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Kamarajan P, Timm JC, Goetting-Minesky MP, Malone ET, Ganther S, Radaic A, Tafolla C, Fenno JC, Kapila YL. Purification of Native Dentilisin Complex from Treponema denticola by Preparative Continuous Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Functional Analysis by Gelatin Zymography. Bio Protoc 2024; 14:e4970. [PMID: 38618176 PMCID: PMC11006804 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is characterized by the destruction of the hard and soft tissues comprising the periodontium. This destruction translates to a degradation of the extracellular matrices (ECM), mediated by bacterial proteases, host-derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and other proteases released by host tissues and immune cells. Bacterial pathogens interact with host tissue, triggering adverse cellular functions, including a heightened immune response, tissue destruction, and tissue migration. The oral spirochete Treponema denticola is highly associated with periodontal disease. Dentilisin, a T. denticola outer membrane protein complex, contributes to the chronic activation of pro-MMP-2 in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells and triggers increased expression levels of activators and effectors of active MMP-2 in PDL cells. Despite these advances, no mechanism for dentilisin-induced MMP-2 activation or PDL cytopathic behaviors leading to disease is known. Here, we describe a method for purification of large amounts of the dentilisin protease complex from T. denticola and demonstrate its ability to activate MMP-2, a key regulator of periodontal tissue homeostasis. The T. denticola dentilisin and MMP-2 activation model presented here may provide new insights into the dentilisin protein and identify potential therapeutic targets for further research. Key features • This protocol builds upon a method described by Cunningham et al. [1] for selective release of Treponema outer membrane proteins. • We adapted the protocol for the purification of biologically active, detergent-stable outer membrane protein complexes from large batch cultures of T. denticola. • The protocol involves large-scale preparative electrophoresis using a Model 491 Prep Cell. • We then use gelatin zymography to demonstrate the activity of the purified dentilisin complex by its ability to activate matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pachiyappan Kamarajan
- Department of Biosystems and Function, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John C. Timm
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M. Paula Goetting-Minesky
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erin T. Malone
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sean Ganther
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Allan Radaic
- Department of Biosystems and Function, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian Tafolla
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J. Christopher Fenno
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yvonne L. Kapila
- Department of Biosystems and Function, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Cintra Moreira MV, Figueiredo LC, da Cunha Melo MAR, Uyeda FH, da Silva LDA, Macedo TT, Sacco R, Mourão CF, Shibli JA, Bueno-Silva B. Evaluation of the Microbial Profile on the Polydioxanone Membrane and the Collagen Membrane Exposed to Multi-Species Subgingival Biofilm: An In Vitro Study. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:907. [PMID: 38132911 PMCID: PMC10744605 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13120907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Dehiscence in surgeries involving membranes often leads to bacterial contamination, hindering the healing process. This study assessed bacterial colonization on various membrane materials. Polydioxanone (PDO) membranes, with thicknesses of 0.5 mm and 1 mm, and a collagen membrane were examined. Packages containing polystyrene pins were crafted using these membranes, attached to 24-well plates, and exposed to oral bacteria from supra and subgingival biofilm. After a week's anaerobic incubation, biofilm formation was evaluated using the DNA-DNA hybridization test. Statistical analysis employed the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post hoc test. The biofilm on the polystyrene pins covered by the 0.5 mm PDO membrane showed a higher count of certain pathogens. The collagen membrane had a greater total biofilm count on its inner surface compared to both PDO membranes. The external collagen membrane face had a higher total biofilm count than the 0.5 mm PDO membrane. Furthermore, the 1 mm PDO membrane exhibited a greater count of specific pathogens than its 0.5 mm counterpart. In conclusion, the collagen membrane presented more biofilm and pathogens both internally and on its inner surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Vinícius Cintra Moreira
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos 07023-070, SP, Brazil; (M.V.C.M.); (L.C.F.); (F.H.U.)
| | - Luciene C. Figueiredo
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos 07023-070, SP, Brazil; (M.V.C.M.); (L.C.F.); (F.H.U.)
| | - Marcelo Augusto Ruiz da Cunha Melo
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos 07023-070, SP, Brazil; (M.V.C.M.); (L.C.F.); (F.H.U.)
| | - Fabio Hideaki Uyeda
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos 07023-070, SP, Brazil; (M.V.C.M.); (L.C.F.); (F.H.U.)
| | - Lucas Daylor Aguiar da Silva
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos 07023-070, SP, Brazil; (M.V.C.M.); (L.C.F.); (F.H.U.)
| | - Tatiane Tiemi Macedo
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos 07023-070, SP, Brazil; (M.V.C.M.); (L.C.F.); (F.H.U.)
| | - Roberto Sacco
- Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9SP, UK
| | - Carlos Fernando Mourão
- Department of Periodontology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Jamil A. Shibli
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos 07023-070, SP, Brazil; (M.V.C.M.); (L.C.F.); (F.H.U.)
| | - Bruno Bueno-Silva
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos 07023-070, SP, Brazil; (M.V.C.M.); (L.C.F.); (F.H.U.)
- Departament of Bioscienses, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil
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3
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Larsson L, Kavanagh NM, Nguyen TVN, Castilho RM, Berglundh T, Giannobile WV. Influence of epigenetics on periodontitis and peri-implantitis pathogenesis. Periodontol 2000 2022; 90:125-137. [PMID: 35913702 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a disease characterized by tooth-associated microbial biofilms that drive chronic inflammation and destruction of periodontal-supporting tissues. In some individuals, disease progression can lead to tooth loss. A similar condition can occur around dental implants in the form of peri-implantitis. The immune response to bacterial challenges is not only influenced by genetic factors, but also by environmental factors. Epigenetics involves the study of gene function independent of changes to the DNA sequence and its associated proteins, and represents a critical link between genetic and environmental factors. Epigenetic modifications have been shown to contribute to the progression of several diseases, including chronic inflammatory diseases like periodontitis and peri-implantitis. This review aims to present the latest findings on epigenetic influences on periodontitis and to discuss potential mechanisms that may influence peri-implantitis, given the paucity of information currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Larsson
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nolan M Kavanagh
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Trang V N Nguyen
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rogerio M Castilho
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine and Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tord Berglundh
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - William V Giannobile
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Huang J, Zhou Y. Emerging role of epigenetic regulations in periodontitis: a literature review. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:2162-2183. [PMID: 35559409 PMCID: PMC9091094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is mainly initiated by periodontal pathogens including Porphyromonas gingivalis, and bad living habits such as smoking aggravate its incidence and severity. The development of periodontitis is closely related to the host's immune responses and the secretion of various cytokine networks. Moreover, periodontitis has an important connection with the development of systemic diseases. Recently, epigenetics which is a fast-developing hot research area has provided new insights into the research of various diseases including periodontitis. Epigenetics is an important supplement to the regulation of gene expression. The study of epigenetics is about causing heritable gene expression or cell phenotype changes through certain mechanisms without changing the DNA sequence. It mainly includes histone modification, DNA methylation, non-coding RNA and the latest research hotspot m6A RNA methylation. In the review, we comprehensively summarize the latest literature on the potential epigenetic regulations in various aspects of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430079, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430079, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430079, China
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Ganther S, Radaic A, Malone E, Kamarajan P, Chang NYN, Tafolla C, Zhan L, Fenno JC, Kapila YL. Treponema denticola dentilisin triggered TLR2/MyD88 activation upregulates a tissue destructive program involving MMPs via Sp1 in human oral cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009311. [PMID: 34255809 PMCID: PMC8301614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is driven by dysbiosis in the oral microbiome, resulting in over-representation of species that induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and tissue-remodeling matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the periodontium. These chronic tissue-destructive inflammatory responses result in gradual loss of tooth-supporting alveolar bone. The oral spirochete Treponema denticola, is consistently found at significantly elevated levels in periodontal lesions. Host-expressed Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) senses a variety of bacterial ligands, including acylated lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins. T. denticola dentilisin, a surface-expressed protease complex comprised of three lipoproteins has been implicated as a virulence factor in periodontal disease, primarily due to its proteolytic activity. While the role of acylated bacterial components in induction of inflammation is well-studied, little attention has been given to the potential role of the acylated nature of dentilisin. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that T. denticola dentilisin activates a TLR2-dependent mechanism, leading to upregulation of tissue-destructive genes in periodontal tissue. RNA-sequencing of periodontal ligament cells challenged with T. denticola bacteria revealed significant upregulation of genes associated with extracellular matrix organization and degradation including potentially tissue-specific inducible MMPs that may play novel roles in modulating host immune responses that have yet to be characterized within the context of oral disease. The Gram-negative oral commensal, Veillonella parvula, failed to upregulate these same MMPs. Dentilisin-induced upregulation of MMPs was mediated via TLR2 and MyD88 activation, since knockdown of expression of either abrogated these effects. Challenge with purified dentilisin upregulated the same MMPs while a dentilisin-deficient T. denticola mutant had no effect. Finally, T. denticola-mediated activation of TLR2/MyD88 lead to the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor Sp1, which was shown to be a critical regulator of all T. denticola-dependent MMP expression. Taken together, these data suggest that T. denticola dentilisin stimulates tissue-destructive cellular processes in a TLR2/MyD88/Sp1-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Ganther
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Allan Radaic
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Erin Malone
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Pachiyappan Kamarajan
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nai-Yuan Nicholas Chang
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christian Tafolla
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ling Zhan
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - J. Christopher Fenno
- Department of Biological and Material Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yvonne L. Kapila
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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6
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Malone ET, Ganther S, Mena N, Radaic A, Shariati K, Kindberg A, Tafolla C, Kamarajan P, Fenno JC, Zhan L, Kapila YL. Treponema denticola-Induced RASA4 Upregulation Mediates Cytoskeletal Dysfunction and MMP-2 Activity in Periodontal Fibroblasts. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:671968. [PMID: 34094999 PMCID: PMC8171266 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.671968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The periodontal complex consists of the periodontal ligament (PDL), alveolar bone, and cementum, which work together to turn mechanical load into biological responses that are responsible for maintaining a homeostatic environment. However oral microbes, under conditions of dysbiosis, may challenge the actin dynamic properties of the PDL in the context of periodontal disease. To study this process, we examined host-microbial interactions in the context of the periodontium via molecular and functional cell assays and showed that human PDL cell interactions with Treponema denticola induce actin depolymerization through a novel actin reorganization signaling mechanism. This actin reorganization mechanism and loss of cell adhesion is a pathological response characterized by an initial upregulation of RASA4 mRNA expression resulting in an increase in matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity. This mechanism is specific to the T. denticola effector protein, dentilisin, thereby uncovering a novel effect for Treponema denticola-mediated RASA4 transcriptional activation and actin depolymerization in primary human PDL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Trent Malone
- Kapila Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sean Ganther
- Kapila Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Nevina Mena
- Kapila Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Allan Radaic
- Kapila Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Keemia Shariati
- Kapila Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Abigail Kindberg
- Bush Laboratory, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Biomedical Sciences Graduate, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Christian Tafolla
- Kapila Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Pachiyappan Kamarajan
- Kapila Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - J. Christopher Fenno
- Fenno Laboratory, Department of Biological and Material Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ling Zhan
- Zhan Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yvonne L. Kapila
- Kapila Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Hodjat M, Khan F, Saadat KA. Epigenetic alterations in aging tooth and the reprogramming potential. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 63:101140. [PMID: 32795505 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tooth compartments and associated supportive tissues exhibit significant alterations during aging, leading to their impaired functioning. Aging not only affects the structure and function of dental tissue but also reduces its capacity to maintain physiological homeostasis and the healing process. Decreased cementocyte viability; diminished regenerative potential of stem cells residing in the pulp, alveolar bone and periodontal ligament; and impaired osteogenic and odontogenic differentiation capacity of progenitor cells are among the cellular impacts associated with oral aging. Various physiological and pathological phenomena are regulated by the epigenome, and hence, changes in epigenetic markers due to external stimuli have been reported in aging oral tissues and are considered a possible molecular mechanism underlying dental aging. The role of nutri-epigenetics in aging has emerged as an attractive research area. Thus far, various nutrients and bioactive compounds have been identified to have a modulatory effect on the epigenetic machinery, showing a promising response in dental aging. The human microbiota is another key player in aging and can be a target for anti-aging interventions in dental tissue. Considering the reversible characteristics of epigenetic markers and the potential for environmental factors to manipulate the epigenome, to minimize the deteriorative effects of aging, it is important to evaluate the linkage between external stimuli and their effects in terms of age-related epigenetic modifications.
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8
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Jiang Y, Fu J, Du J, Luo Z, Guo L, Xu J, Liu Y. DNA methylation alterations and their potential influence on macrophage in periodontitis. Oral Dis 2020; 28:249-263. [PMID: 32989880 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore how various methylation mechanisms function and affect macrophages in periodontitis, with an aim of getting a comprehensive understanding of pathogenesis of the disease. SUBJECT Alterations in DNA methylation are associated with different periodontitis susceptible factors and disrupt immunity homeostasis. The host's immune response to stimulus plays a vital role in the progression of periodontitis. Macrophages are key immune cells of immune system. They act as critical regulators in maintaining issue homeostasis with their nature of high plasticity. The altered methylation status of genes may cause abnormal expression of proteins in the progress of periodontitis, thus, exert potential influence on macrophages. RESULTS Certain genes are selectively activated or silenced due to the changes in the methylation status, which causes the alteration of the expression level of cytokines/chemokines, signal molecules, extracellular matrix molecules, leads to the change in local microenvironment, affects activation states of immune cells including macrophages, thus influences the host immune response during periodontitis.. This results in differential susceptibility and therapeutic outcome. CONCLUSION DNA methylation alteration may cause aberrant expression level of genes associated with periodontal diseases, thus results in deregulation of macrophages, which supports the prospect of using DNA methylation-related parameter as a new biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Jiang
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jingfei Fu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Juan Du
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhenhua Luo
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lijia Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Junji Xu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
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He J, Qin M, Chen Y, Hu Z, Xie F, Ye L, Hui T. Epigenetic regulation of matrix metalloproteinases in inflammatory diseases: a narrative review. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:86. [PMID: 32695308 PMCID: PMC7368751 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00451-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the acceleration of urbanization and aging and the change of lifestyle, inflammatory diseases have become one of the important threats to the health of the global population. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are involved in the metabolism of extracellular matrix (ECM). They play a key role in inflammation-related diseases. Factors such as inflammation, oxidative stress and growth factors stimulate the production of MMPs with subsequent ECM remodeling. Recently, the studies of epigenetic regulation, including the ability to predict disease progression, important pathophysiological deficiencies as well as treatment methods have been extensively discussed. This article reviews the current studies on epigenetic alterations in MMPs during inflammatory response. It is likely to provide new insights into development of efficient medications of epigenetic therapy for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22, Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Man Qin
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22, Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yingyi Chen
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22, Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Ziqi Hu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22, Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22, Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Tianqian Hui
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22, Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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10
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Bikker FJ, Nascimento GG, Nazmi K, Silbereisen A, Belibasakis GN, Kaman WE, Lopez R, Bostanci N. Salivary Total Protease Activity Based on a Broad-Spectrum Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Approach to Monitor Induction and Resolution of Gingival Inflammation. Mol Diagn Ther 2020; 23:667-676. [PMID: 31372941 PMCID: PMC6775538 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-019-00421-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Salivary total protease and chitinase activities were measured by a broad-spectrum fluorescence resonance energy transfer approach as predictors of induction and resolution of gingival inflammation in healthy individuals by applying an experimental human gingivitis model. METHODS Dental biofilm accumulated (21 days, Induction Phase) by omitting oral hygiene practices followed by a 2-week Resolution Phase to restore gingival health in an experimental gingivitis study. Plaque accumulation, as assessed by the Turesky Modification of the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (TQHPI), and gingival inflammation, assessed using the Modified Gingival Index (MGI), scores were recorded and unstimulated saliva was collected weekly. Saliva was analysed for total protein, albumin, total protease activity and chitinase activity (n = 18). RESULTS The TQHPI and MGI scores, as well as total protease activity, increased until day 21. After re-establishment of oral hygiene, gingival inflammation levels returned to values similar to baseline (day 0). Levels of protease activity decreased significantly, but not to baseline values. Furthermore, 'fast' responders, who responded immediately to plaque, exhibited significantly higher proteolytic activity throughout the experimental course than 'slow' responders, who showed a lagged inflammatory response. CONCLUSION The results indicate that differential inflammatory responses encompass inherent variations in total salivary proteolytic activities, which could be further utilised in contemporary diagnostic, prognostic and treatment modalities for periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris J Bikker
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Free University of Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Gustavo G Nascimento
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kamran Nazmi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Free University of Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angelika Silbereisen
- Section of Periodontology and Dental Prevention, Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georgios N Belibasakis
- Section of Periodontology and Dental Prevention, Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wendy E Kaman
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Free University of Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo Lopez
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nagihan Bostanci
- Section of Periodontology and Dental Prevention, Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Barros SP, Fahimipour F, Tarran R, Kim S, Scarel-Caminaga RM, Justice A, North K. Epigenetic reprogramming in periodontal disease: Dynamic crosstalk with potential impact in oncogenesis. Periodontol 2000 2020; 82:157-172. [PMID: 31850624 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease associated with microbial dysbiosis and characterized by progressive destruction of the periodontal tissues. Such chronic infectious inflammatory disease is recognized as a major public health problem worldwide with measurable impact in systemic health. It has become evident that the periodontal disease phenotypes are not only determined by the microbiome effect, but the extent of the tissue response is also driven by the host genome and epigenome patterns responding to various environmental exposures. More recently there is mounting evidence indicating that epigenetic reprogramming in response to combined intrinsic and environmental exposures, might be particularly relevant due its plasticity and potential application towards precision health. The complex epigenetic crosstalk is reflected in the prognosis and progress of periodontal diseases and may also lead to a favorable landscape for cancer development. This review discusses epigenomics modifications focusing on the role of DNA methylation and pathways linking microbial infection and inflammatory pathways, which are also associated with carcinogenesis. There is a more clear vision whereas 'omics' technologies applied to unveil relevant epigenetic factors could play a significant role in the treatment of periodontal disease in a personalized mode, evidencing that public health approach should coexist with precision individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana P Barros
- Department of Periodontology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Farahnaz Fahimipour
- Department of Periodontology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert Tarran
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Marsico Lung Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steven Kim
- Department of Periodontology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Anne Justice
- Biomedical and Translational Informatics, Geisinger Health Weis Center for Research, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kari North
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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12
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Kikuchi Y, Kimizuka R, Kato T, Okuda K, Kokubu E, Ishihara K. Treponema denticola Induces Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction in Polarized Epithelial Cells. THE BULLETIN OF TOKYO DENTAL COLLEGE 2018; 59:265-275. [PMID: 30333370 DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.2017-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Treponema denticola, an anaerobic spirochete found mainly in the oral cavity, is associated with periodontal disease and has a variety of virulence factors. Although in vitro studies have shown that T. denticola is able to penetrate epithelial cell monolayers, its effect on the epithelial barrier junction is not known. Human gingival epithelial cells are closely associated with adjacent membranes, forming barriers in the presence of tight junction proteins, including zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), claudin-1, and occludin. Tight junction proteins are also expressed by Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in culture. In this study, the MDCK cell profile was investigated following infection with T. denticola (ATCC 35405) wild-type, as well as with its dentilisin-deficient mutant, K1. Basolateral exposure of MDCK cell monolayers to T. denticola at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 104 resulted in a decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). Transepithelial electrical resistance in MDCK cell monolayers also decreased following apical exposure to T. denticola (MOI=104), although this took longer with basolateral exposure. The effect on the TER was time-dependent and required the presence of live bacteria. Meanwhile, MDCK cell viability showed a decrease with either basolateral or apical exposure. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated decreases in the amounts of immunoreactive ZO-1 and claudin-1 in association with disruption of cell-cell junctions in MDCK cells exposed apically or basolaterally to T. denticola. Western blot analysis demonstrated degradation of ZO-1 and claudin-1 in culture lysates derived from T. denticola-exposed MDCK cells, suggesting a bacteria-induced protease capable of cleaving these tight junction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Kikuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College
| | | | - Tetsuo Kato
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Tokyo Dental College
| | | | - Eitoyo Kokubu
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Kazuyuki Ishihara
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College
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13
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Ateia IM, Sutthiboonyapan P, Kamarajan P, Jin T, Godovikova V, Kapila YL, Fenno JC. Treponema denticola increases MMP-2 expression and activation in the periodontium via reversible DNA and histone modifications. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20. [PMID: 29205773 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Host-derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and bacterial proteases mediate destruction of extracellular matrices and supporting alveolar bone in periodontitis. The Treponema denticola dentilisin protease induces MMP-2 expression and activation in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells, and dentilisin-mediated activation of pro-MMP-2 is required for cellular fibronectin degradation. Here, we report that T. denticola regulates MMP-2 expression through epigenetic modifications in the periodontium. PDL cells were treated with epigenetic enzyme inhibitors before or after T. denticola challenge. Fibronectin fragmentation, MMP-2 expression, and activation were assessed by immunoblot, zymography, and qRT-PCR, respectively. Chromatin modification enzyme expression in T. denticola-challenged PDL cells and periodontal tissues were evaluated using gene arrays. Several classes of epigenetic enzymes showed significant alterations in transcription in diseased tissue and T. denticola-challenged PDL cells. T. denticola-mediated MMP-2 expression and activation were significantly reduced in PDL cells treated with inhibitors of aurora kinases and histone deacetylases. In contrast, DNA methyltransferase inhibitors had little effect, and inhibitors of histone acetyltransferases, methyltransferases, and demethylases exacerbated T. denticola-mediated MMP-2 expression and activation. Chronic epigenetic changes in periodontal tissues mediated by T. denticola or other oral microbes may contribute to the limited success of conventional treatment of chronic periodontitis and may be amenable to therapeutic reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam M Ateia
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Mansoura Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Pimchanok Sutthiboonyapan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Periodontology, Chulalongkorn University Faculty of Dentistry, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pachiyappan Kamarajan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Taocong Jin
- Office of Research, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Valentina Godovikova
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yvonne L Kapila
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Christopher Fenno
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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14
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Abstract
Purpose The focus of this review is to provide an overview of the recent findings on the role of epigenetic mechanisms in periodontal disease, including disease susceptibility, progression, and as potential treatment options. Recent Findings The findings on the influence of oral pathogens on epigenetic regulation of pathogen recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines suggest an important role for epigenetics in the regulation of the host immune response. Recent studies also show that the epigenetic pattern in periodontitis lesions differ from that of healthy and gingivitis tissue. In addition, these patterns differ between tissues in the same individual. Research is also indicating a role for both DNA methylation and histone acetylation on cells osteogenic differentiation and bone regeneration. Summary Knowledge of epigenetic pattern in periodontal diseases may add not only to the knowledge of susceptibility of the disease but may also be a diagnostic tool to identify patients at risk to develop the severe form of periodontitis. In addition, recent research within gene therapy and tissue engineering indicate a role for epigenetics also to improve regeneration of periodontal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Larsson
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 450, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Inagaki S, Kimizuka R, Kokubu E, Saito A, Ishihara K. Treponema denticola invasion into human gingival epithelial cells. Microb Pathog 2016; 94:104-11. [PMID: 26806000 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Host cell invasion is important for periodontal pathogens in evading host defenses and spreading into deeper areas of the periodontal tissue. Treponema denticola has been implicated in a number of potentially pathogenic processes, including periodontal tissue penetration. Here we tested the ability of T. denticola strains to invade human gingival epithelial cells (HGEC). After 2 h infection, intracellular location of T. denticola cells was confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Results from an antibiotic protection assay following [(3)H]uridine labeling indicated that invasion efficiency reached a maximum at 2 h after infection. Internalized T. denticola cells were still observed in HGEC at 24 h by CLSM. A dentilisin deficient mutant exhibited significantly decreased invasion (p < 0.05) compared with the wild-type strain. In inhibition assays, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and metabolic inhibitors such as methyl-β-cyclodextrin and staurosporine significantly reduced T. denticola invasion. Under CLSM, T. denticola colocalized with GM-1 ganglioside-containing membrane microdomains in a cholesterol-dependent manner. These results indicated that T. denticola has the ability to invade into and survive within HGECs. Dentilisin activity of T. denticola and lipid rafts on HGEC appear to play important roles in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Inagaki
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0064, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-1-14 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kimizuka
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0064, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-1-14 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Eitoyo Kokubu
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0064, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-1-14 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0064, Japan; Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ishihara
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0064, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-1-14 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan.
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16
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Vieira ML, Nascimento ALTO. Interaction of spirochetes with the host fibrinolytic system and potential roles in pathogenesis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:573-87. [PMID: 25914944 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.972336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic spirochetes Borrelia burgdorferi, B. hermsii, B. recurrentis, Treponema denticola and Leptospira spp. are the etiologic agents of Lyme disease, relapsing fever, periodontitis and leptospirosis, respectively. Lyme borreliosis is a multi-systemic disorder and the most prevalent tick-borne disease in the northern hemisphere. Tick-borne relapsing fever is persistent in endemic areas worldwide, representing a significant burden in some African regions. Periodontal disease, a chronic inflammatory disorder that often leads to tooth loss, is caused by several potential pathogens found in the oral cavity including T. denticola. Leptospirosis is considered the most widespread zoonosis, and the predominant human disease in tropical, undeveloped regions. What these diseases have in common is that they are a significant burden to healthcare costs in the absence of prophylactic measures. This review addresses the interaction of these spirochetes with the fibrinolytic system, plasminogen (Plg) binding to the surface of bacteria and the generation of plasmin (Pla) on their surface. The consequences on host-pathogen interactions when the spirochetes are endowed with this proteolytic activity are discussed on the basis of the results reported in the literature. Spirochetes equipped with Pla activity have been shown to degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) components, in addition to digesting fibrin, facilitating bacterial invasion and dissemination. Pla generation triggers the induction of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) in a cascade of events that enhances the proteolytic capacity of the spirochetes. These activities in concert with the interference exerted by the Plg/Pla on the complement system - helping the bacteria to evade the immune system - should illuminate our understanding of the mechanisms involved in host infection.
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17
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Joo NE, Miao D, Bermúdez M, Stallcup WB, Kapila YL. Shedding of NG2 by MMP-13 attenuates anoikis. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 33:854-62. [PMID: 25166220 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of cell-matrix interactions can lead to anoikis-apoptosis due to loss of matrix contacts. We previously showed that Nerve/glial antigen 2 (NG2) is a novel anoikis receptor. Specifically, overexpression of NG2 leads to anoikis propagation, whereas its suppression leads to anoikis attenuation. Interestingly, NG2 expression decreases in late anoikis, suggesting that NG2 reduction is also critical to this process. Thus, we hypothesized that NG2 undergoes cleavage to curtail anoikis propagation. Further, since matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) cleave cell surface receptors, play a major role in modulating apoptosis, and are associated with death receptor cleavage during apoptosis, we further hypothesized that cleavage of NG2 could be mediated by MMPs to regulate anoikis. Indeed, anoikis conditions triggered release of the NG2 extracellular domain into condition media during late apoptosis, and this coincided with increased MMP-13 expression. Treatment with an MMP-13 inhibitor and MMP-13 siRNA increased anoikis, since these treatments blocked NG2 release. Further, NG2-positive cells exhibited increased anoikis upon MMP-13 inhibition, whereas MMP-13 inhibition did not increase anoikis in NG2-null cells, corroborating that retention of NG2 on the cell membrane is critical for sustaining anoikis, and its cleavage for mediating anoikis attenuation. Similarly, NG2 suppression with siRNA inhibited NG2 release and anoikis. In contrast, MMP-13 overexpression or exogenous MMP-13 reduced anoikis by more effectively shedding NG2. In conclusion, maintenance of NG2 on the cell surface promotes anoikis propagation, whereas its shedding by MMP-13 actions attenuates anoikis. Given that these findings are derived in the context of periodontal ligament fibroblasts, these data have implications for periodontal inflammation and periodontal disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam E Joo
- 1 Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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18
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Ioannou AL, Kotsakis GA, Hinrichs JE. Prognostic factors in periodontal therapy and their association with treatment outcomes. World J Clin Cases 2014; 2:822-827. [PMID: 25516855 PMCID: PMC4266828 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v2.i12.822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During the incipient steps of periodontal treatment, clinicians are usually asked to predict the prognosis of teeth with compromised periodontium. The aim of this literature review was to investigate the association between periodontal Prognosis, Tooth Loss and risk indicators, such as smoking and genetics. Results showed that the definition of good prognosis has much higher predictability than the one for questionable prognosis. Several risk indicators for periodontal prognosis and tooth loss are discussed as well as different definitions of questionable prognosis and their success in predicting tooth loss. In conclusion, the major focus of future studies should be to construct simplified prognostic models with high predictability that will increase the confidence of dentists and periodontists when assigning teeth prognosis.
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19
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Larsson L, Castilho RM, Giannobile WV. Epigenetics and its role in periodontal diseases: a state-of-the-art review. J Periodontol 2014; 86:556-68. [PMID: 25415244 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune response to oral bacteria and the subsequent activation of inflammatory signaling is not only dependent on genetic factors. The importance of so-called epigenetic mechanisms presents additional regulatory pathways of genes involved in maintaining chronic inflammation, including gingivitis and periodontitis. The term epigenetics relates to changes in gene expression that are not encoded in the DNA sequence itself and include chemical alterations of DNA and its associated proteins. These changes lead to remodeling of the chromatin and subsequent activation or inactivation of a gene. Epigenetic mechanisms have been found to contribute to disease, including cancer and autoimmune or inflammatory diseases. In this state-of-the art review, the authors provide the latest findings on the involvement of epigenetic modifications in the development of periodontal disease and present emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at epigenetic targets (epidrugs) associated with the disruption of tissue homeostasis and the development of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Larsson
- Currently, Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; previously, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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