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Manouana GP, Byrne N, Mbong Ngwese M, Nguema Moure A, Hofmann P, Bingoulou Matsougou G, Lotola Mougeni F, Nnoh Dansou E, Agbanrin MD, Mapikou Gouleu CS, Ategbo S, Zinsou JF, Adegbite BR, Edoa JR, Kremsner PG, Mordmüller B, Eibach D, McCall M, Abraham A, Borrmann S, Adegnika AA. Prevalence of Pathogens in Young Children Presenting to Hospital with Diarrhea from Lambaréné, Gabon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 105:254-260. [PMID: 34232911 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrheal disease is the second most frequent cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years worldwide, causing more than half a million deaths each year. Our knowledge of the epidemiology of potentially pathogenic agents found in children suffering from diarrhea in sub-Saharan African countries is still patchy, and thereby hinders implementation of effective preventative interventions. The lack of cheap, easy-to-use diagnostic tools leads to mostly symptomatic and empirical case management. An observational study with a total of 241 participants was conducted from February 2017 to August 2018 among children younger than 5 years with diarrhea in Lambaréné, Gabon. Clinical and demographic data were recorded, and a stool sample was collected. The samples were examined using a commercial rapid immunoassay to detect Rotavirus/adenovirus, conventional bacterial culture for Salmonella spp., and multiplex real-time PCR for Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia, Cyclospora cayetanensis, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC)/Shigella. At least one infectious agent was present in 121 of 241 (50%) samples. The most frequently isolated pathogens were EIEC/Shigella and ETEC (54/179; 30.2% and 44/179; 24.6%, respectively), followed by G. lamblia (33/241; 13.7%), Cryptosporidium spp. (31/241; 12.9%), and Rotavirus (23/241; 9.5%). Coinfection with multiple pathogens was observed in 33% (40/121) of the positive cases with EIEC/Shigella, ETEC, and Cryptosporidium spp. most frequently identified. Our results provide new insight into the possible causes of diarrheal disease in the Moyen-Ogooué region of Gabon and motivate further research on possible modes of infection and targeted preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gédéon Prince Manouana
- 1Centre de Recherche Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,2Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhad Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Natalie Byrne
- 2Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhad Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Philipp Hofmann
- 3German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck-Riems, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Gedeon Bingoulou Matsougou
- 1Centre de Recherche Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,4Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Libreville, Gabon
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon Ategbo
- 4Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Libreville, Gabon
| | | | - Bayode Romeo Adegbite
- 1Centre de Recherche Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,5Department of Infectious Diseases, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,6Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Public Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter Gottfried Kremsner
- 1Centre de Recherche Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,2Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhad Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,7German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- 1Centre de Recherche Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,2Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhad Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,7German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Eibach
- 3German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck-Riems, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.,8Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Insitute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthew McCall
- 1Centre de Recherche Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,2Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhad Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,9Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alabi Abraham
- 1Centre de Recherche Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Steffen Borrmann
- 1Centre de Recherche Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,2Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhad Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,7German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ayola Akim Adegnika
- 1Centre de Recherche Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,2Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhad Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,7German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
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Leboulanger C, Kolanou Biluka L, Nzigou AR, Djuidje Kenmogne V, Happi JLM, Ngohang FE, Eleng AS, Ondo Zue Abaga N, Bouvy M. Urban inputs of fecal bacteria to the coastal zone of Libreville, Gabon, Central Western Africa. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 168:112478. [PMID: 33993043 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Libreville, the largest city in Gabon, adversely impacts the Komo Estuary and the Akanda National Park aquatic ecosystems through discharge of domestic and industrial waste. Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB: Escherichia coli and fecal streptococci) were enumerated using culture-based methods in water from 40 sites between 2017 and 2019 including coastal outlets, mangrove channels, open bays and littoral rivers. Contamination levels were high in discharge waters from small urban rivers in Libreville agglomeration, frequently exceeding international safety guidelines, whereas FIB concentrations decreased downstream from the city in main mangrove channels. Littoral forest rivers were significantly impacted by fecal contamination despite the absence of settlements in the watersheds. Protected areas are not effective in avoiding FIB contamination, indicating inefficient waste management. Dedicated management policies should be implemented to reduce both the sanitary concern and global pollution, poorly assessed in a context of demographic increase in tropical littoral zones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lévie Kolanou Biluka
- Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon; Ecole Normale Supérieure, Libreville, Gabon
| | | | - Véronique Djuidje Kenmogne
- Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon; Ecole Normale Supérieure, Libreville, Gabon
| | | | | | | | | | - Marc Bouvy
- MARBEC, Université Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
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Oyegue-Liabagui SL, Ndjangangoye NK, Kouna LC, Lekolo GM, Mounioko F, Kwedi Nolna S, Lekana-Douki JB. Molecular prevalence of intestinal parasites infections in children with diarrhea in Franceville, Southeast of Gabon. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:350. [PMID: 32414337 PMCID: PMC7226932 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pediatric diarrhea caused by a range of pathogens, including intestinal parasites, is one of main causes of death among children under 5 years of age. The distribution of these parasitic infections overlaps in many environmental, socioeconomic and epidemiological settings. Their distribution and prevalence varies from region to region. In the current study, we assess the prevalence of intestinal parasites among pediatric patients with syndromic diarrheal disease living in Franceville, Gabon. Methods A cross-sectional study conducted in the Amissa Bongo Regional Hospital and Chinese-Gabonese Friendship Hospital in Franceville, between November 2016 and August 2017, enrolled a total of 100 diarrheic children between 0 and 180 months of age. Parasite detection in stool samples was performed using molecular diagnostic by PCR. Difference in means were tested by Student’s t test and ANOVA while principal component analysis was used to determine the correlation between parasite distributions and age groups. Results The overall prevalence of intestinal parasite infection was 61% (61/100). Hymenolepis sp and Cryptosporidium hominis/parvum were the most common parasites (31 and 19%, respectively), followed by Encephalitozoon intestinalis (15%), Trichuris trichiura (4%), Dientamoeba fragilis (4%), and Enterocytozoon bieneusi (2%). The polyparasitism rate was 19.7%, with 83.3% double and 16.7% triple infections. Protozoan infections (66.7%) were more prevalent than helminths infections (33.3%). Seasonal association of the circulation of intestinal parasite was statistically significant (p = 0.03). Correlations between different parasites was also observed. Conclusion The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections is highest in diarrheic pediatric children. The prevalence of parasitic infections indicates that protozoa and helminths are the most common parasites in the Franceville environment. This study reinforces the importance of routine examination of diarrheic stool samples for the diagnostic of intestinal parasites. Further analyses are required to better understand the local epidemiology and risk factors associated with the transmission of intestinal parasites in Franceville, Gabon. Keyswords diarrhea, children, intestinal parasitic infections, molecular diagnostic, Franceville, Gabon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Lydie Oyegue-Liabagui
- Ecole Doctorale Régionale d'Afrique Centrale en Infectiologie Tropicale (ECODRAC), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, BP 876, Franceville, Gabon. .,Unité d'Evolution, Epidémiologie et Résistance Parasitaire (UNEEREP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.
| | - Nal Kennedy Ndjangangoye
- Ecole Doctorale Régionale d'Afrique Centrale en Infectiologie Tropicale (ECODRAC), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, BP 876, Franceville, Gabon.,Unité d'Evolution, Epidémiologie et Résistance Parasitaire (UNEEREP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Lady Charlene Kouna
- Unité d'Evolution, Epidémiologie et Résistance Parasitaire (UNEEREP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Gwladys Mirlande Lekolo
- Unité d'Evolution, Epidémiologie et Résistance Parasitaire (UNEEREP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Franck Mounioko
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectoriel, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, BP 13354, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Sylvie Kwedi Nolna
- Capacity for Leadership Excellence And Research (CLEAR, Inc.), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean Bernard Lekana-Douki
- Unité d'Evolution, Epidémiologie et Résistance Parasitaire (UNEEREP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.,Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médecine Tropicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université des Sciences de la Santé, BP 4009, Libreville, Gabon
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