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Colares DF, Domingos NRDS, Mafra RP, da Silva LP, Pinto LP, de Souza LB. Is epithelial-mesenchymal transition related to the biological behavior of salivary gland neoplasms? Arch Oral Biol 2024; 165:106017. [PMID: 38852529 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.106017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the expression of E-cadherin, Snail1 and Twist1 in pleomorphic adenomas (PAs), adenoid cystic carcinomas (AdCCa) and carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenomas (CaexPA) of salivary glands, as well as investigate possible associations with clinicopathological parameters. STUDY DESIGN E-cadherin, Snail1 and Twist1 antibody immunostaining were analyzed semiquantitatively in 20 PAs, 20 AdCCas and 10 CaexPAs. Cases were classified as low and high expression for analysis of the association with clinicopathological parameters. RESULTS Compared to PAs, AdCCas and CaexPAs exhibited higher nuclear expression of Snail1 (p = 0.021 and p = 0.028, respectively) and Twist1 (p = 0.009 and p = 0.001). Membranous and cytoplasmic expression of E-cadherin were positively correlated in PAs, AdCCas and CaexPAs (r = 0.645, p = 0.002; r = 0.824, p < 0.001; r = 0.677, p = 0.031). In PAs, positive correlation was found between nuclear expression of Snail1 and membrane expression of E-cadherin (r = 0.634; p = 0.003), as well as between nuclear expression of Snail1 and Twist1 (r = 0.580; p = 0.007). Negative correlations were detected between membrane expression of E-cadherin and cytoplasmic expression of Snail1 in AdCCas (r = - 0.489; p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS E-cadherin, Twist1, and Snail1 may participate in modulating events related to cell differentiation and adhesion in PAs and to biological behavior in AdCCas and CaexPAs, which indicates the involvement of EMT in these processes. Furthermore, the expression of these proteins in these carcinomas may reflect the plasticity feature of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Frota Colares
- Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Porpino Mafra
- Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Leorik Pereira da Silva
- Oral Histopathology Service, Health and Rural Technology Center, Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos, PB, Brazil
| | - Leão Pereira Pinto
- Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Lélia Batista de Souza
- Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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2
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Pawlicka M, Gumbarewicz E, Błaszczak E, Stepulak A. Transcription Factors and Markers Related to Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Their Role in Resistance to Therapies in Head and Neck Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1354. [PMID: 38611032 PMCID: PMC11010970 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers (HNCs) are heterogeneous and aggressive tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract. Although various histological types exist, the most common is squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The incidence of HNSCC is increasing, making it an important public health concern. Tumor resistance to contemporary treatments, namely, chemo- and radiotherapy, and the recurrence of the primary tumor after its surgical removal cause huge problems for patients. Despite recent improvements in these treatments, the 5-year survival rate is still relatively low. HNSCCs may develop local lymph node metastases and, in the most advanced cases, also distant metastases. A key process associated with tumor progression and metastasis is epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), when poorly motile epithelial tumor cells acquire motile mesenchymal characteristics. These transition cells can invade different adjacent tissues and finally form metastases. EMT is governed by various transcription factors, including the best-characterized TWIST1 and TWIST2, SNAIL, SLUG, ZEB1, and ZEB2. Here, we highlight the current knowledge of the process of EMT in HNSCC and present the main protein markers associated with it. This review focuses on the transcription factors related to EMT and emphasizes their role in the resistance of HNSCC to current chemo- and radiotherapies. Understanding the role of EMT and the precise molecular mechanisms involved in this process may help with the development of novel anti-cancer therapies for this type of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrzej Stepulak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.P.); (E.G.); (E.B.)
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3
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Nascimento RB, Paiva KBS, Risteli M, Silva LHS, Rodini CO, Rodrigues MFSD, De Cicco R, Lopez RVM, Salo TA, Nunes FD, Xavier FCA. Loss of Caveolin-1 Expression in Tumor Cells is Associated with Increased Aggressiveness and Cell Invasion in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Head Neck Pathol 2023; 17:618-630. [PMID: 37233885 PMCID: PMC10513997 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-023-01562-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in Caveolin-1 (CAV-1) expression are related to tumorigenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of CAV-1 in tumor progression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tissue samples and the effect of CAV-1 silencing on two oral tongue SCC (OTSCC) cell lines (SCC-25, from a primary tumor, and HSC-3 from lymph node metastases). METHODS Mycroarray hybridization, mRNA expression, and immunohistochemistry were performed on OSCC tissue samples and corresponding non-tumoral margin tissues. The effects of CAV-1 silencing (siCAV-1) on cell viability, membrane fluidity, on the expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and on cell migration and invasion capacity of OTSCC cell lines were evaluated. RESULTS Microarray showed a greater CAV-1 expression (1.77-fold) in OSCC tumors than in non-tumoral tissues and 2.0-fold more in less aggressive OSCCs. However, significant differences in CAV-1 gene expression were not seen between tumors and non-tumoral margins nor CAV-1 with any clinicopathological parameters. CAV-1 protein was localized both in carcinoma and in spindle cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME), and CAV-1 positive TME cells were associated with smaller/more aggressive tumors, independent of the carcinoma cells' expression. Silencing of CAV-1 increased cell viability only in SCC-25 cells. It also stimulated the invasion of HSC-3 cells and increased ECAD and BCAT mRNA in these cells; however, the protein levels of the EMT markers were not affected. CONCLUSION Decreased expression of CAV-1 by tumor cells in OSCC and an increase in the TME were associated with increased cell invasiveness and tumor aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Barros Nascimento
- Laboratório de Patologia Oral Cirúrgica, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Araújo Pinho, 62, Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-150, Brazil
| | - Katiúcia Batista Silva Paiva
- Laboratório de Biologia da Matriz Extracelular e Interação Celular, Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maija Risteli
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Luiz Henrique Santos Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia da Matriz Extracelular e Interação Celular, Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Oliveira Rodini
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael De Cicco
- Departamento de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Instituto de Câncer Doutor Arnaldo Vieira de Carvalho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tuula Anneli Salo
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fábio Daumas Nunes
- Laboratório de Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Caló Aquino Xavier
- Laboratório de Patologia Oral Cirúrgica, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Araújo Pinho, 62, Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-150, Brazil.
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4
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Noguchi S, Matsui A. microRNA-203 inhibits migration and invasion of canine tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma cells by targeting SLUG. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1239224. [PMID: 37601756 PMCID: PMC10434855 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1239224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) occurring in the tonsils (TSCC) has a poorer prognosis than SCC occurring in other regions of the oral cavity (non-tonsillar SCC [NTSCC]) because it easily metastasizes to distant organs. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the migration and invasion of TSCC cells in vitro. Materials and methods This study focused on differential microRNA (miRNA) expression using microRNA microarrays and quantitative polymerase chain reaction in canine TSCC and NTSCC tissues and cell lines. A target gene of the miRNA involved in cell migration and invasion was validated by wound healing, transwell, and luciferase assays. Results miR-203 expression was lower in TSCC tissues than in the normal oral mucosa and NTSCC tissues. Transfection of the miR-203 mimic resulted in the downregulation of mesenchymal marker protein expression and attenuation of cell migration and invasion in TSCC cells, but not in NTSCC cells. A dual-luciferase assay revealed that miR-203 directly targeted the mesenchymal transcription factor SLUG. SLUG overexpression enhances the migration of TSCC cells. Conclusion Our study indicates that the miR-203/SLUG axis may be involved in the metastatic mechanisms of TSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Noguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiation, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Asuka Matsui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, College of Life, Environment, and Advanced Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
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de Morais EF, Morais HGDF, de França GM, Téo FH, Galvão HC, Salo T, Coletta RD, Freitas RDA. SNAIL1 is involved in the control of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2023; 135:530-538. [PMID: 36918320 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of SNAIL1, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin immunoexpression in oral tongue carcinogenesis. In addition, we evaluated in vitro the impact of silencing of the nuclear transcription factor SNAIL1 on the viability, apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and invasion of SCC-9 and HSC-3 cells. STUDY DESIGN Immunohistochemical analysis of SNAIL1, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin was carried out in 47 samples representing oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and 41 oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). The suppression of SNAIL1 expression was performed using shRNA-expression vectors in HSC-3 and SCC-9 cells to investigate in vitro the impact of SNAIL1 on proliferation, apoptosis, viability, migration, and invasion of SCC-9 and HSC-3 cells. RESULTS Significant differences were observed in the expression of SNAIL1, E-cadherin, and N-Cadherin between OTSCC and OED. A low membrane expression of E-cadherin was strongly associated with poor overall survival in patients with OTSCC (P < .05), but the association did not withstand the Cox multivariate survival analysis. SNAIL1 silencing played a key role in the suppression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and inhibited migration and invasion of HSC-3 cells (P < .0001, P < .01, respectively). In SCC-9 cells, SNAIL1 silencing promoted a significant reduction in the proliferation (P < .0001) and invasion (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS The epithelial-mesenchymal transition is present in different stages of oral tongue carcinogenesis, and SNAIL1 plays a key role in this process, although the underlying mechanisms still need to be elucidated. Thus, SNAIL1 might be a promising therapeutic target in OTSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everton Freitas de Morais
- Postgraduate Program in Oral Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Hannah Gil de Farias Morais
- Postgraduate Program in Oral Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Glória Maria de França
- Postgraduate Program in Oral Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Fábio Haach Téo
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hébel Cavalcanti Galvão
- Postgraduate Program in Oral Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Tuula Salo
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Institute of Oral and Maxillofacial Disease, University of Helsinki, and HUSLAB, Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ricardo D Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Graduate Program in Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roseana de Almeida Freitas
- Postgraduate Program in Oral Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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6
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de Morais EF, de Farias Morais HG, de Moura Santos E, Barboza CAG, Téo FH, Salo T, Coletta RD, de Almeida Freitas R. TWIST1 regulates proliferation, migration, and invasion and is a prognostic marker for oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2023; 52:127-135. [PMID: 36285599 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is one of the main mechanisms for tumor progression and metastasis. Transcription factors such as TWIST1 are key regulators of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and are regarded as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer. The purpose of this study was to examine TWIST1 as a possible epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related prognostic biomarker in oral epithelial dysplasia and oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas, as well as the biological behavior of TWIST1-silencing in oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas cell lines. METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis of TWIST1, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin was carried out in 47 samples representing oral epithelial dysplasia and 41 oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas. The suppression of TWIST1 expression was performed using shRNA-expression vectors in HSC-3 and SCC-9 cells to investigate in vitro the impact of TWIST1 on proliferation, apoptosis, viability, migration, and invasion of SCC-9 and HSC-3 cells. RESULTS The expression of nuclear TWIST1 was significantly higher in oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas than in oral epithelial dysplasis (p < 0.0001), whereas TWIST1 in the cytoplasm was more expressed in oral epithelial dysplasis (p = 0.012). The high cytoplasmic expression of TWIST1 was significantly associated with shortened overall survival (p < 0.05), and increased nuclear TWIST1 expression was significantly related to high risk of recurrence (p = 0.03). Knockdown of TWIST1 in oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas cells induced the expression of E-cadherin and inhibited N-cadherin, which were followed by decreased proliferation, migration, and invasion. CONCLUSIONS Our research suggests that TWIST1 is linked to the development of oral tongue carcinogenesis and may be used as a prognostic indicator and therapeutic target for oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fábio Haach Téo
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Tuula Salo
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Hospital, Institute of Oral and Maxillofacial Disease, University of Helsinki, and HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ricardo D Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil.,School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
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7
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González-Moles MÁ, Keim-del Pino C, Ramos-García P. Hallmarks of Cancer Expression in Oral Lichen Planus: A Scoping Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13099. [PMID: 36361889 PMCID: PMC9658487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology and likely autoimmune nature that is currently considered an oral potentially malignant disorder, implying that patients suffering from this process are at risk of developing oral cancer in their lifetime. The molecular alterations that develop in OLP and that make the affected oral epithelium predisposed to malignancy are unknown, although, as in other autoimmune diseases (ulcerative colitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, etc.), they may be linked to oncogenesis-promoting effects mediated by the inflammatory infiltrate. So far there is no in-depth knowledge on how these hallmarks of cancer are established in the cells of the oral epithelium affected by OLP. In this scoping review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses the state of evidence based knowledge in this field is presented, to point out gaps of evidence and to indicate future lines of research. MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library and Dare were searched for secondary-level studies published before October 2022. The results identified 20 systematic reviews and meta-analyses critically appraising the hallmarks tumor-promoting inflammation (n = 17, 85%), sustaining proliferative signaling (n = 2, 10%), and evading growth suppressors (n = 1, 5%). No evidence was found for the other hallmarks of cancer in OLP. In conclusion, OLP malignization hypothetically derives from the aggressions of the inflammatory infiltrate and a particular type of epithelial response based on increased epithelial proliferation, evasion of growth-suppressive signals and lack of apoptosis. Future evidence-based research is required to support this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel González-Moles
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Keim-del Pino
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Ramos-García
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
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8
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González-Moles MÁ, Warnakulasuriya S, López-Ansio M, Ramos-García P. Hallmarks of Cancer Applied to Oral and Oropharyngeal Carcinogenesis: A Scoping Review of the Evidence Gaps Found in Published Systematic Reviews. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153834. [PMID: 35954497 PMCID: PMC9367256 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This scoping review of systematic reviews aims to accurately assess the degree of existing scientific evidence on the cancer hallmarks proposed in 2011 by Hanahan and Weinberg, in the form of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, applied to oral potentially malignant disorders, oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas, in order to point out gaps in evidence and lines of research that should be implemented in the future to improve the malignant transformation prediction, diagnosis and/or prognosis of these diseases. Abstract In 2000 and 2011, Hanahan and Weinberg published two papers in which they defined the characteristics that cells must fulfil in order to be considered neoplastic cells in all types of tumours that affect humans, which the authors called “hallmarks of cancer”. These papers have represented a milestone in our understanding of the biology of many types of cancers and have made it possible to reach high levels of scientific evidence in relation to the prognostic impact that these hallmarks have on different tumour types. However, to date, there is no study that globally analyses evidence-based knowledge on the importance of these hallmarks in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. For this reason, we set out to conduct this scoping review of systematic reviews with the aim of detecting evidence gaps in relation to the relevance of the cancer hallmarks proposed by Hanahan and Weinberg in oral and oropharyngeal cancer, and oral potentially malignant disorders, and to point out future lines of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel González-Moles
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Saman Warnakulasuriya
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- WHO Collaborating for Oral Cancer, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - María López-Ansio
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Ramos-García
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
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9
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Javaid S, Schaefer A, Goodwin CM, Nguyen VV, Massey FL, Pierobon M, Gambrell-Sanders D, Waters AM, Lambert KN, Diehl JN, Hobbs GA, Wood KC, Petricoin EF, Der CJ, Cox AD. Concurrent Inhibition of ERK and Farnesyltransferase Suppresses the Growth of HRAS Mutant Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:762-774. [PMID: 35247914 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human papilloma virus (HPV)-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a common cancer worldwide with an unmet need for more effective, less toxic treatments. Currently, both the disease and the treatment of HNSCC cause significant mortality and morbidity. Targeted therapies hold new promise for patients with HPV-negative status whose tumors harbor oncogenic HRAS mutations. Recent promising clinical results have renewed interest in the development of farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) as a therapeutic strategy for HRAS-mutant cancers. With the advent of clinical evaluation of the FTI tipifarnib for the treatment of HRAS-mutant HNSCC, we investigated the activity of tipifarnib and inhibitors of HRAS effector signaling in HRAS-mutant HNSCC cell lines. First, we validated that HRAS is a cancer driver in HRAS-mutant HNSCC lines. Second, we showed that treatment with the FTI tipifarnib largely phenocopied HRAS silencing, supporting HRAS as a key target of FTI antitumor activity. Third, we performed reverse-phase protein array analyses to profile FTI treatment-induced changes in global signaling, and conducted CRISPR/Cas9 genetic loss-of-function screens to identify previously unreported genes and pathways that modulate sensitivity to tipifarnib. Fourth, we determined that concurrent inhibition of HRAS effector signaling (ERK, PI3K, mTORC1) increased sensitivity to tipifarnib treatment, in part by overcoming tipifarnib-induced compensatory signaling. We also determined that ERK inhibition could block tipifarnib-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, providing a potential basis for the effectiveness of this combination. Our results support future investigations of these and other combination treatments for HRAS mutant HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Javaid
- Program in Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Antje Schaefer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Craig M Goodwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Victoria V Nguyen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Frances L Massey
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Mariaelena Pierobon
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Research, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | | | - Andrew M Waters
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kathryn N Lambert
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - J Nathaniel Diehl
- Curriculum in Genetics & Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - G Aaron Hobbs
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kris C Wood
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Research, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Channing J Der
- Program in Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Adrienne D Cox
- Program in Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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10
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de Farias Morais HG, de Morais EF, Carlan LM, de Pontes Santos HB, da Silveira ÉJD, de Almeida Freitas R. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition modulates lower lip carcinogenesis and promotes cancer progression. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 136:105387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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11
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Xu R, Xu R, Wang Y, Wang W, Jiang L, Gong S. G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase-Interacting Protein 1 (GIT1) Promotes Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Metastases via Activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signal Pathway. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:6881932. [PMID: 35116073 PMCID: PMC8807036 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6881932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE GIT1 is identified as a novel tumor oncogene in breast cancer. In this article, we aimed to explore the role of GIT1 in the progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS GIT1 expression in HNSCC was detected by RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry assay, and Western blot. HNSCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were examined by CCK-8 assay, Wound healing assay, and Transwell assay, respectively. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS In our study, GIT1 was notably upregulated in HNSCC tissues and cells. Moreover, GIT1 expression level had positive corelation with pathological grade and nodal status of HNSCC. Functional experiments showed that knockdown of GIT1 restrained HNSCC proliferation, invasion, migration, and EMT and facilitated cell apoptosis. Furthermore, GIT1 knockdown was found to restrain HNSCC tumor growth and lung metastasis. Additionally, PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway inhibitors suppressed the effect of GIT1 on HNSCC cell progression. CONCLUSION GIT1 was upregulated in HNSCC and facilitated HNSCC cell progression by inducing PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway. Therefore, we suggested that GIT1 might be a potential target for HNSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runze Xu
- Graduate School, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ran Xu
- Centre of Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, JiangSu Rudong County People's Hospital, Nantong 226400, China
| | - Yuanxiang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, JiangSu Rudong Country People's Hospital, Nantong 226400, China
| | - Weixing Wang
- Centre of Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, JiangSu Rudong County People's Hospital, Nantong 226400, China
| | - Lingling Jiang
- Department of Medical Nursing, JiangSu Rudong Country People's Hospital, Nantong 226400, China
| | - Shishun Gong
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199 Hainan, China
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Chen Y, Tang W, Zhu X, Zhang L, Zhu Y, Xiao H, Xu J, Fang Y, Li X, Tang C, Shi J. Nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 1 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in paclitaxel-resistant breast cancer cells via regulating nuclear factor kappa B and F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 11. Bioengineered 2021; 12:11506-11519. [PMID: 34905470 PMCID: PMC8810193 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2009963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is regarded as the major cause of cancer-associated deaths in women. Paclitaxel exerts a critical impact on the chemotherapy of BC, but the resistance to paclitaxel becomes a great obstacle in treating the disease. It is reported that noncoding RNA nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 1 (NSD1) plays a significant role in drug resistance; however, the special role of NSD1 in paclitaxel-resistant BC is unclear. Human BC cell line MCF-7 was used to establish paclitaxel-resistant BC cells (MCF-7/PR). Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) displayed that NSD1 and F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 11 (FBXL11) were highly expressed in BC tissues. Western blotting was utilized for protein level assessment. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), Transwell, wound healing assays, and animal experiments were conducted to examine the influence of NSD1 or FBXL11 on the malignant behaviors of BC in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Transfected MCF-7/PR cells were injected subcutaneously into BALB/c nude mice with or without treatment of paclitaxel. The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) activity was evaluated by the luciferase reporter assay. Results showed that NSD1 knockdown inhibited the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration and invasiveness of BC in vitro, which was rescued by FBXL11 overexpression. Furthermore, NSD1 silencing promoted paclitaxel sensitivity of paclitaxel-resistant BC cells and suppressed tumor growth and paclitaxel resistance in vivo. NSD1 knockdown reduced NF-kB activity, while FBXL11 inhibition markedly increased NF-kB activity. Collectively, NSD1 facilitates the EMT, migration and invasion in paclitaxel-resistant BC cells via regulating NF-kB and FBXL11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Pukou Central Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiwei Tang
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuedan Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yinxing Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Thyroid and Mammary Gland Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yueyu Fang
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Pukou Central Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Thyroid and Mammary Gland Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cuiju Tang
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Maria de França G, Andrade ACDM, Felix FA, da Silva WR, Almeida DRDMF, Leite RB, Galvão HC, Miguel MCDC. Survival-related epithelial-mesenchymal transition proteins in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 131:105267. [PMID: 34592489 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To aim of this systematic review was to explore the relationship between Human papillomavirus (HPV) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) related to the prognosis of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). DESIGN For this systematic review, searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and Cochrane, and a random-effects model was used for meta-analysis. The presence of EMT was confirmed by the loss of E-cadherin immunoexpression and overexpression of vimentin. RESULTS In summary, EMT-related proteins were expressed regardless of HPV status; however, overall survival was better in HPV-positive OPSCC cases, with a 5.88 times lower death risk compared to HPV-negative patients (OR=0.17; 95%CI=0.10-0.30). Likewise, the maintenance of E-cadherin in OPSCC was associated with an 11.11 times lower risk of death due to the disease (OR=0.09; 95%CI=0.01-0.88). CONCLUSIONS More advanced clinical stages (III/IV) and the presence of lymph node metastases (N1-3) were common in OPSCC but were not significantly associated with HPV status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glória Maria de França
- Postgraduate Program in Dental Sciences, Concentration Area in Oral Pathology and Stomatology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Ana Claudia de Macedo Andrade
- Postgraduate Program in Dental Sciences, Concentration Area in Oral Pathology and Stomatology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Aragão Felix
- Postgraduate Program in Dental Sciences, Concentration Area in Experimental Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Weslay Rodrigues da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Dental Sciences, Concentration Area in Oral Pathology and Stomatology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Rafaella Bastos Leite
- Postgraduate Program in Dental Sciences, Concentration Area in Oral Pathology and Stomatology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Hébel Cavalcanti Galvão
- Postgraduate Program in Dental Sciences, Concentration Area in Oral Pathology and Stomatology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Márcia Cristina da Costa Miguel
- Postgraduate Program in Dental Sciences, Concentration Area in Oral Pathology and Stomatology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Noguchi S, Hirano K, Tanimoto N, Shimada T, Akiyoshi H. SLUG is upregulated and induces epithelial mesenchymal transition in canine oral squamous cell carcinoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 20:134-141. [PMID: 34310030 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SLUG, encoded by the Snai2 gene, is known to play a role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which contributes to cell invasion and metastasis in some types of human carcinomas. However, the mechanisms and roles of EMT in canine squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) have not yet been elucidated. We have previously established canine oral SCC cell lines, including tonsillar SCC, and in this study, we evaluated the effects of SLUG on the phenotypes regarding EMT of canine SCC cells. First, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that SLUG is upregulated in canine oral SCC tissues compared to that in non-tumoural oral mucosa. Furthermore, gain-of-function and loss-of-function of SLUG revealed that SLUG partly contributed to migration and invasion of cells, as well as the upregulation of EMT markers such as vimentin and SNAIL. Thus, the current study suggests that SLUG promotes cell migration and invasion through EMT induction in canine oral SCC, as well as human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Noguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Hirano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, College of Life, Environment, and Advanced Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nanami Tanimoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, College of Life, Environment, and Advanced Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Terumasa Shimada
- Veterinary Medical Center, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideo Akiyoshi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
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15
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Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Neoangiogenesis in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133339. [PMID: 34283055 PMCID: PMC8267619 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple summary The mechanism of epithelial–mesenchymal transition is fundamental for carcinogenesis, tumor progression, cancer cell invasion, metastasis, recurrence, and therapy resistance, resulting in cellular junction degradation and increased cellular motility. The same factors that drive epithelial cells toward a mesenchymal phenotype may also drive endothelial cells toward a proangiogenic phenotype. This study aimed to investigate a potential interplay between epithelial–mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis in laryngeal carcinoma. In our study, univariate Cox regression identified pN+ status and Slug expression as predictive of disease-free survival, while a trend toward significance emerged for CD105-assessed microvessel density and N-cadherin expression. In the multivariate Cox regression model, pN-status, Slug, and N-cadherin expressions retained their significant values in predicting disease-free survival. Data from our study support the hypothesis of a mutual concurrence of epithelial–mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis in the development of an aggressive phenotype in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Abstract The mechanism of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is fundamental for carcinogenesis, tumor progression, cancer cell invasion, metastasis, recurrence, and therapy resistance, comprising important events, such as cellular junction degradation, downregulation of epithelial phenotype markers, overexpression of mesenchymal markers, and increase in cellular motility. The same factors that drive epithelial cells toward a mesenchymal phenotype may also drive endothelial cells toward a proangiogenic phenotype. The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate a potential interplay between EMT and angiogenesis (quantified through CD105 expression) in laryngeal carcinoma (LSCC). CD105-assessed microvessel density (MVD) and EMT markers (E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Snail, Slug, Zeb1, and Zeb2) were assessed on 37 consecutive LSCC cases. The univariate Cox regression model identified pN+ status (p = 0.0343) and Slug expression (p = 0.0268) as predictive of disease-free survival (DFS). A trend toward significance emerged for CD105-assessed MVD (p = 0.0869) and N-cadherin expression (p = 0.0911). In the multivariate Cox model, pN-status, Slug, and N-cadherin expressions retained their significant values in predicting DFS (p = 0.0346, p = 0.0430, and p = 0.0214, respectively). Our data support the hypothesis of a mutual concurrence of EMT and angiogenesis in driving LSCC cells toward an aggressive phenotype. To better characterize the predictive performance of prognostic models based on EMT and angiogenesis, further large-scale prospective studies are required.
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Meyer HJ, Höhn AK, Surov A. Histogram parameters derived from T1 and T2 weighted images correlate with tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor-stroma ratio in head and neck squamous cell cancer. Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 80:127-131. [PMID: 33971242 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study used histogram analysis values derived from T1- and T2- weighted (w) images to elucidate possible associations with Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and Vimentin expression in head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Overall, 28 patients (n = 8 female patient, 28.6%) with primary HNSCC of different localizations were involved in the study. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was obtained on a 3 T MRI. The images were analyzed with a whole lesion measurement using a histogram approach. TIL- and vimentin-expression was calculated on biopsy samples before any form of treatment. RESULTS Several T1-derived parameters correlated with the expression of TIL within the stroma compartment: mean (r = 0.42, p = 0.025), p10 (r = 0.50, p = 0.007), p25 (r = 0.42, p = 0.025), median (r = 0.39, p = 0.036), and mode (r = 0.39, p = 0.04). No T2-derived parameter correlated with the TIL within the stroma compartment. Several T2-derived parameters correlated with the expression of TIL within the tumor compartment: mean (r = -0.52, p = 0.004), max (r = -0.43, p = 0.02), p10 (r = -0.38, p = 0.04), p25 (r = -0.53, p = 0.004), p75 (r = -0.52, p = 0.004), p90 (r = -0.48, p = 0.009), median (r = -0.52, p = 0.004), mode (r = -0.40, p = 0.03). Kurtosis derived from T2w images had significant higher values in tumor-rich tumors, compared to stroma-rich tumors, (mean 5.5 ± 0.5 versus 4.2 ± 1.2, p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS Histogram analysis parameters derived from T1w and T2w images might be able to reflect tumor compartments and TIL expression in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Jonas Meyer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Anne Kathrin Höhn
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Pathology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexey Surov
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Magdeburg, Leipzigerstraße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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