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Qronfla MM, Jamoussi B, Chakroun R, Al-Mur BA, Halawani RF, Aloufi FA. Synthesis of a New Molecularly Imprinted Polymer and Optimisation of Phenylglyoxylic Acid Extraction from Human Urine Samples Using a Central Composite Design within the Response Surface Methodology. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3279. [PMID: 37571173 PMCID: PMC10422317 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Styrene, a chemical widely used in various industries, undergoes metabolic breakdown in the human body, resulting in the production of phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA). A novel molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesised for selective extraction and enrichment of PGA in urine samples prior to high-performance liquid chromatography. The MIP employed in this research was a 4-vinylpyridine molecularly imprinted polymer (4-VPMIP) prepared via mass polymerisation using a noncovalent method. The structural and morphological characteristics of the molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and non-imprinted polymers (NIPs) were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The efficiency of the molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) process was optimised by investigating critical variables such as sample pH, sorbent mass, sample flow rate, and volume of the elution solvent. A central composite design (CCD) within the response surface methodology was utilised to develop separate models for the adsorption and desorption steps. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed the excellent fit of the experimental data to the proposed response models. Under the optimised conditions, the molecularly imprinted polymers exhibited a higher degree of selectivity and affinity for PGA, with a relative selectivity coefficient (α) of 2.79 against hippuric acid. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for PGA were determined to be 0.5 mg/L and 1.6 mg/L, respectively. The recoveries of PGA ranged from 97.32% to 99.06%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) lower than 4.6%. Furthermore, MIP(4VP)SPE demonstrated the potential for recycling up to three times without significant loss in analyte recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bassem Jamoussi
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.Q.); (R.C.); (B.A.A.-M.); (R.F.H.); (F.A.A.)
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Qronfla MM, Jamoussi B, Chakroun R. Synthesis and Characterization of a New Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Selective Extraction of Mandelic Acid Metabolite from Human Urine as a Biomarker of Environmental and Occupational Exposures to Styrene. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102398. [PMID: 37242973 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
4-Vinylpyridine molecularly imprinted polymer (4-VPMIP) microparticles for mandelic acid (MA) metabolite as a major biomarker of exposure to styrene (S) were synthesized by bulk polymerization with a noncovalent approach. A common mole ratio of 1:4:20 (i.e., metabolite template: functional monomer: cross-linking agent, respectively) was applied to allow the selective solid-phase extraction of MA in a urine sample followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). In this research, the 4-VPMIP components were carefully selected: MA was used as a template (T), 4-Vinylpyridine (4-VP) as a functional monomer (FM), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross-linker (XL), and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator (I) and acetonitrile (ACN) as a porogenic solvent. Non-imprinted polymer (NIP) which serves as a "control" was also synthesized simultaneously under the same condition without the addition of MA molecules. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the imprinted and nonimprinted polymer to explain the structural and morphological characteristics of the 4-VPMIP and surface NIP. The results obtained from SEM depicted that the polymers were irregularly shaped microparticles. Moreover, MIPs surfaces had cavities and were rougher than NIP. In addition, all particle sizes were less than 40 µm in diameter. The IR spectra of 4-VPMIPs before washing MA were a little different from NIP, while 4-VPMIP after elution had a spectrum that was almost identical to the NIP spectrum. The adsorption kinetics, isotherms, competitive adsorption, and reusability of 4-VPMIP were investigated. 4-VPMIP showed good recognition selectivity as well as enrichment and separation abilities for MA in the extract of human urine with satisfactory recoveries. The results obtained in this research imply that 4-VPMIP might be used as a sorbent for MA solid-phase extraction (MISPE), for the exclusive extraction of MA in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murad M Qronfla
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bassem Jamoussi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Radhouane Chakroun
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Liu J, Cai X, Liu J, Liang D, Chen K, Tang S, Xu B. Study on the Preparation of Estrone Molecularly Imprinted Polymers and Their Application in a Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensor via a Computer-Assisted Design. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105758. [PMID: 35628568 PMCID: PMC9147090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Computer simulations are widely used for the selection of conditions for the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers and can rapidly reduce the experimental cycle time and save labor and materials. In this paper, estrone molecularly imprinted polymers (E1-MIPs) are designed at the M062X/6-311+G(d,p) level with itaconic acid (IA) as the functional monomer. The imprinted molar ratio between E1 and IA was optimized, cross-linkers and solvents were screened, and the nature of interactions between E1 and IA was explored. The simulated results showed that pentaerythritol triacrylate was the best cross-linker. Meanwhile, when the imprinted molar ratio between E1 and IA was 1:4, the E1–IA complex had the largest amount of hydrogen bonds, the lowest binding energy, and the strongest stability. Using the simulation results as guidance, the E1-MIPs were prepared to modify the electrons of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor. The experimental studies showed that the E1-MIPs-QCM sensor had the highest adsorption capacity to E1 in comparison with their analogues, and the lowest detection value of the sensor was 16.00 μg/L. The computer simulations and experimental studies could provide guidance for synthesize novel E1-MIPs materials. It also could provide important references and directions for the application of E1-MIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (J.L.); (X.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Xuhong Cai
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (J.L.); (X.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Junbo Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (J.L.); (X.C.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (S.T.); Tel.: +86-0431-84533522 (J.L.); +86-0431-84532887 (S.T.)
| | - Dadong Liang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (J.L.); (X.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Kaiyin Chen
- Jilin Guangxin Engineering Technology Consulting Co., Ltd., Changchun 130022, China;
| | - Shanshan Tang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (J.L.); (X.C.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (S.T.); Tel.: +86-0431-84533522 (J.L.); +86-0431-84532887 (S.T.)
| | - Bao Xu
- Institute of Mathematica, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China;
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Zhou H, Peng K, Su Y, Song X, Qiu J, Xiong R, He L. Preparation of surface molecularly imprinted polymer and its application for the selective extraction of teicoplanin from water. RSC Adv 2021; 11:13615-13623. [PMID: 35423866 PMCID: PMC8697609 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00913c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a new surface molecularly imprinted polymer (SMIP) of teicoplanin (TEC) was prepared in an aqueous solution using amino-modified silica gel as a carrier. The molar ratio of the template molecule, functional monomer and cross-linker in the optimized synthesis system was 1 : 15 : 40. The structure and morphology of SMIP were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectra and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. It was shown that the silica gel modified with different active groups; the type and structure of functional monomers have a great influence on the specificity of SMIP. The SMIPs synthesized from a series of methacrylic acid and its hydroxylalkyl esters as functional monomers have good specificity for TEC. The results of static adsorption experiments showed that the adsorption capacity of SMIP was 6.5 times that of non-molecularly imprinted polymer, which were 152.6 mg g−1 and 23.6 mg g−1, respectively, indicating that SMIP had a larger affinity for TEC. Finally, the SMIP was successfully used as a dispersive solid-phase extraction adsorption material to selectively extract and enrich TEC from the water sample. The limit of detection of the proposed liquid chromatographic method for TEC was 5 μg L−1. A novel surface molecularly imprinted polymer for specific absorbing teicoplanin in environmental water.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU)
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Kanlin Peng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU)
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Yijuan Su
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU)
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Xuqin Song
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU)
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Jingli Qiu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU)
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Renping Xiong
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU)
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Limin He
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU)
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- China
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Lowdon JW, Diliën H, Singla P, Peeters M, Cleij TJ, van Grinsven B, Eersels K. MIPs for commercial application in low-cost sensors and assays - An overview of the current status quo. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2020; 325:128973. [PMID: 33012991 PMCID: PMC7525251 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2020.128973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have emerged over the past few decades as interesting synthetic alternatives due to their long-term chemical and physical stability and low-cost synthesis procedure. They have been integrated into many sensing platforms and assay formats for the detection of various targets, ranging from small molecules to macromolecular entities such as pathogens and whole cells. Despite the advantages MIPs have over natural receptors in terms of commercialization, the striking success stories of biosensor applications such as the glucose meter or the self-test for pregnancy have not been matched by MIP-based sensor or detection kits yet. In this review, we zoom in on the commercial potential of MIP technology and aim to summarize the latest developments in their commercialization and integration into sensors and assays with high commercial potential. We will also analyze which bottlenecks are inflicting with commercialization and how recent advances in commercial MIP synthesis could overcome these obstacles in order for MIPs to truly achieve their commercial potential in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Lowdon
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Hanne Diliën
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pankaj Singla
- Department of Chemistry, UGC-Centre for advanced studies-1, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Marloes Peeters
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Merz Court, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J Cleij
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bart van Grinsven
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kasper Eersels
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Fan C, Tang H, Wang L, Li Y, Wang X, Wang S, Liang X. The preparation of a core–shell stationary phase by the in situ polymerization of a hydrophilic polymer on the surface of silica and its chromatographic performance. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01197e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A method for the in situ polymerization of polymers on a silica surface was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Pharmacy
- Gansu Provincial Hospital
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Licheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Yijing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Xusheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Shuai Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Xiaojing Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou
- China
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Development of Surface Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with HPLC Method for the Removal and Detection of Griseofulvin in Surface Water. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:ijerph17010134. [PMID: 31878121 PMCID: PMC6981569 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Griseofulvin (GSF) is clinically employed to treat fungal infections in humans and animals. GSF was detected in surface waters as a pharmaceutical pollutant. GSF detection as an anthropogenic pollutant is considered as a possible source of drug resistance and risk factor in ecosystem. To address this concern, a new extraction and enrichment method was developed. GSF-surface molecularly imprinted polymers (GSF-SMIPs) were prepared and applied as solid phase extraction (SPE) sorbent. A dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) method was designed and combined with HPLC for the analysis of GSF in surface water samples. The performance of GSF-SMIPs was assessed for its potential to remove GSF from water samples. The factors affecting the removal efficiency such as sample pH and ionic strength were investigated and optimized. The DSPE conditions such as the amount of GSF-SMIPs, the extraction time, the type and volume of desorption solvents were also optimized. The established method is linear over the range of 0.1–100 µg/mL. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.01 and 0.03 µg/mL respectively. Good recoveries (91.6–98.8%) were achieved after DSPE. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations were 0.8 and 4.3% respectively. The SMIPs demonstrated good removal efficiency (91.6%) as compared to powder activated carbon (67.7%). Moreover, the SMIPs can be reused 10 times for water samples. This is an additional advantage over single-use activated carbon and other commercial sorbents. This study provides a specific and sensitive method for the selective extraction and detection of GSF in surface water samples.
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