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Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhang S, Li N, Xing C, Wang C, Wang J, Wei M, Yang G, Yuan L. Exercise Improves Metabolism and Alleviates Atherosclerosis via Muscle-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Aging Dis 2023; 14:952-965. [PMID: 37191422 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise maintains a healthy metabolic profile, while the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Extracellular vesicles serve as an important mediator in intercellular communication. In this study, we aimed to explore whether exercise-induced extracellular vesicles (EVs) of skeletal muscle origins contribute to exercise-related protective effects on metabolism. We found that the twelve weeks of swimming training improved glucose tolerance, reduced visceral lipid accumulation, alleviated liver damage, and inhibited atherosclerosis progression in both obese WT mice and ApoE-/- mice, which could be partially blocked by EV biogenesis repression. Injection of skeletal muscle-derived EVs from exercised C57BL/6J mice (twice a week for 12 weeks) had similar protective effects on both obese WT mice and ApoE-/- mice as exercise itself. Mechanistically, these exe-EVs could be endocytosed by major metabolic organs, especially the liver and adipose tissue. With the protein cargos rich in mitochondrial and fatty acid oxidation-related components, exe-EVs remodeled metabolism towards beneficial cardiovascular outcomes. Our study here has shown that exercise remodels metabolism towards beneficial cardiovascular outcomes at least partially via the skeletal muscle secreted EVs. Therapeutic delivery of exe-EVs or the analogues could be promising for prevention of certain cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunnan Liu
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Siyan Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Jintai Hospital, Baoji, China
| | - Changyang Xing
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengying Wei
- The State Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guodong Yang
- The State Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lijun Yuan
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Effects of shear stress on vascular endothelial functions in atherosclerosis and potential therapeutic approaches. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114198. [PMID: 36916427 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Different blood flow patterns in the arteries can alter the adaptive phenotype of vascular endothelial cells (ECs), thereby affecting the functions of ECs and are directly associated with the occurrence of lesions in the early stages of atherosclerosis (AS). Atherosclerotic plaques are commonly found at curved or bifurcated arteries, where the blood flow pattern is dominated by oscillating shear stress (OSS). OSS can induce ECs to transform into pro-inflammatory phenotypes, increase cellular inflammation, oxidative stress response, mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic abnormalities and endothelial permeability, thereby promoting the progression of AS. On the other hand, the straight artery has a stable laminar shear stress (LSS), which promotes the transformation of ECs into an anti-inflammatory phenotype, improves endothelial cell function, thereby inhibits atherosclerotic progression. ECs have the ability to actively sense, integrate, and convert mechanical stimuli by shear stress into biochemical signals that further induces intracellular changes (such as the opening and closing of ion channels, activation and transcription of signaling pathways). Here we not only outline the relationship between functions of vascular ECs and different forms of fluid shear stress in AS, but also aim to provide new solutions for potential atherosclerotic therapies targeting intracellular mechanical transductions.
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Wei W, Lin Z, Xu P, Lv X, Lin L, Li Y, Zhou Y, Lu T, Xue X. Diet Control and Swimming Exercise Ameliorate HFD-Induced Cognitive Impairment Related to the SIRT1-NF- κB/PGC-1 α Pathways in ApoE-/- Mice. Neural Plast 2023; 2023:9206875. [PMID: 36999158 PMCID: PMC10049848 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9206875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet- (HFD-) induced neuroinflammation may ultimately lead to an increased risk of cognitive impairment. Here, we evaluate the effects of diet control and swimming or both on the prevention of cognitive impairment by enhancing SIRT1 activity. Twenty-week-old ApoE-/- mice were fed a HFD for 8 weeks and then were treated with diet control and/or swimming for 8 weeks. Cognitive function was assessed using the novel object recognition test (NORT) and Y-maze test. The expression of sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the hippocampus was measured by western blotting. The levels of fractional anisotropy (FA), N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr) ratio, choline (Cho)/Cr ratio, and myo-inositol (MI)/Cr ratio in the hippocampus were evaluated by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) using 7.0-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our results showed that cognitive dysfunction and hippocampal neuroinflammation appeared to be remarkably observed in apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-/- mice fed with HFD. Diet control plus swimming significantly reversed HFD-induced cognitive decline, reduced the time spent exploring the novel object, and ameliorated spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test. Compared with the HFD group, ApoE-/- mice fed diet control and/or subjected to swimming had an increase in FA, NAA/Cr, and Cho/Cr; a drop in MI/Cr; elevated expression levels of SIRT1, PGC-1α, and BDNF; and inhibited production of proinflammatory cytokines, including NF-κB p65, IL-1β, and TNF-α. SIRT1, an NAD+-dependent class III histone enzyme, deacetylases and regulates the activity of PGC-1α and NF-κB. These data indicated that diet control and/or swimming ameliorate cognitive deficits through the inhibitory effect of neuroinflammation via SIRT1-mediated pathways, strongly suggesting that swimming and/or diet control could be potentially effective nonpharmacological treatments for cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- 1The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhicheng Lin
- 1The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - PeiTao Xu
- 1The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinru Lv
- 2College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Libin Lin
- 2College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongxu Li
- 2College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yangjie Zhou
- 2College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Taotao Lu
- 2College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiehua Xue
- 1The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- 3Fujian Provincial Rehabilitation Industrial Institution, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technology, Fujian Key Laboratory of Cognitive Rehabilitation, Fuzhou, China
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Huang WC, Tung CL, Yang YCSH, Lin IH, Ng XE, Tung YT. Endurance exercise ameliorates Western diet-induced atherosclerosis through modulation of microbiota and its metabolites. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3612. [PMID: 35256637 PMCID: PMC8901804 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization determined cardiovascular disease to be the leading cause of death globally; atherosclerosis is the primary cause of the high morbidity and mortality rates. Regular physical activity is an effective strategy for maintaining endothelial health and function to prevent the development of atherosclerosis. Obesity is also a crucial risk factor for atherosclerotic progression in combination with various complications and systemic inflammation. Physiological homeostasis is modulated by the intestinal microbiota, but the mechanisms through which exercise attenuates atherosclerosis through the microbiota have not been elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the effects of endurance exercise on atherosclerosis induced by a Western diet (WD) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout in terms of microbiota parameters and metabolites. Genetically modified ApoE knockout mice (C57BL/6-Apoeem1Narl/Narl, ApoEKO) and wild-type mice (C57BL6/J) were divided into the following four groups (n = 6), namely, wild-type mice fed a chow diet (WT CD), ApoEKO mice fed a chow diet (ApoE CD), ApoEKO mice fed a WD (ApoE WD), and ApoEKO mice fed a WD and performing endurance exercise (ApoE WD EX), for a 12-week intervention. The WD significantly induced obesity and atherosclerotic syndrome in the ApoE WD group. Severe atherosclerotic lesions and arterial thickness were significantly elevated and accompanied by increases in VCAM-1, MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-1β for immune cell chemotaxis and inflammation during atherosclerotic pathogenesis in the ApoE WD group. In addition, dysbiosis in the ApoE WD group resulted in the lowest short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. Endurance exercise intervention (ApoE WD EX) significantly alleviated atherosclerotic syndrome by reducing obesity, significantly inhibiting VCAM-1, MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-1β expression, and increasing the production of SCFAs. Modulation of the microbiota associated with inflammation, such as Desulfovibrio, Tyzzerella, and Lachnospiraceae_ge, and increased SCFA production, particularly through an abundance of Rikenellaceae and Dubosiella, were also observed after exercise intervention. Endurance exercise can alleviate WD-induced atherosclerosis through the amelioration of obesity, inflammation, and chemotaxis signaling, which are modulated by the microbiota and derived SCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ching Huang
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, 112, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Liang Tung
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, 600, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Food Nutrition and Healthy Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Chen S H Yang
- Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan, ROC
| | - I-Hsuan Lin
- Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan, ROC.,Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Xin Er Ng
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Tang Tung
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan, ROC. .,Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC.
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Huang WC, Xu JW, Li S, Ng XE, Tung YT. Effects of exercise on high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and lipid metabolism in ApoE knockout mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2022; 19:10. [PMID: 35172845 PMCID: PMC8849014 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-022-00644-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is growing more common in the Western world, has become the main cause of chronic liver disease and is strongly associated with metabolism syndromes. NAFLD can indicate a wide spectrum of hepatic pathologies, ranging from simple hepatic steatosis and inflammatory non-alcoholic steatohepatitis to more severe stages of fibrosis and cirrhosis. Moreover, evidence has demonstrated that physical inactivity and westernized dietary habits may facilitate the development of NAFLD. Lipid modulation and metabolism could be important factors in the development of steatosis. Lipid species, characterized using a lipidomic approach with untargeted analysis, could provide potential biomarkers for the pathogenesis of NAFLD or therapeutic applications. Thus, in this study, the effects of exercise on the improvement of NAFLD were further investigated from a lipidomic perspective through the aspects of lipid regulation and metabolism. Methods Wild type (WT) C57BL/6 J and C57BL/6-ApoEem1Narl/Narl mice were assigned to one of four groups: WT mice fed a normal chow diet (CD), apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout mice fed a normal CD, ApoE knockout mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), and ApoE knockout mice fed a HFD and provided with swimming exercise. The treatments (e.g., normal diet, HFD, and exercise) were provided for 12 consecutive weeks before the growth curves, biochemistry, fat composition, pathological syndromes, and lipid profiles were determined. Results Exercise significantly reduced the HFD-induced obesity (weight and fat composition), adipocyte hypertrophy, liver lipid accumulation, and pathological steatosis. In addition, exercise ameliorated HFD-induced steatosis in the process of NAFLD. The lipidomic analysis revealed that the changes in plasma triglyceride (14:0/16:0/22:2), phosphatidic acid (18:0/17:2), and phosphatidylglycerol (16:0/20:2) induced by the administration of the HFD could be reversed significantly by exercise. Conclusions The 12-week regular exercise intervention significantly alleviated HFD-induced NAFLD through modulation of specific lipid species in plasma. This finding could elucidate the lipids effects behind the hepatic pathogenesis with exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ching Huang
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Wei Xu
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Shiming Li
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Xin Er Ng
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tang Tung
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan. .,Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan. .,Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
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Liao CC, Xu JW, Huang WC, Chang HC, Tung YT. Plasma Proteomic Changes of Atherosclerosis after Exercise in ApoE Knockout Mice. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020253. [PMID: 35205118 PMCID: PMC8869651 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the preliminary cause of coronary artery disease, one of the diseases that account for the largest number of fatal mortalities. Physical activity is an effective strategy to restrain atherosclerosis from deterioration. Evidence indicated that changes in the proteomic profile are highly associated with atherosclerosis development, but the mechanism behind exercise for atherosclerosis amelioration has not yet been investigated from a proteomics perspective. Hence, the proteomic profiles could further elucidate the systematic effects of exercise intervention on ApoE knockout atherosclerotic model and high-fat-diet intervention. In the current study, Apoeem1Narl/Narl mice were randomly allocated into a normal diet (ND), Western diet (WD), and WD with 12-week exercise intervention (WD EX) groups. The plasma proteome between WD and WD EX groups demonstrate the significant difference, and ten major pathways, including cardiovascular disease (CVD)–hematological disease, inflammatory disease, infectious diseases, inflammatory response, cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, connective tissue disorders_inflammatory disease, metabolic disease_organismal injury and abnormalities, cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, connective tissue disorders_inflammatory disease, and endocrine system disorders_gastrointestinal disease, etc., were generated by the IPA analysis. The 15 proteins (MYOCD, PROS1, C2, SERPINA10, CRP, F5, C5, CFB, FGG, CFH, F12, PRDX2, PROZ, PPIA, and HABP2) critically involved in CVD–hematological disease pathway showed significant difference between WD and WD EX groups. In current study, exercise could significantly alleviate the significantly elevated C5 and inflammation induced by the WD group in accordance with amelioration of atherosclerosis. Therefore, exercise could mitigate chemotaxis through the modulation of the C5 level and innate immunity, thereby alleviating the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in Western-diet-induced obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chung Liao
- Metabolomics-Proteomics Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Wei Xu
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ching Huang
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tang Tung
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
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Lavier J, Beaumann M, Menétrey S, Bouzourène K, Rosenblatt‐Velin N, Pialoux V, Mazzolai L, Peyter A, Pellegrin M, Millet GP. High-intensity exercise in hypoxia improves endothelial function via increased nitric oxide bioavailability in C57BL/6 mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 233:e13700. [PMID: 34089562 PMCID: PMC8518730 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aim The optimal exercise intensity to improve endothelial function remains unclear, as well as whether the addition of hypoxia could potentiate this function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of different exercise intensities in normoxia and hypoxia on vascular reactivity and nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability in mice. Methods C57BL/6 mice underwent treadmill running three times per week, for 4 weeks at either low, maximal or supramaximal intensity in normoxia or hypoxia (inspire oxygen fraction = 0.13). Vascular reactivity and expression of genes and proteins involved in NO production/bioavailability were assessed in aorta using isolated vessel tension experiments, RT‐qPCR and western blot, respectively. Circulating NO metabolites and pro‐/antioxidant markers were measured. Results Hypoxic exercise improved both acetylcholine‐induced vasorelaxation and phenylephrine‐induced vasoconstriction compared to normoxic exercise, independently of intensity. In hypoxia, a higher acetylcholine‐induced vasorelaxation was observed with high intensities (supramaximal and maximal) compared to low intensity. Exercise protocols modulated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and α1‐adrenergic receptor (α1‐AR) mRNA level, but not superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) and p47phox. No significant differences were observed for protein expression of α1‐AR, total eNOS, phosphorylated eNOS, SOD isoforms and p47phox. However, plasma SOD and catalase activities were significantly increased in hypoxic supramaximal compared to hypoxic low intensity, while concentration of nitrotyrosine significantly decreased. The latter was also observed in hypoxic maximal and supramaximal compared to the same intensities in normoxia. Conclusion Hypoxic high‐intensity exercise increases NO bioavailability and improves vascular function, opening promising clinical perspectives for cardiovascular disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lavier
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) Lausanne Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Manon Beaumann
- Neonatal Research Laboratory Clinic of Neonatology Department Woman‐Mother‐Child Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Steeve Menétrey
- Neonatal Research Laboratory Clinic of Neonatology Department Woman‐Mother‐Child Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Karima Bouzourène
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Rosenblatt‐Velin
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Vincent Pialoux
- Inter‐University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA7424 University of Lyon Villeurbanne France
| | - Lucia Mazzolai
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Anne‐Christine Peyter
- Neonatal Research Laboratory Clinic of Neonatology Department Woman‐Mother‐Child Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Maxime Pellegrin
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) Lausanne Switzerland
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Hong J, Park E, Lee J, Lee Y, Rooney BV, Park Y. Exercise training mitigates ER stress and UCP2 deficiency-associated coronary vascular dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15449. [PMID: 34326395 PMCID: PMC8322067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94944-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) activation are opposing modulators of endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Exercise reduces atherosclerosis plaques and enhances endothelial function. Our aim was to understand how exercise affects ER stress and UCP2 activation, and how that relates to endothelial dysfunction in an atherosclerotic murine model. Wild type (C57BL/6, WT) and apolipoprotein-E-knockout (ApoEtm1Unc, ApoE KO) mice underwent treadmill exercise training (EX) or remained sedentary for 12 weeks. Acetylcholine (ACh)-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation was determined in the presence of an eNOS inhibitor (L-NAME), UCP2 inhibitor (genipin), and ER stress inducer (tunicamycin). UCP2, ER stress markers and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling were quantified by western blotting. p67phox and superoxide were visualized using immunofluorescence and DHE staining. Nitric oxide (NO) was measured by nitrate/nitrite assay. ACh-induced vasodilation was attenuated in coronary arterioles of ApoE KO mice but improved in ApoE KO-EX mice. Treatment of coronary arterioles with L-NAME, tunicamycin, and genipin significantly attenuated ACh-induced vasodilation in all mice except for ApoE KO mice. Exercise reduced expression of ER stress proteins, TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling cascades, and Bax expression in the heart of ApoE KO-EX mice. Further, exercise diminished superoxide production and NADPH oxidase p67phox expression in coronary arterioles while simultaneously increasing UCP2 expression and nitric oxide (NO) production in the heart of ApoE KO-EX mice. Routine exercise alleviates endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerotic coronary arterioles in an eNOS, UCP2, and ER stress signaling specific manner, and resulting in reduced TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome activity and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyoung Hong
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, University of Houston, 3875 Holman St, Houston, TX, 77204-6015, USA
| | - Eunkyung Park
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, University of Houston, 3875 Holman St, Houston, TX, 77204-6015, USA
| | - Jonghae Lee
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, University of Houston, 3875 Holman St, Houston, TX, 77204-6015, USA
| | - Yang Lee
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Bridgette V Rooney
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, University of Houston, 3875 Holman St, Houston, TX, 77204-6015, USA.,Geocontrol Systems Inc, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, 77058, USA
| | - Yoonjung Park
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, University of Houston, 3875 Holman St, Houston, TX, 77204-6015, USA.
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Okutsu M, Yamada M, Tokizawa K, Marui S, Suzuki K, Lira VA, Nagashima K. Regular exercise stimulates endothelium autophagy via IL-1 signaling in ApoE deficient mice. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21698. [PMID: 34085350 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002790rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Regular exercise maintains arterial endothelial cell homeostasis and protects the arteries from vascular disease, such as peripheral artery disease and atherosclerosis. Autophagy, which is a cellular process that degrades misfolded or aggregate proteins and damaged organelles, plays an important role in maintaining organ and cellular homeostasis. However, it is unknown whether regular exercise stimulates autophagy in aorta endothelial cells of mice prone to atherosclerosis independently of their circulating lipid profile. Here, we observed that 16 weeks of voluntary exercise reduced high-fat diet-induced atherosclerotic plaque formation in the aortic root of ApoE deficient mice, and that this protection occurred without changes in circulating triglycerides, total cholesterol, and lipoproteins. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that voluntary exercise increased levels of the autophagy protein LC3 in aortic endothelial cells. Interestingly, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to serum from voluntarily exercised mice displayed significantly increased LC3-I and LC3-II protein levels. Analysis of circulating cytokines demonstrated that voluntary exercise caused changes directly relevant to IL-1 signaling (ie, decreased interleukin-1 receptor antagonist [IL-1ra] while also increasing IL-1α). HUVECs exposed to IL-1α and IL-1β recombinant protein significantly increased LC3 mRNA expression, LC3-I and LC3-II protein levels, and autophagy flux. Collectively, these results suggest that regular exercise protects arteries from ApoE deficient mice against atherosclerosis at least in part by stimulating endothelial cell autophagy via enhanced IL-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Okutsu
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mami Yamada
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken Tokizawa
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuri Marui
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | | | - Vitor A Lira
- Department of Health & Human Physiology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kei Nagashima
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nitric oxide (NO) is quite an essential molecule for human metabolism since it plays an active role in body functions. In the past 20 years, nitric oxide has become a milestone in terms of both athlete physiology and pharmacology studies. The most known and remarkable function of NO is its role in controlling vasodilatation, blood rate, and mitochondrial respiration and thus enhance performance. Therefore, it can be argued that exercise and NO have a positive relationship. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION In the scientific literature search related to this review, the US National Library of Medicine (PubMed) used MEDLINE and SportDiscus data and the terms "NO," "physical exercise," "vasodilatation," and "performance enhancement." The relevant literature took its source from the research of relevant articles from reference lists derived from data studies. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS It was observed that there is a relationship between physical activity and nitric oxide, and it is demonstrated that physical activity enhances NO production. NO is supposed to improve sports performance, promote recovery, and benefit the athlete's health with its physiological support in vasodilatation, blood flow, and mitochondrial respiration. CONCLUSIONS Physical activity and nitric oxide resulted to be related. There is a concrete evidence that physical activity enhances NO production. Exercise should be recommended for increasing the level of NO for athletes and for patients with cardiovascular disorders for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Oral
- Department of Health Sciences and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey - onur.oral @ege.edu.tr
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Sangha GS, Goergen CJ, Prior SJ, Ranadive SM, Clyne AM. Preclinical techniques to investigate exercise training in vascular pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1566-H1600. [PMID: 33385323 PMCID: PMC8260379 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00719.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a dynamic process starting with endothelial dysfunction and inflammation and eventually leading to life-threatening arterial plaques. Exercise generally improves endothelial function in a dose-dependent manner by altering hemodynamics, specifically by increased arterial pressure, pulsatility, and shear stress. However, athletes who regularly participate in high-intensity training can develop arterial plaques, suggesting alternative mechanisms through which excessive exercise promotes vascular disease. Understanding the mechanisms that drive atherosclerosis in sedentary versus exercise states may lead to novel rehabilitative methods aimed at improving exercise compliance and physical activity. Preclinical tools, including in vitro cell assays, in vivo animal models, and in silico computational methods, broaden our capabilities to study the mechanisms through which exercise impacts atherogenesis, from molecular maladaptation to vascular remodeling. Here, we describe how preclinical research tools have and can be used to study exercise effects on atherosclerosis. We then propose how advanced bioengineering techniques can be used to address gaps in our current understanding of vascular pathophysiology, including integrating in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies across multiple tissue systems and size scales. Improving our understanding of the antiatherogenic exercise effects will enable engaging, targeted, and individualized exercise recommendations to promote cardiovascular health rather than treating cardiovascular disease that results from a sedentary lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurneet S Sangha
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Craig J Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Steven J Prior
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sushant M Ranadive
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
| | - Alisa M Clyne
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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12
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Wang X, Yang J, Lu T, Zhan Z, Wei W, Lyu X, Jiang Y, Xue X. The effect of swimming exercise and diet on the hypothalamic inflammation of ApoE-/- mice based on SIRT1-NF-κB-GnRH expression. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:11085-11099. [PMID: 32518216 PMCID: PMC7346084 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
A high-fat diet and sedentary lifestyle could accelerate aging and hypothalamic inflammation. In order to explore the regulatory mechanisms of lifestyle in the hypothalamus, swimming exercise and diet control were applied in the high-fat diet ApoE-/- mice in our study. 20-week-old ApoE-/- mice fed with 12-week high-fat diet were treated by high-fat diet, diet control and swimming exercise. The results showed that hypothalamic inflammation, glial cells activation and cognition decline were induced by high-fat diet. Compared with the diet control, hypothalamic inflammation, glial cells activation and learning and memory impairment were effectively alleviated by swimming exercise plus diet control, which was related to the increasing expression of SIRT1, inhibiting the expression of NF-κB and raising secretion of GnRH in the hypothalamus. These findings supported the hypothesis that hypothalamic inflammation was susceptible to exercise and diet, which was strongly associated with SIRT1-NF-κB-GnRH expression in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xialei Wang
- The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350003, China
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350112, China
| | - Jingda Yang
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350112, China
| | - Taotao Lu
- The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350003, China
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350112, China
| | - Zengtu Zhan
- The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Wei Wei
- The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Xinru Lyu
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350112, China
| | - Yijing Jiang
- The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Xiehua Xue
- The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350003, China
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13
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Li Y, Sun D, Zheng Y, Cheng Y. Swimming exercise activates aortic autophagy and limits atherosclerosis in ApoE -/- mice. Obes Res Clin Pract 2020; 14:264-270. [PMID: 32444302 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effect of swimming exercise on autophagy and atherosclerosis in mice aorta, so as to clarify the possible causal relationship between autophagy activation and atherosclerosis. METHODS The body weight was monitored regularly. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and Oil Red O staining was conducted to observe vascular morphology and plaque burden respectively. The levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was examined via Enzyme-linked immu-nosorbent assays (ELISA). The mRNA expression level of autophagy markers, including LC3 and Beclin-1, was examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The expressions of LC3-II/LC3-I and Beclin-1 are detected by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Compared with the model group, long-term swimming exercise decreased the weight gain of ApoE-/- mice, improved the structural disorder of artery, reduced the load of atherosclerotic lesion, and attenuated the concentrations of serum TC, TG, sICAM-1, MMP-9, and IL-6. In addition, the expression of autophagy markers LC3 and Beclin-1 increased significantly at the mRNA and protein levels. CONCLUSION Long-term swimming exercise could activate the autophagy and reduce atherosclerotic lesion in the aorta of ApoE-/- mice. Autophagy activation may be one of the mechanisms by which atherosclerosis is improved through exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Dakang Sun
- Clinical Medical Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Yanli Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China.
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14
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Acikel Elmas M, Cakıcı SE, Dur IR, Kozluca I, Arınc M, Binbuga B, Bingol Ozakpınar O, Kolgazi M, Sener G, Ercan F. Protective effects of exercise on heart and aorta in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Tissue Cell 2019; 57:57-65. [PMID: 30947964 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Merve Acikel Elmas
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyit Enes Cakıcı
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismail Rahmi Dur
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Kozluca
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melih Arınc
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berkant Binbuga
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Meltem Kolgazi
- Department of Physiology, Acibadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Goksel Sener
- Department of Pharmacology, Marmara University Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Feriha Ercan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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15
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Wang S, Li J, Zhang C, Xu G, Tang Z, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Wang Z. Effects of aerobic exercise on the expressions and activities of nitric oxide synthases in the blood vessel endothelium in prediabetes mellitus. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:4205-4212. [PMID: 31007752 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies by our group have indicated that exercise intervention can ameliorate endothelial dysfunction, which is an early pathophysiological change of prediabetes mellitus. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that nitric oxide synthases (NOSs), which are expressed in blood vessel endothelium, contribute to the mitigation of vascular endothelium-dependent dysfunction by aerobic exercise in prediabetes mellitus. A prediabetic rat model was established by feeding the rats an additional high-energy diet, and was confirmed by testing blood glucose levels, the area-under-the-curve for the blood glucose tests (P<0.05) and the changes to the histological morphology of the thoracic aorta. Further examination identified that NOS expression changed significantly between the control and prediabetes groups, indicating endothelial dysfunction in the prediabetic rats. Following aerobic exercise, a significant increase in NOS, endothelial (eNOS) mRNA and protein expression (P<0.05), and a significant decrease in NOS, inducible (iNOS) mRNA and protein expression (P<0.05) was identified in the prediabetic rats compared with the control group. No significant change in nitric oxide synthase, brain expression was observed in the prediabetic rat group compared with the control group. Notably, there was also a significant increase and decrease in eNOS and iNOS activity, respectively, in the prediabetes group compared with the control group (P<0.05). Furthermore, nitric oxide (NO) concentration in the vascular endothelium was detected, which revealed a significant increase in NO concentration in the prediabetic rats following aerobic exercise compared with the control (P<0.05). The present study provided results that demonstrated that aerobic exercise ameliorated the vascular endothelium-dependent dysfunction through the NOS/NO signaling pathway, which is primarily regulated by NOS expression and activity, in prediabetes mellitus. The current study provided the theoretical basis for the use of exercise intervention to prevent diabetes mellitus during the early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobing Wang
- Laboratory of Sport Physiology and Biomedicine, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Evaluation of Exercise Physiological Functions, General Administration of Sport of China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Laboratory of Sport Physiology and Biomedicine, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Evaluation of Exercise Physiological Functions, General Administration of Sport of China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China
| | - Chenwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Sport Physiology and Biomedicine, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Evaluation of Exercise Physiological Functions, General Administration of Sport of China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China
| | - Guiqing Xu
- Laboratory of Sport Physiology and Biomedicine, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Evaluation of Exercise Physiological Functions, General Administration of Sport of China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China
| | - Zonghao Tang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China
| | - Zhenghong Zhang
- Laboratory of Sport Physiology and Biomedicine, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Evaluation of Exercise Physiological Functions, General Administration of Sport of China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China
| | - Yiping Liu
- Laboratory of Sport Physiology and Biomedicine, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Evaluation of Exercise Physiological Functions, General Administration of Sport of China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China
| | - Zhengchao Wang
- Laboratory of Sport Physiology and Biomedicine, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Evaluation of Exercise Physiological Functions, General Administration of Sport of China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China
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16
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Hong J, Kim K, Park E, Lee J, Markofski MM, Marrelli SP, Park Y. Exercise ameliorates endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated vascular dysfunction in mesenteric arteries in atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7938. [PMID: 29784903 PMCID: PMC5962591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is closely associated with atherosclerosis, but the effects of exercise on ER stress-mediated endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis is not yet fully understood. We assessed endothelium-dependent vasodilation in isolated mesenteric arteries from wild type (WT), WT with exercise (WT-EX), ApoE knockout (ApoE KO), and ApoE KO mice with exercise (ApoE KO-EX). Vasodilation to acetylcholine (ACh) was elicited in the presence of inhibitors of ER stress, eNOS, caspase-1, and UCP-2 (Tudca, L-NAME, AC-YVARD-cmk, and Genipin, respectively) and the ER stress inducer (Tunicamycin). Immunofluorescence was used to visualize the expression of CHOP, as an indicator of ER stress, in superior mesenteric arteries (SMA). Dilation to ACh was attenuated in ApoE KO but was improved in ApoE KO-EX. Incubation of Tudca and AC-YVARD-cmk improved ACh-induced vasodilation in ApoE KO. L-NAME, tunicamycin, and Genipin attenuated vasodilation in WT, WT-EX and ApoE KO-EX, but not in ApoE KO. Exercise training reversed the increase in CHOP expression in the endothelium of SMA of ApoE KO mice. We conclude that ER stress plays a significant role in endothelial dysfunction of resistance arteries in atherosclerosis and that exercise attenuates ER stress and regulates its critical downstream signaling pathways including eNOS, UCP-2 and caspase-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyoung Hong
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Kwangchan Kim
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Eunkyung Park
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Jonghae Lee
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Sean P Marrelli
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at UT Health, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yoonjung Park
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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17
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Guzzoni V, Cunha TS, das Neves VJ, Briet L, Costa R, Moura MJCS, Oliveira V, Franco MDCP, Novaes PD, Marcondes FK. Nandrolone combined with strenuous resistance training reduces vascular nitric oxide bioavailability and impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Steroids 2018; 131:7-13. [PMID: 29317256 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AASs) misuse has increased among adolescents and recreational athletes due to their potential effects on muscle hypertrophy. On the other hand, AAS might induce alterations on cardiovascular system, although some controversies regarding AAS on vascular properties remain unknown. To address this question, we aimed to investigate the effects of high doses of nandrolone combined with strenuous resistance training (RT) on function and structure of thoracic aorta. Rats were randomized into four groups: non-trained vehicle (NTV), trained vehicle (TV), non-trained nandrolone (NTN), and trained nandrolone (TN), and submitted to 6 weeks of treatment with nandrolone (5 mg/kg, twice a week) and/or resistance training. In vitro response of thoracic aorta to acetylcholine (ACh) was analyzed. Vascular nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis were evaluated using 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-2) and hydroethidine fluorescent techniques, respectively. Thoracic aorta was processed for microscopy analyses and tunica media thickness was measured. ACh-mediated relaxation response was impaired in endothelium intact aortic rings isolated from trained rats (TV and TN) as compared with their matched non-trained groups. TN rats showed reduced ACh-mediated vasodilatation than NTN rats. NO production and bioavailability decreased in thoracic aorta of nandrolone-treated rats in relation to their matched non-trained group (NTN vs. NTV; TN vs. TV). ROS production and tunica media thickness were increased in TN rats when compared with TV rats. These findings indicate that high doses of nandrolone combined with strenuous RT affect NO bioavailability and might induce endothelial dysfunction and arterial morphological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Guzzoni
- Department of Oral Physiology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - FOP/UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Sousa Cunha
- Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Vander José das Neves
- Department of Oral Physiology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - FOP/UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Larissa Briet
- Department of Oral Physiology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - FOP/UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Costa
- Department of Oral Physiology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - FOP/UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Oliveira
- Nephrology Division, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Duarte Novaes
- Department of Oral Physiology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - FOP/UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Klein Marcondes
- Department of Oral Physiology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - FOP/UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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18
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Guizoni DM, Dorighello GG, Oliveira HCF, Delbin MA, Krieger MH, Davel AP. Aerobic exercise training protects against endothelial dysfunction by increasing nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide production in LDL receptor-deficient mice. J Transl Med 2016; 14:213. [PMID: 27435231 PMCID: PMC4950099 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0972-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction associated with hypercholesterolemia is an early event in atherosclerosis characterized by redox imbalance associated with high superoxide production and reduced nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. Aerobic exercise training (AET) has been demonstrated to ameliorate atherosclerotic lesions and oxidative stress in advanced atherosclerosis. However, whether AET protects against the early mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in familial hypercholesterolemia remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of AET on endothelial dysfunction and vascular redox status in the aortas of LDL receptor knockout mice (LDLr(-/-)), a genetic model of familial hypercholesterolemia. METHODS Twelve-week-old C57BL/6J (WT) and LDLr(-/-) mice were divided into sedentary and exercised (AET on a treadmill 1 h/5 × per week) groups for 4 weeks. Changes in lipid profiles, endothelial function, and aortic NO, H2O2 and superoxide production were examined. RESULTS Total cholesterol and triglycerides were increased in sedentary and exercised LDLr(-/-) mice. Endothelium-dependent relaxation induced by acetylcholine was impaired in aortas of sedentary LDLr(-/-) mice but not in the exercised group. Inhibition of NO synthase (NOS) activity or H2O2 decomposition by catalase abolished the differences in the acetylcholine response between the animals. No changes were noted in the relaxation response induced by NO donor sodium nitroprusside or H2O2. Neuronal NOS expression and endothelial NOS phosphorylation (Ser1177), as well as NO and H2O2 production, were reduced in aortas of sedentary LDLr(-/-) mice and restored by AET. Incubation with apocynin increased acetylcholine-induced relaxation in sedentary, but not exercised LDLr(-/-) mice, suggesting a minor participation of NADPH oxidase in the endothelium-dependent relaxation after AET. Consistent with these findings, Nox2 expression and superoxide production were reduced in the aortas of exercised compared to sedentary LDLr(-/-) mice. Furthermore, the aortas of sedentary LDLr(-/-) mice showed reduced expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoforms and minor participation of Cu/Zn-dependent SODs in acetylcholine-induced, endothelium-dependent relaxation, abnormalities that were partially attenuated in exercised LDLr(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION The data gathered by this study suggest AET as a potential non-pharmacological therapy in the prevention of very early endothelial dysfunction and redox imbalance in familial hypercholesterolemia via increases in NO bioavailability and H2O2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele M Guizoni
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel G Dorighello
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena C F Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria A Delbin
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta H Krieger
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana P Davel
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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19
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Pellegrin M, Szostak J, Bouzourène K, Aubert JF, Berthelot A, Nussberger J, Laurant P, Mazzolai L. Running Exercise and Angiotensin II Type I Receptor Blocker Telmisartan Are Equally Effective in Preventing Angiotensin II-Mediated Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Lesions. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2016; 22:159-168. [PMID: 27246357 DOI: 10.1177/1074248416652235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study was conducted to directly compare the efficacy of running exercise and telmisartan treatment on angiotensin (Ang) II-mediated atherosclerosis and plaque vulnerability. MATERIALS AND METHODS Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice with Ang II-mediated atherosclerosis (2-kidney, 1-clip [2K1C] renovascular hypertension model) were randomized into 3 groups: treadmill running exercise (RUN), telmisartan treatment (TEL), and sedentary untreated controls (SED) for 5 weeks. Atherosclerosis was assessed using histological and immunohistochemical analyses. Gene expression was determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS TEL but not RUN mice significantly decreased (50%) atherosclerotic lesion size compared to SED. RUN and TEL promoted plaque stabilization to a similar degree in ApoE-/- 2K1C mice. However, plaque composition and vascular inflammatory markers were differently affected: RUN decreased plaque macrophage infiltration (35%), whereas TEL reduced lipid core size (88%); RUN significantly increased aortic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α, -δ, and -γ expression, whereas TEL significantly modulated T-helper 1/T-helper 2 (Th1/Th2) aortic response toward an anti-inflammatory state (decreased aortic interleukin [IL] 2 to IL-10 and IL-2 to IL-13 expression ratios). Plaque smooth muscle cell content was similarly increased (128% and 141%, respectively). Aortic AT1 and AT2 receptor expression as well as aortic CD11c/CD206 and IL-1β/IL-1ra expression ratios were not significantly modulated by either RUN or TEL. CONCLUSION Running exercise and telmisartan treatment are equally effective in preventing Ang II-mediated plaque vulnerability but through distinct cellular and molecular mechanisms. Our findings further support the use of exercise training and selective AT1 receptor blocker therapies for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Pellegrin
- 1 Division of Angiology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Justyna Szostak
- 1 Division of Angiology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,2 Sciences Séparatives Biologiques et Pharmaceutiques, UFR STAPS/SMP, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Karima Bouzourène
- 1 Division of Angiology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Alain Berthelot
- 2 Sciences Séparatives Biologiques et Pharmaceutiques, UFR STAPS/SMP, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Jürg Nussberger
- 1 Division of Angiology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Laurant
- 3 Laboratoire Pharm-Ecologie Cardiovasculaire, UFRip Sciences Technologie et Santé, Université Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, Avignon, France
| | - Lucia Mazzolai
- 1 Division of Angiology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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20
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Szostak J, Miguet-Alfonsi C, Berthelot A, Laurant P. Training-induced anti-atherosclerotic effects are associated with increased vascular PPARgamma expression in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2016; 216:221-30. [PMID: 26467845 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Physical exercise prevents cardiovascular risk and atherosclerosis lesions. However, the molecular aspects are still unknown. Vascular peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) exert anti-atherogenic effects. The aim of this study was to determine whether exercise-induced anti-atherosclerotic effect is associated with change in PPARs vascular expression in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-) ) mice. METHODS Male ApoE(-/-) mice were fed with a high-fat diet and randomized into two groups: one trained group undergoing swimming training for 3 months and one sedentary group. Sedentary and trained C57BL/6J mice were used as control. mRNA of PPAR-α, PPAR-β/δ and PPAR-γ was measured in aorta by quantitative PCR. mRNA of pro- (TNF-α, IL-1β) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10, IL-1Ra) cytokines was also measured. RESULTS Atherosclerotic lesion size was significantly reduced in trained ApoE(-/-) mice compared to sedentary ones. In contrast, reduction of atherosclerotic lesion size was not observed in trained ApoE(-/-) mice supplied with BADGE, an antagonist of PPAR-γ. Exercise training significantly increased PPAR-γ expression in aorta. PPAR-γ expression was inversely correlated with the atherosclerotic plaque area. Aortic PPAR-α and PPAR-β/δ mRNA expressions were not changed in response to exercise training. Atherosclerosis increased the aortic mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-1Ra. Exercise training decreased aortic IL-1β mRNA expression in ApoE(-/-) mice, but did not change expression of TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-1Ra. IL-1β mRNA expression was also significantly lower in atherosclerosis lesions from trained ApoE(-/-) compared with those from sedentary ones. CONCLUSIONS Exercise training increases vascular PPAR-γ expression in ApoE(-/-) mice that could potentially underlie training-related beneficial effects on atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Szostak
- Sciences Separatives Biologiques et Pharmaceutiques; UFR STAPS/SMP; University of Franche-Comté; Besançon France
| | - C. Miguet-Alfonsi
- Sciences Separatives Biologiques et Pharmaceutiques; UFR STAPS/SMP; University of Franche-Comté; Besançon France
| | - A. Berthelot
- Sciences Separatives Biologiques et Pharmaceutiques; UFR STAPS/SMP; University of Franche-Comté; Besançon France
| | - P. Laurant
- Laboratoire Pharm-Ecologie Cardiovasculaire EA4278; UFRip Sciences Technologie et Santé; UAPV; Avignon France
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Voluntary Exercise Stabilizes Established Angiotensin II-Dependent Atherosclerosis in Mice through Systemic Anti-Inflammatory Effects. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143536. [PMID: 26600018 PMCID: PMC4658070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that exercise training prevents the development of Angiotensin (Ang) II-induced atherosclerosis and vulnerable plaques in Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. In this report, we investigated whether exercise attenuates progression and promotes stability in pre-established vulnerable lesions. To this end, ApoE-/- mice with already established Ang II-mediated advanced and vulnerable lesions (2-kidney, 1-clip [2K1C] renovascular hypertension model), were subjected to sedentary (SED) or voluntary wheel running training (EXE) regimens for 4 weeks. Mean blood pressure and plasma renin activity did not significantly differ between the two groups, while total plasma cholesterol significantly decreased in 2K1C EXE mice. Aortic plaque size was significantly reduced by 63% in 2K1C EXE compared to SED mice. Plaque stability score was significantly higher in 2K1C EXE mice than in SED ones. Aortic ICAM-1 mRNA expression was significantly down-regulated following EXE. Moreover, EXE significantly down-regulated splenic pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-18, and IL-1β mRNA expression while increasing that of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4. Reduction in plasma IL-18 levels was also observed in response to EXE. There was no significant difference in aortic and splenic Th1/Th2 and M1/M2 polarization markers mRNA expression between the two groups. Our results indicate that voluntary EXE is effective in slowing progression and promoting stabilization of pre-existing Ang II-dependent vulnerable lesions by ameliorating systemic inflammatory state. Our findings support a therapeutic role for voluntary EXE in patients with established atherosclerosis.
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Nosarev AV, Smagliy LV, Anfinogenova Y, Popov SV, Kapilevich LV. Exercise and NO production: relevance and implications in the cardiopulmonary system. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 2:73. [PMID: 25610830 PMCID: PMC4285794 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the existing knowledge about the effects of physical exercise on nitric oxide (NO) production in the cardiopulmonary system. The authors review the sources of NO in the cardiopulmonary system; involvement of three forms of NO synthases (eNOS, nNOS, and iNOS) in exercise physiology; exercise-induced modulation of NO and/or NOS in physiological and pathophysiological conditions in human subjects and animal models in the absence and presence of pharmacological modulators; and significance of exercise-induced NO production in health and disease. The authors suggest that physical activity significantly improves functioning of the cardiovascular system through an increase in NO bioavailability, potentiation of antioxidant defense, and decrease in the expression of reactive oxygen species-forming enzymes. Regular physical exercises are considered a useful approach to treat cardiovascular diseases. Future studies should focus on detailed identification of (i) the exercise-mediated mechanisms of NO exchange; (ii) optimal exercise approaches to improve cardiovascular function in health and disease; and (iii) physical effort thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei V Nosarev
- Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk, Russia
| | - Lyudmila V Smagliy
- Department of Biophysics and Functional Diagnostics, Siberian State Medical University Tomsk, Russia
| | - Yana Anfinogenova
- Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk, Russia ; Research Institute for Cardiology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Tomsk, Russia
| | - Sergey V Popov
- Research Institute for Cardiology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Tomsk, Russia
| | - Leonid V Kapilevich
- Faculty of Physical Education, National Research Tomsk State University Tomsk, Russia
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Guerrero F, Thioub S, Goanvec C, Theunissen S, Feray A, Balestra C, Mansourati J. Effect of tetrahydrobiopterin and exercise training on endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in SHR. J Physiol Biochem 2013; 69:277-87. [PMID: 23011782 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-012-0210-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether the improvement of impaired NO-dependent vasorelaxation by exercise training could be mediated through a BH4-dependent mechanism. Male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, n = 20) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY, n = 20) were trained (Tr) for 9 weeks on a treadmill and compared to age-matched sedentary animals (Sed). Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation (EDV) was assessed with acetylcholine by measuring isometric tension in rings of femoral artery precontracted with 10(-5) M phenylephrine. EDV was impaired in SHR-Sed as compared to WKY-Sed (p = 0.02). Training alone improved EDV in both WKY (p = 0.01) and SHR (p = 0.0001). Moreover, EDV was not different in trained SHR than in trained WKY (p = 0.934). Pretreatment of rings with L-NAME (50 μM) cancelled the difference in ACh-induced relaxation between all groups, suggesting that NO pathway is involved in these differences. The presence of 10(-5) M BH4 in the organ bath significantly improved EDV for sedentary SHR (p = 0.030) but not WKY group (p = 0.815). Exercise training turned the beneficial effect of BH4 on SHR to impairment of ACh-induced vasorelaxation in both SHR-Tr (p = 0.01) and WKY-Tr groups (p = 0.04). These results suggest that beneficial effect of exercise training on endothelial function is due partly to a BH4-dependent mechanism in established hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Guerrero
- European University of Britany, University of Brest, EA4324 ORPHY, 6 avenue Le Gorgeu, CS 93837, 29238, Brest, France,
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Kadoglou NPE, Moustardas P, Kapelouzou A, Katsimpoulas M, Giagini A, Dede E, Kostomitsopoulos N, Karayannacos PE, Kostakis A, Liapis CD. The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training promote atherosclerotic plaque stabilization in apolipoprotein E knockout mice with diabetic atherosclerosis. Eur J Histochem 2013; 57:e3. [PMID: 23549462 PMCID: PMC3683610 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2013.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is the cornerstone of cardiovascular disease treatment. The present study investigated whether exercise training affects atherosclerotic plaque composition through the modification of inflammatoryrelated pathways in apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE−/−) mice with diabetic atherosclerosis. Forty-five male apoE−/− mice were randomized into three equivalent (n=15) groups: control (CO), sedentary (SED), and exercise (EX). Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin administration. High-fat diet was administered to all groups for 12 weeks. Afterwards, CO mice were euthanatized, while the sedentary and exercise groups continued high-fat diet for 6 additional weeks. Exercising mice followed an exercise program on motorizedtreadmill (5 times/week, 60 min/session). Then, blood samples and atherosclerotic plaques in the aortic root were examined. A considerable (P<0.001) regression of the atherosclerotic lesions was observed in the exercise group (180.339±75.613×103µm2) compared to the control (325.485±72.302×103 µm2) and sedentary (340.188±159.108×103µm2) groups. We found decreased macrophages, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-3, MMP-8 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations (P<0.05) in the atherosclerotic plaques of the exercise group. Compared to both control and sedentary groups, exercise training significantly increased collagen (P<0.05), elastin (P<0.001), and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) (P<0.001) content in the atherosclerotic plaques. Those effects paralleled with increased fibrous cap thickness and less internal elastic lamina ruptures after exercise training (P<0.05), while body-weight and lipid parameters did not significantly change. Plasma MMP-2 and MMP-3 concentrations in atherosclerotic tissues followed a similar trend. From our study we can conclude that exercise training reduces and stabilizes atherosclerotic lesions in apoE−/− mice with diabetic atherosclerosis. A favorable modification of the inflammatory regulators seems to explain those beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P E Kadoglou
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Zguira MS, Vincent S, Le Douairon Lahaye S, Malarde L, Tabka Z, Saïag B. Intense exercise training is not effective to restore the endothelial NO-dependent relaxation in STZ-diabetic rat aorta. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013; 12:32. [PMID: 23399712 PMCID: PMC3599941 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine the effects of intense physical training on vascular function in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. We focused on the endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) induced by acetylcholine (ACh) and stable ADP adenosine-5'- O - (2-thiodiphosphate) (ADPβS). METHODS Control or diabetic male Wistar rats (n=44) were randomly assigned to sedentary or trained groups. The training program consisted in a regular period of running on a treadmill during 8 weeks (10° incline and up to 25 m/min, 60 min/day). The reactivity of isolated thoracic aorta rings of healthy, diabetic and/or trained has been tested. RESULTS ACh and ADPβS-induced EDR were observed in phenylephrine (PE) pre-contracted vessels. As compared to sedentary control group, diabetic rats showed an increase in PE-induced contraction and a decrease in ACh and ADPβS-induced EDR (p<0.05). Moreover, there were no increase in ACh and ADPβS-induced EDR in diabetic rats. N-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester inhibited the nitric oxide synthase in diabetic and control rats, thereby resulting in a strong inhibition of the EDR induced by ACh and ADPβS (10-6 M). CONCLUSION Diabetes induced an endothelium dysfunction. Nevertheless, our intense physical training was not effective to restore the aorta endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sami Zguira
- Laboratory Movement Sport and Health Sciences, UFR APS University of Rennes 2, Avenue Charles Tillon, Rennes cedex, France.
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Haefliger JA, Martin D, Favre D, Petremand Y, Mazzolai L, Abderrahmani A, Meda P, Waeber G, Allagnat F. Reduction of connexin36 content by ICER-1 contributes to insulin-secreting cells apoptosis induced by oxidized LDL particles. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55198. [PMID: 23383107 PMCID: PMC3559396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexin36 (Cx36), a trans-membrane protein that forms gap junctions between insulin-secreting beta-cells in the Langerhans islets, contributes to the proper control of insulin secretion and beta-cell survival. Hypercholesterolemia and pro-atherogenic low density lipoproteins (LDL) contribute to beta-cell dysfunction and apoptosis in the context of Type 2 diabetes. We investigated the impact of LDL-cholesterol on Cx36 levels in beta-cells. As compared to WT mice, the Cx36 content was reduced in islets from hypercholesterolemic ApoE-/- mice. Prolonged exposure to human native (nLDL) or oxidized LDL (oxLDL) particles decreased the expression of Cx36 in insulin secreting cell-lines and isolated rodent islets. Cx36 down-regulation was associated with overexpression of the inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER-1) and the selective disruption of ICER-1 prevented the effects of oxLDL on Cx36 expression. Oil red O staining and Plin1 expression levels suggested that oxLDL were less stored as neutral lipid droplets than nLDL in INS-1E cells. The lipid beta-oxidation inhibitor etomoxir enhanced oxLDL-induced apoptosis whereas the ceramide synthesis inhibitor myriocin partially protected INS-1E cells, suggesting that oxLDL toxicity was due to impaired metabolism of the lipids. ICER-1 and Cx36 expressions were closely correlated with oxLDL toxicity. Cx36 knock-down in INS-1E cells or knock-out in primary islets sensitized beta-cells to oxLDL-induced apoptosis. In contrast, overexpression of Cx36 partially protected INS-1E cells against apoptosis. These data demonstrate that the reduction of Cx36 content in beta-cells by oxLDL particles is mediated by ICER-1 and contributes to oxLDL-induced beta-cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Martin
- Service of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dimitri Favre
- Department of Cellular Biology and Morphology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Petremand
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Mazzolai
- Service of Vascular Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amar Abderrahmani
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, UMR 8199, University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Paolo Meda
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Service of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florent Allagnat
- Service of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Pellegrin M, Miguet-Alfonsi C, Berthelot A, Mazzolai L, Laurant P. Long-term swimming exercise does not modulate the Akt-dependent endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation in healthy mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 89:72-6. [PMID: 21186380 DOI: 10.1139/y10-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms by which exercise exerts cardiovascular benefits are poorly understood. Exercise-induced increase of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation through the protein kinase Akt has been shown to be a key mechanism underlying the beneficial effect of exercise in coronary artery disease patients. We examined whether this protective pathway might also be activated in long-term-exercised healthy mice. C57BL/6 wild-type mice swam for 24 weeks. A group of sedentary animals were used as controls. Aortic levels of total protein kinase Akt (protein kinase B), phosphorylated Akt at ser473 (p-Akt), total eNOS, phosphorylated eNOS at Ser1177 (p-eNOS), and PECAM-1 (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1) were assessed by Western blotting. Protein expressions of Akt, p-Akt, eNOS, p-eNOS, and PECAM-1 were not modulated by 24 weeks of exercise. The Akt-dependent eNOS phosphorylation did not seem to be a primary molecular adaptation in response to long-term exercise in healthy mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Pellegrin
- Lausanne University Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Meyrelles SS, Peotta VA, Pereira TMC, Vasquez EC. Endothelial dysfunction in the apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse: insights into the influence of diet, gender and aging. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:211. [PMID: 22082357 PMCID: PMC3247089 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the early 1990s, several strains of genetically modified mice have been developed as models for experimental atherosclerosis. Among the available models, the apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE⁻/⁻) mouse is of particular relevance because of its propensity to spontaneously develop hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerotic lesions that are similar to those found in humans, even when the mice are fed a chow diet. The main purpose of this review is to highlight the key achievements that have contributed to elucidating the mechanisms pertaining to vascular dysfunction in the apoE⁻/⁻ mouse. First, we summarize lipoproteins and atherosclerosis phenotypes in the apoE⁻/⁻ mouse, and then we briefly discuss controversial evidence relative to the influence of gender on the development of atherosclerosis in this murine model. Second, we discuss the main mechanisms underlying the endothelial dysfunction of conducting vessels and resistance vessels and examine how this vascular defect can be influenced by diet, aging and gender in the apoE⁻/⁻ mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana S Meyrelles
- Departament of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
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The forgotten face of regular physical exercise: a 'natural' anti-atherogenic activity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2011; 121:91-106. [PMID: 21729002 DOI: 10.1042/cs20100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Humans are not programmed to be inactive. The combination of both accelerated sedentary lifestyle and constant food availability disturbs ancient metabolic processes leading to excessive storage of energy in tissue, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance. As a consequence, the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes, obesity and the metabolic syndrome has increased significantly over the last 30 years. A low level of physical activity and decreased daily energy expenditure contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality following atherosclerotic vascular damage. Physical inactivity leads to the accumulation of visceral fat and consequently the activation of the oxidative stress/inflammation cascade, which promotes the development of atherosclerosis. Considering physical activity as a 'natural' programmed state, it is assumed that it possesses atheroprotective properties. Exercise prevents plaque development and induces the regression of coronary stenosis. Furthermore, experimental studies have revealed that exercise prevents the conversion of plaques into a vulnerable phenotype, thus preventing the appearance of fatal lesions. Exercise promotes atheroprotection possibly by reducing or preventing oxidative stress and inflammation through at least two distinct pathways. Exercise, through laminar shear stress activation, down-regulates endothelial AT1R (angiotensin II type 1 receptor) expression, leading to decreases in NADPH oxidase activity and superoxide anion production, which in turn decreases ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation, and preserves endothelial NO bioavailability and its protective anti-atherogenic effects. Contracting skeletal muscle now emerges as a new organ that releases anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 (interleukin-6). IL-6 inhibits TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor-α) production in adipose tissue and macrophages. The down-regulation of TNF-α induced by skeletal-muscle-derived IL-6 may also participate in mediating the atheroprotective effect of physical activity.
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Meissner M, Lombardo E, Havinga R, Tietge UJF, Kuipers F, Groen AK. Voluntary wheel running increases bile acid as well as cholesterol excretion and decreases atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. Atherosclerosis 2011; 218:323-9. [PMID: 21802084 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Regular physical activity decreases the risk for atherosclerosis but underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We questioned whether voluntary wheel running provokes specific modulations in cholesterol turnover that translate into a decreased atherosclerotic burden in hypercholesterolemic mice. METHODS Male LDLR-deficient mice (8 weeks old) had either access to a voluntary running wheel for 12 weeks (RUN) or remained sedentary (CONTROL). Both groups were fed a western-type/high cholesterol diet. Running activity and food intake were recorded. At 12 weeks of intervention, feces, bile and plasma were collected to determine fecal, biliary and plasma parameters of cholesterol metabolism and plasma cytokines. Atherosclerotic lesion size was determined in the aortic root. RESULTS RUN weighed less (∼13%) while food consumption was increased by 17% (p=0.004). Plasma cholesterol levels were decreased by 12% (p=0.035) and plasma levels of pro-atherogenic lipoproteins decreased in RUN compared to control. Running modulated cholesterol catabolism by enhancing cholesterol turnover: RUN displayed an increased biliary bile acid secretion (68%, p=0.007) and increased fecal bile acid (93%, p=0.009) and neutral sterol (33%, p=0.002) outputs compared to control indicating that reverse cholesterol transport was increased in RUN. Importantly, aortic lesion size was decreased by ∼33% in RUN (p=0.033). CONCLUSION Voluntary wheel running reduces atherosclerotic burden in hypercholesterolemic mice. An increased cholesterol turnover, specifically its conversion into bile acids, may underlie the beneficial effect of voluntary exercise in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxi Meissner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Fukao K, Shimada K, Naito H, Sumiyoshi K, Inoue N, Iesaki T, Kume A, Kiyanagi T, Hiki M, Hirose K, Matsumori R, Ohsaka H, Takahashi Y, Toyoda S, Itoh S, Miyazaki T, Tada N, Daida H. Voluntary exercise ameliorates the progression of atherosclerotic lesion formation via anti-inflammatory effects in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010; 17:1226-36. [PMID: 20808053 DOI: 10.5551/jat.4788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM A sedentary lifestyle with insufficient exercise is associated with cardiovascular disease. Previous studies have demonstrated that endurance exercise benefits atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disorders; however, the mechanisms by which physical activity, such as voluntary exercise (Ex), produces these effects are not fully understood. METHODS AND RESULTS Eight-week-old male apolipoprotein (ApoE)-deficient mice were fed a standard diet (STD) or high fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks. The HFD+Ex group mice performed Ex on a running wheel for 10 weeks. No significant differences in lipid profiles were observed between the HFD and HFD+Ex groups. Although changes in body and brown adipose tissue weights were comparable between the HFD and HFD+Ex groups, white adipose tissue weight was significantly lower in the HFD+Ex group than in the HFD group. The areas of atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic sinus and thoracoabdominal aorta were significantly reduced in the HFD+Ex group than in the HFD group (p<0.001). There was a strong negative correlation between atherosclerotic areas and the mean running distance per day in the HFD+Ex group (r=-0.90, p=0.01). Endothelial function was significantly preserved in the HFD+Ex group (p<0.05). Serum interleukin-6 and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 levels were significantly lower and those of adiponectin were significantly higher in the HFD+Ex group than in the HFD group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Ex ameliorates the progression of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerotic lesion formation through anti-inflammatory effects, despite continued consumption of HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Fukao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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PELLEGRIN MAXIME, MIGUET-ALFONSI CAROLE, BOUZOURENE KARIMA, AUBERT JEANFRANÇOIS, DECKERT VALÉRIE, BERTHELOT ALAIN, MAZZOLAI LUCIA, LAURANT PASCAL. Long-Term Exercise Stabilizes Atherosclerotic Plaque in ApoE Knockout Mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:2128-35. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a8d530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pellegrin M, Alonso F, Aubert JF, Bouzourene K, Braunersreuther V, Mach F, Haefliger JA, Hayoz D, Berthelot A, Nussberger J, Laurant P, Mazzolai L. Swimming Prevents Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaque Development in Hypertensive 2-Kidney, 1-Clip Mice by Modulating Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Expression Independently From Hemodynamic Changes. Hypertension 2009; 53:782-9. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.108.128165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Pellegrin
- From the Service of Vascular Medicine (M.P., J.-F.A., K.B., D.H., J.N., L.M.) and Service of Internal Medicine (F.A., J.-A.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; EA-4267/2SBP (A.B., P.L.), Exercise Prevention Innovation and Technico-Sporting Watching Department, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Division of Cardiology (V.B., F.M.), University Hospital, Foundation for Medical Researches, Geneva, Switzerland; and the
| | - Florian Alonso
- From the Service of Vascular Medicine (M.P., J.-F.A., K.B., D.H., J.N., L.M.) and Service of Internal Medicine (F.A., J.-A.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; EA-4267/2SBP (A.B., P.L.), Exercise Prevention Innovation and Technico-Sporting Watching Department, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Division of Cardiology (V.B., F.M.), University Hospital, Foundation for Medical Researches, Geneva, Switzerland; and the
| | - Jean-François Aubert
- From the Service of Vascular Medicine (M.P., J.-F.A., K.B., D.H., J.N., L.M.) and Service of Internal Medicine (F.A., J.-A.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; EA-4267/2SBP (A.B., P.L.), Exercise Prevention Innovation and Technico-Sporting Watching Department, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Division of Cardiology (V.B., F.M.), University Hospital, Foundation for Medical Researches, Geneva, Switzerland; and the
| | - Karima Bouzourene
- From the Service of Vascular Medicine (M.P., J.-F.A., K.B., D.H., J.N., L.M.) and Service of Internal Medicine (F.A., J.-A.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; EA-4267/2SBP (A.B., P.L.), Exercise Prevention Innovation and Technico-Sporting Watching Department, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Division of Cardiology (V.B., F.M.), University Hospital, Foundation for Medical Researches, Geneva, Switzerland; and the
| | - Vincent Braunersreuther
- From the Service of Vascular Medicine (M.P., J.-F.A., K.B., D.H., J.N., L.M.) and Service of Internal Medicine (F.A., J.-A.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; EA-4267/2SBP (A.B., P.L.), Exercise Prevention Innovation and Technico-Sporting Watching Department, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Division of Cardiology (V.B., F.M.), University Hospital, Foundation for Medical Researches, Geneva, Switzerland; and the
| | - François Mach
- From the Service of Vascular Medicine (M.P., J.-F.A., K.B., D.H., J.N., L.M.) and Service of Internal Medicine (F.A., J.-A.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; EA-4267/2SBP (A.B., P.L.), Exercise Prevention Innovation and Technico-Sporting Watching Department, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Division of Cardiology (V.B., F.M.), University Hospital, Foundation for Medical Researches, Geneva, Switzerland; and the
| | - Jacques-Antoine Haefliger
- From the Service of Vascular Medicine (M.P., J.-F.A., K.B., D.H., J.N., L.M.) and Service of Internal Medicine (F.A., J.-A.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; EA-4267/2SBP (A.B., P.L.), Exercise Prevention Innovation and Technico-Sporting Watching Department, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Division of Cardiology (V.B., F.M.), University Hospital, Foundation for Medical Researches, Geneva, Switzerland; and the
| | - Daniel Hayoz
- From the Service of Vascular Medicine (M.P., J.-F.A., K.B., D.H., J.N., L.M.) and Service of Internal Medicine (F.A., J.-A.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; EA-4267/2SBP (A.B., P.L.), Exercise Prevention Innovation and Technico-Sporting Watching Department, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Division of Cardiology (V.B., F.M.), University Hospital, Foundation for Medical Researches, Geneva, Switzerland; and the
| | - Alain Berthelot
- From the Service of Vascular Medicine (M.P., J.-F.A., K.B., D.H., J.N., L.M.) and Service of Internal Medicine (F.A., J.-A.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; EA-4267/2SBP (A.B., P.L.), Exercise Prevention Innovation and Technico-Sporting Watching Department, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Division of Cardiology (V.B., F.M.), University Hospital, Foundation for Medical Researches, Geneva, Switzerland; and the
| | - Jürg Nussberger
- From the Service of Vascular Medicine (M.P., J.-F.A., K.B., D.H., J.N., L.M.) and Service of Internal Medicine (F.A., J.-A.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; EA-4267/2SBP (A.B., P.L.), Exercise Prevention Innovation and Technico-Sporting Watching Department, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Division of Cardiology (V.B., F.M.), University Hospital, Foundation for Medical Researches, Geneva, Switzerland; and the
| | - Pascal Laurant
- From the Service of Vascular Medicine (M.P., J.-F.A., K.B., D.H., J.N., L.M.) and Service of Internal Medicine (F.A., J.-A.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; EA-4267/2SBP (A.B., P.L.), Exercise Prevention Innovation and Technico-Sporting Watching Department, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Division of Cardiology (V.B., F.M.), University Hospital, Foundation for Medical Researches, Geneva, Switzerland; and the
| | - Lucia Mazzolai
- From the Service of Vascular Medicine (M.P., J.-F.A., K.B., D.H., J.N., L.M.) and Service of Internal Medicine (F.A., J.-A.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; EA-4267/2SBP (A.B., P.L.), Exercise Prevention Innovation and Technico-Sporting Watching Department, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Division of Cardiology (V.B., F.M.), University Hospital, Foundation for Medical Researches, Geneva, Switzerland; and the
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Pellegrin M, Mazzolai L, Berthelot A, Laurant P. Dysfonction endothéliale et risque cardiovasculaire. L’exercice protège la fonction endothéliale et prévient la maladie cardiovasculaire. Sci Sports 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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