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Kwan GT, Andrade LR, Prime KJ, Tresguerres M. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural characterization of the inner ear epithelial cells of splitnose rockfish ( Sebastes diploproa). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2024; 326:R277-R296. [PMID: 38189166 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00223.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The inner ear of teleost fish regulates the ionic and acid-base chemistry and secretes protein matrix into the endolymph to facilitate otolith biomineralization, which is used to maintain vestibular and auditory functions. The otolith is biomineralized in a concentric ring pattern corresponding to seasonal growth, and this calcium carbonate (CaCO3) polycrystal has become a vital aging and life-history tool for fishery managers, ecologists, and conservation biologists. Moreover, biomineralization patterns are sensitive to environmental variability including climate change, thereby threatening the accuracy and relevance of otolith-reliant toolkits. However, the cellular biology of the inner ear is poorly characterized, which is a hurdle for a mechanistic understanding of the underlying processes. This study provides a systematic characterization of the cell types in the inner ear of splitnose rockfish (Sebastes diploproa). Scanning electron microscopy revealed the apical morphologies of six inner ear cell types. In addition, immunostaining and confocal microscopy characterized the expression and subcellular localization of the proteins Na+-K+-ATPase, carbonic anhydrase, V-type H+-ATPase, Na+-K+-2Cl--cotransporter, otolith matrix protein 1, and otolin-1 in six inner ear cell types bordering the endolymph. This fundamental cytological characterization of the rockfish inner ear epithelium illustrates the intricate physiological processes involved in otolith biomineralization and highlights how greater mechanistic understanding is necessary to predict their multistressor responses to future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garfield T Kwan
- Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Leonardo R Andrade
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Kaelan J Prime
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
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de Pontual H, MacKenzie KM, Tabouret H, Daverat F, Mahé K, Pecheyran C, Hüssy K. Heterogeneity of otolith chemical composition from two-dimensional mapping: Relationship with biomineralization mechanisms and implications for microchemistry analyses. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:20-33. [PMID: 37697461 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Although otoliths are widely used as archives to infer life-history traits and habitat use in fishes, their biomineralization process remains poorly understood. This lack of knowledge is problematic as it can lead to misinterpretation of the different types of signals (e.g., optical or chemical) that provide basic data for research in fish ecology, fisheries management, and species conservation. Otolith calcification relies on a complex system involving a pericrystalline fluid, the endolymph, whose organic and inorganic compositions are spatially heterogeneous for some constituents. This property stems from the particular structure of the calcifying saccular epithelium. In this study, we explored the spatial heterogeneity of elemental incorporation in otoliths for two species of high economic interest, European hake Merluccius merluccius (L. 1758) and European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (L. 1758). Two-dimensional mappings of chemical elements were obtained using UV high-repetition-rate femtosecond laser ablation (fs-LA) system coupled to a high-resolution inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometer analyses on transverse sections of sagittae. Results highlighted a clear asymmetry between proximal (sulcus) and distal (antisulcus) concentrations for elements such as magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), manganese (Mn), and potassium (K) with concentration gradient directions that varied depending on the element. Strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) did not show a proximo-distal gradient. These results are discussed in light of current knowledge on the endolymph composition and the mechanisms that lead to its compartmentalization, highlighting the need for further research on otolith biomineralization. Operational implications for studies based on otolith chemical composition are also discussed with emphasis on advice for sampling strategies to avoid analytical biases and the need for in-depth analyses of analytical settings before comparing otolith signatures between species or geographical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène de Pontual
- Ifremer DECOD (Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability), Ifremer, INRAE, Institut Agro, Centre Bretagne, HALGO, LBH, Plouzané, France
| | - Kirsteen M MacKenzie
- Ifremer HMMN (Channel and North Sea Fisheries Research Unit), Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Hélène Tabouret
- UMR 5254, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA), Avenue de l'Université, Pau, France
| | | | - Kélig Mahé
- Ifremer HMMN (Channel and North Sea Fisheries Research Unit), Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Christophe Pecheyran
- UMR 5254, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA), Avenue de l'Université, Pau, France
| | - Karin Hüssy
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Section for Oceans and Arctic, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Di Santo V. Ocean acidification and warming affect skeletal mineralization in a marine fish. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20182187. [PMID: 30963862 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification and warming are known to alter, and in many cases decrease, calcification rates of shell and reef building marine invertebrates. However, to date, there are no datasets on the combined effect of ocean pH and temperature on skeletal mineralization of marine vertebrates, such as fishes. Here, the embryos of an oviparous marine fish, the little skate ( Leucoraja erinacea), were developmentally acclimatized to current and increased temperature and CO2 conditions as expected by the year 2100 (15 and 20°C, approx. 400 and 1100 µatm, respectively), in a fully crossed experimental design. Using micro-computed tomography, hydroxyapatite density was estimated in the mineralized portion of the cartilage in jaws, crura, vertebrae, denticles and pectoral fins of juvenile skates. Mineralization increased as a consequence of high CO2 in the cartilage of crura and jaws, while temperature decreased mineralization in the pectoral fins. Mineralization affects stiffness and strength of skeletal elements linearly, with implications for feeding and locomotion performance and efficiency. This study is, to my knowledge, the first to quantify a significant change in mineralization in the skeleton of a fish and shows that changes in temperature and pH of the oceans have complex effects on fish skeletal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Santo
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University , 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA , USA
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Weigele J, Franz‐Odendaal TA, Hilbig R. Expression of SPARC and the osteopontin‐like protein during skeletal development in the cichlid fish
Oreochromis mossambicus. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:955-72. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Weigele
- Zoological InstituteUniversity of Stuttgart‐HohenheimStuttgart Germany
- Department of BiologyMount Saint Vincent UniversityHalifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | | | - Reinhard Hilbig
- Zoological InstituteUniversity of Stuttgart‐HohenheimStuttgart Germany
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Weigele J, Franz-Odendaal TA, Hilbig R. Spatial Expression of Otolith Matrix Protein-1 and Otolin-1 in Normally and Kinetotically Swimming Fish. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:1765-73. [PMID: 26096990 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Kinetosis (motion sickness) has been repeatedly shown to affect some fish of a given clutch following the transition from 1g to microgravity or from hypergravity to 1g. This susceptibility to kinetosis may be correlated with irregular inner ear otolith growth. Otoliths are mainly composed of calcium carbonate and matrix proteins, which play an important role in the process of otolith mineralization. Here, we examine the morphology of otoliths and the expression pattern of the major otolith proteins OMP-1 and otolin-1 in a series of hypergravity experiments. In the utricle, OMP-1 is present in centripetal (medial) and centrifugal (lateral) regions of the meshwork area. In the saccule, OMP-1 was expressed within a dorsal and a ventral narrow band of the meshwork area opposite to the periphery of the sulcus acusticus. In normal animals, the spatial expression pattern of OMP-1 reaches more posteriorly in the centrifugal aspect and is considerably broader in the centripetal portion of the utricle compared to kinetotic animals. However, otolin-1 was not expressed in the utricule. In the saccule, no differences were observed for either gene when comparing normal and kinetotically behaving fish. The difference in the utricular OMP-1 expression pattern between normally and kinetotically swimming fish indicates a different otolith morphology and thus a different geometry of the otoliths resting on the corresponding sensory maculae. As the utricle is the endorgan responsible for sensing gravity, the aberrant morphology of the utricular otoliths, based on OMP-1 expression, likely leads to the observed kinetotic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Weigele
- Zoological Institute, University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, Stuttgart, 73734, Germany
- Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3M 2J6, Canada
| | - Tamara A Franz-Odendaal
- Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3M 2J6, Canada
| | - Reinhard Hilbig
- Zoological Institute, University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, Stuttgart, 73734, Germany
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Dongni R, Yonghua G, Qingling F. Comparative study on nano-mechanics and thermodynamics of fish otoliths. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2012; 33:9-14. [PMID: 25428035 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fish otolith is a kind of typical natural biomineral, which is composed of calcium carbonate and organic matrix. In fresh water carp otolith, the inorganic phase of lapillus is pure aragonite, and for asteriscus it is pure vaterite. In this research, the phase composition, phase transformation, mechanical property and solubility of lapillus and asteriscus were studied. And results showed that, the organic content of lapillus was higher than that of asteriscus; the phase-transition temperature of lapillus (aragonite-calcite) and asteriscus (vaterite-calcite) both happened between 520 and 640 °C; the nano-mechanical property of lapillus was better than that of asteriscus; the solubility of asteriscus powder was higher than that of lapillus powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Dongni
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gao Yonghua
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Feng Qingling
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Anken RH. On the role of the central nervous system in regulating the mineralisation of inner-ear otoliths of fish. PROTOPLASMA 2006; 229:205-8. [PMID: 17180502 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-006-0219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/20/2005] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stato- or otoliths are calcified structures in the organ of balance and equilibrium of vertebrates, the inner ear, where they enhance its sensitivity to gravity. The compact otoliths of fish are composed of the calcium carbonate polymorph aragonite and a small fraction of organic molecules. The latter form a protein skeleton which determines the morphology of an otolith as well as its crystal lattice structure. This short review addresses findings according to which the brain obviously plays a prominent role in regulating the mineralisation of fish otoliths and depends on the gravity vector. Overall, otolith mineralisation has thus been identified to be a unique, neuronally guided biomineralisation process. The following is a hypothetical model for regulation of calcification by efferent vestibular neurons: (1) release of calcium at tight junctions in the macular epithelia, (2) macular carbonic anhydrase activity (which in turn is responsible for carbonate deposition), (3) chemical composition of matrix proteins. The rationale and evidence that support this model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf H Anken
- Zoological Institute, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany.
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