA and GSH, and of the three enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx), therefore provide potential biomarkers for studying environmental exposure to aphantoxins/PSPs from cyanobacterial blooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De Lu Zhang
- Department of Lifescience and Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Si Yi Liu
- Department of Lifescience and Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Chun Xiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Dun Hai Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Yong Ding Liu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang DL, Zhang J, Hu CX, Wang GH, Li DH, Liu YD. Morphological alterations and acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase inhibition in liver of zebrafish exposed to Aphanizomenon flos-aquae DC-1 aphantoxins. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 157:215-224. [PMID: 25456236 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae is a cyanobacterium that produces neurotoxins or paralytic shellfish poisons (PSPs) called aphantoxins, which present threats to environmental safety and human health via eutrophication of water bodies worldwide. Although the molecular mechanisms of this neurotoxin have been studied, many questions remain unsolved, including those relating to in vivo hepatic neurotransmitter inactivation, physiological detoxification and histological and ultrastructural alterations. Aphantoxins extracted from the natural strain of A. flos-aquae DC-1 were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The main components were gonyautoxins 1 and 5 (GTX1, GTX5) and neosaxitoxin (neoSTX), which comprised 34.04%, 21.28%, and 12.77% respectively. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed intraperitoneally to 5.3 or 7.61 μg STX equivalents (eq)/kg (low and high doses, respectively) of A. flos-aquae DC-1 aphantoxins. Morphological alterations and changes in neurotransmitter conduction functions of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) in zebrafish liver were detected at different time points 1-24h post-exposure. Aphantoxin significantly enhanced hepatic alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities and histological and ultrastructural damage in zebrafish liver at 3-12 h post-exposure. Toxin exposure increased the reactive oxygen species content and reduced total antioxidative capacity in zebrafish liver, suggesting oxidative stress. AChE and MAO activities were significantly inhibited, suggesting neurotransmitter inactivation/conduction function abnormalities in zebrafish liver. All alterations were dose- and time-dependent. Overall, the results indicate that aphantoxins/PSPs induce oxidative stress through inhibition of AChE and MAO activities, leading to neurotoxicity in zebrafish liver. The above parameters may be useful as bioindicators for investigating aphantoxins/PSPs and cyanobacterial blooms in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De Lu Zhang
- Department of Lifescience and Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Chun Xiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Gao Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Dun Hai Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Yong Ding Liu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Øverli Ø, Nordgreen J, Mejdell CM, Janczak AM, Kittilsen S, Johansen IB, Horsberg TE. Ectoparasitic sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) affect behavior and brain serotonergic activity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): Perspectives on animal welfare. Physiol Behav 2014; 132:44-50. [PMID: 24792663 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Scientific research and public debate on the welfare of animals in human custody is increasing at present. Fish are in this context mentioned with particular attention to the high numbers of individuals reared in aquaculture. Research on fish has also contributed to the understanding of individual variation in the ability to cope with stress and disease. One mediator of such variation is the brain serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system, which conveys physiological and behavioral responses to stress and sub-optimal rearing conditions. Here we study links between the 5-HT response, melanin-based skin pigmentation, and behavior in laboratory-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) experimentally infested with ectoparasitic sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). Lice numbers were more variable in less pigmented fish, while the neurochemical response to ectoparastic lice-increased levels of the main 5-HT catabolite 5-HIAA in the brain stem-did not differ between pigmentation groups. A strong depression of growth and locomotor activity was seen in all infested fish but less pigmented fish grew better than fish with more skin melanization regardless of infestation status. The observed combination of neurochemical and behavioral effects clearly suggest that animal welfare concerns can be added to the list of negative effects of ectoparasitic sea lice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Øverli
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway.
| | - Janicke Nordgreen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cecilie M Mejdell
- Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrew M Janczak
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Silje Kittilsen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | | | - Tor E Horsberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nordgreen J, Tahamtani FM, Janczak AM, Horsberg TE. Behavioural effects of the commonly used fish anaesthetic tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) and its relevance for the acetic acid pain test. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92116. [PMID: 24658262 PMCID: PMC3962382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The pros and cons of using anaesthesia when handling fish in connection with experiments are debated. A widely adopted practice is to wait thirty minutes after anaesthesia before behavioural observations are initiated, but information about immediate effects of a treatment is then lost. This is pertinent for responses to acute stressors, such as acid injection in the acetic acid pain test. However, omission of anaesthetics in order to obtain data on immediate responses will compromise the welfare of fish and contribute to experimental noise due to stress. We therefore tested the effect of tricaine methanesulfonate on the behaviour of zebrafish. We predicted that tricaine (MS 222) would decrease swimming velocity and that the control fish would show an increased level of anxiety- and stress-related behaviours compared to the tricaine group. Following acclimatization to the test tank, baseline behaviour was recorded before immersion in either tricaine (168 mg l−1, treatment group, N = 8) or tank water (control group, N = 7). Latencies to lose equilibrium and to lose response to touch were registered. The fish was then returned to the test tank, and the latency to regain equilibrium was registered in anaesthetized fish. When equilibrium was regained, and at five, thirty and sixty minutes after the fish had been returned to the test tank, behaviour was recorded. The tricaine fish showed the following responses (mean ± sd): latency to lose equilibrium 22.6 s±3.9; latency to lose response to touch 101.9 s±26.8; latency to regain equilibrium 92.0 s±54.4. Contrary to our predictions, neither treatment caused a change in any of the behaviours registered. This indicates that tricaine has no effect on several commonly used behavioural parameters, and that it may be unnecessary to postpone behavioural observations to 30 min after anaesthesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janicke Nordgreen
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, NMBU School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Fernanda M. Tahamtani
- Animal Welfare Research Group, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, NMBU School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrew M. Janczak
- Animal Welfare Research Group, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, NMBU School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor Einar Horsberg
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, NMBU School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang DL, Hu CX, Li DH, Liu YD. Zebrafish locomotor capacity and brain acetylcholinesterase activity is altered by Aphanizomenon flos-aquae DC-1 aphantoxins. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 138-139:139-149. [PMID: 23792258 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (A. flos-aquae) is a source of neurotoxins known as aphantoxins or paralytic shellfish poisons (PSPs) that present a major threat to the environment and to human health. Generally, altered neurological function is reflected in behavior. Although the molecular mechanism of action of PSPs is well known, its neurobehavioral effects on adult zebrafish and its relationship with altered neurological functions are poorly understood. Aphantoxins purified from a natural isolate of A. flos-aquae DC-1 were analyzed by HPLC. The major analogs found in the toxins were the gonyautoxins 1 and 5 (GTX1 and GTX5; 34.04% and 21.28%, respectively) and the neosaxitoxin (neoSTX, 12.77%). Zebrafish (Danio rerio) were intraperitoneally injected with 5.3 and 7.61 μg STXeq/kg (low and high dose, respectively) of A. flos-aquae DC-1 aphantoxins. The swimming activity was investigated by observation combined with video at 6 timepoints from 1 to 24 h post-exposure. Both aphantoxin doses were associated with delayed touch responses, reduced head-tail locomotory abilities, inflexible turning of head, and a tailward-shifted center of gravity. The normal S-pattern (or undulating) locomotor trajectory was replaced by a mechanical motor pattern of swinging the head after wagging the tail. Finally, these fish principally distributed at the top and/or bottom water of the aquarium, and showed a clear polarized distribution pattern at 12 h post-exposure. Further analysis of neurological function demonstrated that both aphantoxin doses inhibited brain acetylcholinesterase activity. All these changes were dose- and time-dependent. These results demonstrate that aphantoxins can alter locomotor capacity, touch responses and distribution patterns by damaging the cholinergic system of zebrafish, and suggest that zebrafish locomotor behavior and acetylcholinesterase can be used as indicators for investigating aphantoxins and blooms in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De Lu Zhang
- Department of Lifescience and Biotechnology, College of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Costa PR, Pereira P, Guilherme S, Barata M, Santos MA, Pacheco M, Pousão-Ferreira P. Hydroxybenzoate paralytic shellfish toxins induce transient GST activity depletion and chromosomal damage in white seabream (Diplodus sargus). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 79:63-69. [PMID: 22710085 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fish are routinely exposed to harmful algal blooms that produce noxious compounds and impact the marine food web. This study investigates the role of phase I and II detoxification enzymes on metabolism of the novel paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), the hydroxybenzoate analogues recently discovered in Gymnodinium catenatum strains, in the liver of white seabream, assessing ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities. Additionally, the genotoxic potential of hydroxybenzoate PSTs was examined through the erythrocytic nuclear abnormality (ENA) assay. Fish were injected with hydroxybenzoate PSTs into the coelomic cavity and sacrificed 2 and 6 days later for biochemical and cytogenetic analyses. While the activity of EROD was unresponsive to toxins, a significant GST activity decrease was observed at 2 days after injection indicating an impairment of this line of the detoxification system. The genotoxic potential of PSTs was demonstrated by the induction of clastogenic/aneugenic effects at 2 days, as measured by the ENA assay. Overall, this study contributes to better understand the impact of toxins produced by G. catenatum blooms in fish, revealing effects that, even transitory, point out a risk associated to hydroxybenzoate analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Reis Costa
- IPIMAR - National Institute for Biological Resources (INRB/IPIMAR), Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fuquay JM, Muha N, Pennington PL, Ramsdell JS. Domoic acid induced status epilepticus promotes aggressive behavior in rats. Physiol Behav 2011; 105:315-20. [PMID: 21875611 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA), a naturally occurring environmental toxin, has been observed to induce status epilepticus in humans, sea lions and pelicans. In a recent Sprague Dawley rat model, domoic acid dosing induced a state of status epilepticus which, after a symptom-free latent period without further dosing, progressed to recurrent spontaneous seizures, a hallmark of epilepsy. Certain individuals in this study also developed unusual behavioral changes, in particular an atypical aggression towards conspecifics. In this report we characterized the progression of aggressive behaviors after DA-induced status epilepticus and explored the relationship between aggressive behavior and recurrent spontaneous seizures. Experimental studies in this laboratory rat model are particularly relevant to California sea lions (Zapholus californianus), which show a spectrum of both epileptic and unusual behaviors, including aggression towards conspecifics in rehabilitation facilities, weeks to months after suspected exposure to domoic acid in the wild.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Maucher Fuquay
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bargu S, Smith E, Ozhan K. Toxic Diatom Pseudo-nitzschia and Its Primary Consumers (Vectors). THE DIATOM WORLD 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1327-7_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
|