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Elieh-Ali-Komi D, Bot I, Rodríguez-González M, Maurer M. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Mast Cells in Atherosclerotic Plaque Progression and Destabilization. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2024; 66:30-49. [PMID: 38289515 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-024-08981-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are commonly recognized for their crucial involvement in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, but over time, it has come to light that they also play a role in the pathophysiology of non-allergic disorders including atherosclerosis. The involvement of MCs in the pathology of atherosclerosis is supported by their accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques upon their progression and the association of intraplaque MC numbers with acute cardiovascular events. MCs that accumulate within the atherosclerotic plaque release a cocktail of mediators through which they contribute to neovascularization, plaque progression, instability, erosion, rupture, and thrombosis. At a molecular level, MC-released proteases, especially cathepsin G, degrade low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and mediate LDL fusion and binding of LDL to proteoglycans (PGs). Through a complicated network of chemokines including CXCL1, MCs promote the recruitment of among others CXCR2+ neutrophils, therefore, aggravating the inflammation of the plaque environment. Additionally, MCs produce extracellular traps which worsen inflammation and contribute to atherothrombosis. Altogether, evidence suggests that MCs actively, via several underlying mechanisms, contribute to atherosclerotic plaque destabilization and acute cardiovascular syndromes, thus, making the study of interventions to modulate MC activation an interesting target for cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Elieh-Ali-Komi
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilze Bot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcus Maurer
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany.
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Hu W, Jiang J. Hypersensitivity and in-stent restenosis in coronary stent materials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1003322. [PMID: 36185438 PMCID: PMC9521847 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1003322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a type of cardiovascular disease with the highest mortality rate worldwide. Percutaneous transluminal coronary intervention (PCI) is the most effective method for treating CHD. However, in-stent restenosis (ISR), a long-term complication after PCI, affects the prognosis of patients with CHD. Previous studies have suggested that hypersensitivity reactions induced by metallic components may be one of the reasons of this complication. With the emergence of first- and second-generation drug-eluting stents (DES), the efficacy and prognosis of patients with CHD have greatly improved, and the incidence of ISR has gradually decreased to less than 10%. Nevertheless, DES components have been reported to induce hypersensitivity reactions, either individually or synergistically, and cause local inflammation and neointima formation, leading to long-term adverse cardiovascular events. In this article, we described the relationship between ISR and hypersensitivity from different perspectives, including its possible pathogenesis, and discussed their potential influencing factors and clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wansong Hu
- Department of Heart Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Jiang,
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Kocyigit D, Zimetti F, Gurses KM, Zanotti I, Marchi C, Ståhlman M, Borén J, Canpinar H, Soyal MF, Guc D, Hazirolan T, Ozer N, Tokgozoglu L. Cholesterol efflux promoting function of high-density lipoproteins in calcific aortic valve stenosis. ATHEROSCLEROSIS PLUS 2021; 44:18-24. [PMID: 36644669 PMCID: PMC9833266 DOI: 10.1016/j.athplu.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background and aims Cholesterol efflux capacity is a functional property of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) reflecting the efficiency of the atheroprotective reverse cholesterol transport process in humans. Its relationship with calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS) has not been fully assessed yet. Methods We evaluated HDL-CEC in a patient population with varying degrees of aortic valvular calcific disease, assessed using echocardiography and cardiac computed tomography. Measurement of biomarkers that reflect osteogenic and tissue remodeling, along with dietary and gut microbiota-derived metabolites were performed. Results Patients with moderate-severe CAVS had significantly lower HDL-CEC compared to both control and aortic sclerosis subjects (mean: 6.09%, 7.32% and 7.26%, respectively). HDL-CEC displayed negative correlations with peak aortic jet velocity and aortic valve calcium score, indexes of CAVS severity (ρ = -0.298, p = 0.002 and ρ = -0.358, p = 0.005, respectively). In multivariable regression model, HDL-CEC had independent association with aortic valve calcium score (B: -0.053, SE: 0.014, p < 0.001), GFR (B: -0.034, SE: 0.012, p = 0.007), as well as with levels of total cholesterol (B: 0.018, SE: 0.005, p = 0.002). Conclusion These results indicate an impairment of HDL-CEC in moderate-severe CAVS and may contribute to identify potential novel targets for CAVS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Kocyigit
- Department of Cardiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Corresponding author. Department of Cardiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Francesca Zimetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Corresponding author.
| | - Kadri M. Gurses
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Ilaria Zanotti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Cinzia Marchi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg Institute of Medicine, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg Institute of Medicine, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Hande Canpinar
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Institute of Oncology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet F.T. Soyal
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medicana International Ankara Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dicle Guc
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Institute of Oncology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Hazirolan
- Department of Radiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Necla Ozer
- Department of Cardiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Lale Tokgozoglu
- Department of Cardiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Mohajeri M, Kovanen PT, Bianconi V, Pirro M, Cicero AFG, Sahebkar A. Mast cell tryptase - Marker and maker of cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 199:91-110. [PMID: 30877022 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are tissue-resident cells, which have been proposed to participate in various inflammatory diseases, among them the cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). For mast cells to be able to contribute to an inflammatory process, they need to be activated to exocytose their cytoplasmic secretory granules. The granules contain a vast array of highly bioactive effector molecules, the neutral protease tryptase being the most abundant protein among them. The released tryptase may act locally in the inflamed cardiac or vascular tissue, so contributing directly to the pathogenesis of CVDs. Moreover, a fraction of the released tryptase reaches the systemic circulation, thereby serving as a biomarker of mast cell activation. Actually, increased levels of circulating tryptase have been found to associate with CVDs. Here we review the biological relevance of the circulating tryptase as a biomarker of mast cell activity in CVDs, with special emphasis on the relationship between activation of mast cells in their tissue microenvironments and the pathophysiological pathways of CVDs. Based on the available in vitro and in vivo studies, we highlight the potential molecular mechanisms by which tryptase may contribute to the pathogenesis of CVDs. Finally, the synthetic and natural inhibitors of tryptase are reviewed for their potential utility as therapeutic agents in CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mohajeri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Vanessa Bianconi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Arrigo F G Cicero
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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5
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Wittenberg M, Nassiri M, Francuzik W, Lehmann K, Babina M, Worm M. Serum levels of 9α,11β-PGF 2 and apolipoprotein A1 achieve high predictive power as biomarkers of anaphylaxis. Allergy 2017; 72:1801-1805. [PMID: 28378321 DOI: 10.1111/all.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction. To identify biomarkers for the condition, we assessed serum levels of apolipoprotein (Apo)A and ApoE. We found a reduction of both lipoproteins in anaphylactic mice as well as in orally challenged food allergic patients. We then compared patients after acute anaphylaxis with several control groups (nonallergic, history of allergen-triggered anaphylaxis, acute cardiovascular/febrile reactions). In this unpaired setting, ApoE levels were unaltered, while ApoA1 was reduced in the anaphylactic group. Although unable to discriminate between anaphylaxis and cardiovascular/febrile reactions, ROC curve analysis revealed a reasonably high area under the curve (AUC) of 0.91 for ApoA1. Serum 9α,11ß-PGF2 , recently identified as a suitable biomarker for anaphylaxis, outperformed ApoA1 with AUC=0.95. Intriguingly however its power further increased upon combination of both mediators reaching AUC=1. Our data suggest that ApoA1 combined with 9α,11ß-PGF2 represents a useful composite biomarker of anaphylaxis, achieving superior diagnostic power over either factor alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Wittenberg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Allergy Center Charité, CCM Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - M. Nassiri
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Allergy Center Charité, CCM Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - W. Francuzik
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Allergy Center Charité, CCM Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | | | - M. Babina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Allergy Center Charité, CCM Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - M. Worm
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Allergy Center Charité, CCM Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
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6
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Lee-Rueckert M, Kovanen PT. The mast cell as a pluripotent HDL-modifying effector in atherogenesis: from in vitro to in vivo significance. Curr Opin Lipidol 2015; 26:362-8. [PMID: 26339766 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize evidence about the effects that mast cell mediators can exert on the cholesterol efflux-inducing function of high density lipoproteins (HDL). RECENT FINDINGS Subendothelially located activated mast cells are present in inflamed tissue sites, in which macrophage foam cells are also present. Upon activation, mast cells degranulate and expel 2 major neutral proteases, chymase and tryptase, and the vasoactive compound histamine, all of which are bound to the heparin-proteoglycan matrix of the granules. In the extracellular fluid, the proteases remain heparin-bound and retain their activities, whereas histamine dissociates and diffuses away to reach the endothelium. The heparin-bound mast cell proteases avidly degrade lipid-poor HDL particles so preventing their ability to induce cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells. In contrast, histamine enhances the passage of circulating HDL through the vascular endothelium into interstitial fluids, so favoring HDL interaction with peripheral macrophage foam cells and accelerating initiation of macrophage-specific reverse cholesterol transport. SUMMARY Mast cells exert various modulatory effects on HDL function. In this novel tissue cholesterol-regulating function, the functional balance of histamine and proteases, and the relative quantities of HDL particles in the affected microenvironment ultimately dictate the outcome of the multiple mast cell effects on tissue cholesterol content.
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Elevated Serum Tryptase and Endothelin in Patients with ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Preliminary Report. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:395173. [PMID: 26089601 PMCID: PMC4452104 DOI: 10.1155/2015/395173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED An inflammatory response plays a crucial role in myocardial damage after an acute myocardial infarction. OBJECTIVES To measure serum concentrations of several mediators in patients with an acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) and to assess their potential relationship with a risk of coronary instability. PATIENTS AND METHODS The 33 patients with STEMI and 19 healthy volunteers were analyzed. The clinical data were obtained; as well serum concentrations of tryptase, endothelin (ET-1), angiogenin, soluble c-kit, and PDGF were measured. RESULTS Patients with STEMI had higher serum tryptase and ET-1 than healthy volunteers (2,5 ± 0,4 ng/mL versus 1,1 ± 0,4 ng/mL and 0,7 ± 0,1 ng/mL versus 0,3 ± 0,1 ng/mL, resp.). Subjects with significant lesion in left anterior descending artery (LAD) had lower serum ET-1 compared to those with normal LAD (0,6 ± 0,2 pg/mL versus 0,9 ± 0,4 pg/mL). Patients with three-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) had higher level of soluble c-kit compared to those with one- or two-vessel CAD: 19,9 ± 24,1 ng/mL versus 5,6 ± 1,9 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS Elevated serum tryptase and ET-1 may be markers of increased coronary instability; some cytokines may be related to the extension of CAD.
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8
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Spinas E, Kritas SK, Saggini A, Mobili A, Caraffa A, Antinolfi P, Pantalone A, Tei M, Speziali A, Saggini R, Conti P. Role of mast cells in atherosclerosis: a classical inflammatory disease. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2015; 27:517-21. [PMID: 25572731 DOI: 10.1177/039463201402700407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease and hyperlipidaemia is one of the main risk factors for aging, hypertension and diabetes. Variance in plasma LDL cholesterol concentration may be associated with differences in cardiovascular disease risk and high levels of lipids are associated with increased risk of developing atherosclerosis. Macrophages, which generate pro-inflammatory cytokines, mainly interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-alpha), are deeply involved in atherosclerosis, as well as mast cells which generate several cytokines, including IL-6 and IFN-gamma, and chemokines such as eotaxin, MCP-1 and RANTES involved in monocyte recruitment and differentiation in the arterial wall. In addition, mast cells participate in lipid retention and vascular cell remodeling, and are mediators of innate and adaptive immunity during atherosclerosis. Mast cells which accumulate in the human arterial intima and adventitia during atherosclerotic plaque progression, release vasoactive and angiogenic compounds, and pro-inflammatory mediators, such as arachidonic acid metabolites, histamine, cytokines/chemokines, platelet activating factor (PAF) and proteolytic enzymes. Mast cells can be activated by pro-inflammatory stimuli, including cytokines, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperglycemia, and trigger the endothelial expression of adhesion molecules such as P-selection, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and chemokines which mediate the recruitment and adhesion of leukocytes. The participation of mast cells in atherosclerosis is still an enigma and it may be of therapeutic interest to clarify this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Spinas
- Department of Surgery and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - S K Kritas
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - A Saggini
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - A Mobili
- Cardiology Division, Post-graduate Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - A Caraffa
- Orthopedic Division, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - P Antinolfi
- Orthopedic Division, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - A Pantalone
- Orthopedic Division, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - M Tei
- Nicolas Foundation, Onlus, Arezzo, Italy
| | - A Speziali
- Nicolas Foundation, Onlus, Arezzo, Italy
| | - R Saggini
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, G. dAnnunzio University Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - P Conti
- Immunology Division, Post-graduate Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Petrlova J, Dalla-Riva J, Mörgelin M, Lindahl M, Krupinska E, Stenkula KG, Voss JC, Lagerstedt JO. Secondary structure changes in ApoA-I Milano (R173C) are not accompanied by a decrease in protein stability or solubility. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96150. [PMID: 24755625 PMCID: PMC3995965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) is the main protein of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and a principal mediator of the reverse cholesterol transfer pathway. Variants of apoA-I have been shown to be associated with hereditary amyloidosis. We previously characterized the G26R and L178H variants that both possess decreased stability and increased fibril formation propensity. Here we investigate the Milano variant of apoAI (R173C; apoAI-M), which despite association with low plasma levels of HDL leads to low prevalence of cardiovascular disease in carriers of this mutation. The R173C substitution is located to a region (residues 170 to 178) that contains several fibrillogenic apoA-I variants, including the L178H variant, and therefore we investigated a potential fibrillogenic property of the apoAI-M protein. Despite the fact that apoAI-M shared several features with the L178H variant regarding increased helical content and low degree of ThT binding during prolonged incubation in physiological buffer, our electron microscopy analysis revealed no formation of fibrils. These results suggest that mutations inducing secondary structural changes may be beneficial in cases where fibril formation does not occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Petrlova
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Maria Lindahl
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ewa Krupinska
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin G. Stenkula
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - John C. Voss
- School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jens O. Lagerstedt
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Xu Z, Li Y, Liu ZQ. Allergy: a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases? Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2014; 75:223-6. [PMID: 24727962 DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2014.75.4.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwen Xu
- Physician in the Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding City, Hebei Province, 071000, China
| | - Yaqin Li
- Associate Professor in the Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding City, Hebei Province, 071000, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Associate Professor in the Shenzhen Otorhinolaryngologic Institute, Longgang District Central Hospital, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China
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He A, Shi GP. Mast cell chymase and tryptase as targets for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:1114-25. [PMID: 23016684 DOI: 10.2174/1381612811319060012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are critical effectors in inflammatory diseases, including cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and their associated complications. These cells exert their physiological and pathological activities by releasing granules containing histamine, cytokines, chemokines, and proteases, including mast cell-specific chymases and tryptases. Several recent human and animal studies have shown direct or indirect participation of mast cell-specific proteases in atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysms, obesity, diabetes, and their complications. Animal studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of highly selective and potent chymase and tryptase inhibitors in several experimental cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries from in vitro cell-based studies to experimental animal disease models, from protease knockout mice to treatments with recently developed selective and potent protease inhibitors, and from patients with preclinical disorders to those affected by complications. We hypothesize that inhibition of chymases and tryptases would benefit patients suffering from cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina He
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, China
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12
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Abstract
Mast cells are increasingly being recognized as effector cells in many cardiovascular conditions. Many mast-cell-derived products such as tryptase and chymase can, through their enzymic action, have detrimental effects on blood vessel structure while mast cell-derived mediators such as cytokines and chemokines can perpetuate vascular inflammation. Mice lacking mast cells have been developed and these are providing an insight into how mast cells are involved in cardiovascular diseases and, as knowledge increase, mast cells may become a viable therapeutic target to slow progression of cardiovascular disease.
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13
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Wang Y, Shi GP. Mast cell chymase and tryptase in abdominal aortic aneurysm formation. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2012; 22:150-5. [PMID: 22902093 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). MC-specific chymase and tryptase play important roles in inducing endothelial cell expression of adhesion molecules and chemokines to promote leukocyte recruitment, degrading matrix proteins and activating protease-activated receptors to trigger smooth muscle cell apoptosis, and activating other proteases to degrade medial elastin and to enhance angiogenesis. In experimental AAA, the absence or pharmacological inhibition of chymase or tryptase reduced AAA formation and associated arterial pathologies, proving that these MC proteases participate directly in AAA formation. Increased levels of these proteases in human AAA lesions and in plasma from AAA patients suggest that these proteases are also essential to human AAA pathogenesis. Development of chymase or tryptase inhibitors or their antibodies may have therapeutic potential among affected human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
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14
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Xu JM, Shi GP. Emerging role of mast cells and macrophages in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Endocr Rev 2012; 33:71-108. [PMID: 22240242 PMCID: PMC3365842 DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are essential in allergic immune responses. Recent discoveries have revealed their direct participation in cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. Although more sophisticated mechanisms are still unknown, data from animal studies suggest that mast cells act similarly to macrophages and other inflammatory cells and contribute to human diseases through cell-cell interactions and the release of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and proteases to induce inflammatory cell recruitment, cell apoptosis, angiogenesis, and matrix protein remodeling. Reduced cardiovascular complications and improved metabolic symptoms in animals receiving over-the-counter antiallergy medications that stabilize mast cells open another era of mast cell biology and bring new hope to human patients suffering from these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ming Xu
- Department of Medicine, Nanfang Hospital and Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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15
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Lommi JI, Kovanen PT, Jauhiainen M, Lee-Rueckert M, Kupari M, Helske S. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are present in stenotic aortic valves and may interfere with the mechanisms of valvular calcification. Atherosclerosis 2011; 219:538-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Lee-Rueckert M, Kovanen PT. Extracellular modifications of HDL in vivo and the emerging concept of proteolytic inactivation of preβ-HDL. Curr Opin Lipidol 2011; 22:394-402. [PMID: 21881503 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32834a3d24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Both quantity and quality of the circulating HDL particle matter for the optimal antiatherogenic potential of HDL. This review summarizes various mechanisms capable of inducing extracellular modifications of HDL and reducing the function of HDL subclasses as cholesterol acceptors. Special emphasis is laid on the proteolytic inactivation of lipid-poor preβ-migrating HDL (preβ-HDL). RECENT FINDINGS HDL particles can undergo functional inactivation in vivo. During atherogenesis, different cell types in the arterial intima release enzymes into the intimal fluid, potentially capable of causing structural and chemical modifications of the various components present in the lipid core or in the polar surface of the HDL particles. Enzymatic oxidation, lipolysis and proteolysis, and nonenzymatic glycosylation are among the HDL modifications that adversely affect HDL functionality. Proteolysis of preβ-HDL by various proteases present in the arterial intima has emerged as a potential mechanism that impairs the efficiency of HDL to promote cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells, the mast cell-derived neutral protease chymase being a prime example of such impairment. A paradigm of proteolytic inactivation of preβ-HDL in vivo is emerging. SUMMARY Several extracellular enzymes present in the arterial intima may compromise various cardioprotective functions of HDL. Observations on proteolysis of specific lipid-poor HDL subpopulations in vivo constitute the basis for future studies evaluating the actual impact of proteolytic microenvironments on the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions.
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Tryptase levels in coronary syndromes and in hypersensitivity episodes: a common pathway towards Kounis syndrome. Atherosclerosis 2011; 219:28-9. [PMID: 21835409 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Qin Y, Shi GP. Cysteinyl cathepsins and mast cell proteases in the pathogenesis and therapeutics of cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 131:338-50. [PMID: 21605595 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases involve extensive arterial wall matrix protein degradation. Proteases are essential to these pathological events. Recent discoveries suggest that proteases do more than catabolize matrix proteins. During the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneuryms, and associated complications, cysteinyl cathepsins and mast cell tryptases and chymases participate importantly in vascular cell apoptosis, foam cell formation, matrix protein gene expression, and pro-enzyme, latent cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor activation. Experimental animal disease models have been invaluable in examining each of these protease functions. Deficiency and pharmacological inhibition of cathepsins or mast cell proteases have allowed their in vivo evaluation in the setting of pathological conditions. Recent discoveries of highly selective and potent inhibitors of cathepsins, chymase, and tryptase, and their applications in vascular diseases in animal models and non-vascular diseases in human trials, have led to the hypothesis that selective inhibition of cathepsins, chymases, and tryptase will benefit patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases. This review highlights recent discoveries from in vitro cell-based studies to experimental animal cardiovascular disease models, from protease knockout mice to treatments with recently developed selective and potent protease inhibitors, and from patients with cathepsin-associated non-vascular diseases to those affected by cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
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Abstract
Although MCs (mast cells) were discovered over 100 years ago, for the majority of this time their function was linked almost exclusively to allergy and allergic disease with few other roles in health and disease. The engineering of MC-deficient mice and engraftment of these mice with MCs deficient in receptors or mediators has advanced our knowledge of the role of MCs in vivo. It is now known that MCs have very broad and varied roles in both physiology and disease which will be reviewed here with a focus on some of the most recent discoveries over the last year. MCs can aid in maintaining a healthy physiology by secreting mediators that promote wound healing and homoeostasis as well as interacting with neurons. Major developments have been made in understanding MC function in defence against pathogens, in recognition of pathogens as well as direct effector functions. Probably the most quickly developing area of understanding is the involvement and contribution MCs make in the progression of a variety of diseases from some of the most common diseases to the more obscure.
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Lee-Rueckert M, Silvennoinen R, Rotllan N, Judström I, Blanco-Vaca F, Metso J, Jauhiainen M, Kovanen PT, Escola-Gil JC. Mast Cell Activation In Vivo Impairs the Macrophage Reverse Cholesterol Transport Pathway in the Mouse. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:520-7. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.221069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Lee-Rueckert
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (M.L.-R., R.S., I.J., P.T.K.); Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (N.R., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V.); National Institute for Health and Welfare and Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM) Finland, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M
| | - Reija Silvennoinen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (M.L.-R., R.S., I.J., P.T.K.); Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (N.R., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V.); National Institute for Health and Welfare and Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM) Finland, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M
| | - Noemi Rotllan
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (M.L.-R., R.S., I.J., P.T.K.); Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (N.R., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V.); National Institute for Health and Welfare and Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM) Finland, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M
| | - Ilona Judström
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (M.L.-R., R.S., I.J., P.T.K.); Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (N.R., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V.); National Institute for Health and Welfare and Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM) Finland, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (M.L.-R., R.S., I.J., P.T.K.); Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (N.R., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V.); National Institute for Health and Welfare and Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM) Finland, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M
| | - Jari Metso
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (M.L.-R., R.S., I.J., P.T.K.); Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (N.R., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V.); National Institute for Health and Welfare and Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM) Finland, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (M.L.-R., R.S., I.J., P.T.K.); Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (N.R., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V.); National Institute for Health and Welfare and Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM) Finland, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M
| | - Petri T. Kovanen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (M.L.-R., R.S., I.J., P.T.K.); Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (N.R., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V.); National Institute for Health and Welfare and Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM) Finland, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M
| | - Joan Carles Escola-Gil
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (M.L.-R., R.S., I.J., P.T.K.); Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (N.R., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V.); National Institute for Health and Welfare and Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM) Finland, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M
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Abstract
Mast cells (better known as allergy cells) are proinflammatory effector cells present in the human arterial intima and in evolving atherosclerotic lesions. Experiments in vitro, in vivo experiments in animals, and immunohistologic studies of human coronary samples have uncovered mechanisms by which activated mast cells could participate in the development of the lesions. When activated, mast cells acutely expel a fraction of their cytoplasmic granules, which are filled with a wide selection of heparin-bound preformed mediators. These include histamine, neutral proteases, growth factors, and proinflammatory cytokines. The microenvironmental targets of these effector molecules are various lipoprotein particles in the intimal fluid, components of the extracellular matrix, and intimal cells neighboring the activated mast cells. Importantly, sustained selective release of proinflammatory mediators without degranulation may also occur at sites of chronic inflammation. The activities of the various mediators are suggested to contribute to fatty streak formation and to the generation of unstable plaques susceptible to rupture. Thus, mast cells appear to provide a novel link between inflammation and atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri T Kovanen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Kalliolinnantie 4, 00140 Helsinki, Finland.
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Judström I, Jukkola H, Metso J, Jauhiainen M, Kovanen PT, Lee-Rueckert M. Mast cell-dependent proteolytic modification of HDL particles during anaphylactic shock in the mouse reduces their ability to induce cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells ex vivo. Atherosclerosis 2009; 208:148-54. [PMID: 19679305 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have found previously that proteolytic modification of HDL by mast cell chymase in vitro reduces cholesterol efflux from cultured macrophage foam cells. Here, we evaluated whether mast cell-dependent proteolysis of HDL particles may occur in vivo, and whether such modification would impair their function in inducing cellular cholesterol efflux ex vivo. METHODS Systemic activation of mast cells in the mouse was achieved by intraperitoneal injection of a high dose of the mast cell-specific noncytotoxic degranulating agent, compound 48/80. Serum and intraperitoneal fluid were then evaluated for degradation of HDL apolipoproteins and for their potential to act as cholesterol acceptors from cultured mouse macrophage foam cells. RESULTS Lysates of isolated mouse peritoneal mast cells containing active chymase partially proteolyzed apoA-I in alpha- and prebeta-HDL particles in mouse serum in vitro, and, when injected into the mouse peritoneal cavity, the lysates also degraded endogenous apoA-I in peritoneal fluid in vivo. Systemic activation of mast cells in mast cell-competent mice, but not in mast cell-deficient (W-sash c-kit mutant) mice, reduced the ability of serum and intraperitoneal fluid derived from these animals to promote efflux of cellular cholesterol. This inhibitory effect was related to mast cell-dependent proteolytic degradation of apoA-I, apoA-IV, and apoE, i.e., the HDL-associated apolipoproteins that are efficient inducers of cholesterol efflux. CONCLUSION The present results document a role for extracellular mast cell-dependent proteolysis in the generation of dysfunctional HDL, and suggest an inhibitory role for mast cells in the initial step of reverse cholesterol transport in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Judström
- Wihuri Research Institute, Kalliolinnatie, 4, Helsinki, Finland
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23
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Guo T, Chen WQ, Zhang C, Zhao YX, Zhang Y. Chymase activity is closely related with plaque vulnerability in a hamster model of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2009; 207:59-67. [PMID: 19446292 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that stimulation of chymase secretion may contribute to plaque vulnerability and inhibition of chymase activity may enhance plaque stability. METHODS AND RESULTS Sixty eight-week-old male Syrian golden hamsters were randomly divided into normal control group, high-cholesterol (HC) treated group, HC+ovalbumin treated group and HC+tranilast treated group. The normal control group received a normal diet while the other three intervention groups received a high-cholesterol diet for 15 weeks. Hamsters in the HC+ovalbumin treated group underwent transcatheter pharmacological triggering at the end of week 15 after antigen sensitization and those in the HC+tranilast treated group were given tranilast intragastrically for 3 weeks before euthanasia. Serological, ultrasonographic, pathologic, immunohistochemical, and gene expression studies were performed in all animals. The total number of mast cells, proportion of degranulated mast cells and the number of extracellular granules in plaques, the apoptosis rate of vascular smooth cells, the local activities of chymase, the concentration of Ang II and the expression levels of inflammatory markers as well as plaque vulnerability index all increased significantly in HC+ovalbumin treated group, but remarkably decreased in HC+tranilast treated group, in comparison with the HC treated group. These results suggest that stimulation of chymase secretion contributes to plaque vulnerability while inhibition of chymase activity enhances plaque stability. We conclude that chymase activity provides a promising therapeutic target in the stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
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24
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Weber C, Zernecke A, Libby P. The multifaceted contributions of leukocyte subsets to atherosclerosis: lessons from mouse models. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8:802-15. [PMID: 18825131 DOI: 10.1038/nri2415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation drives the development of atherosclerosis, and details regarding the involvement of different leukocyte subpopulations in the pathology of this disease have recently emerged. This Review highlights the surprising contribution of granulocyte subsets and mast cells to early atherogenesis and subsequent plaque instability, and describes the complex, double-edged role of monocyte, macrophage and dendritic-cell subsets through crosstalk with T cells and vascular progenitor cells. Improved understanding of the selective contributions of specific cell types to atherogenesis will pave the way for new targeted approaches to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Weber
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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25
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Lee-Rueckert M, Vikstedt R, Metso J, Jauhiainen M, Kovanen PT. Association of cholesteryl ester transfer protein with HDL particles reduces its proteolytic inactivation by mast cell chymase. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:358-68. [DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700392-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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26
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Lee-Rueckert M, von Eckardstein A, Kovanen PT. The neutral protease chymase degrades apolipoprotein E from high-density lipoproteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 46:421-3. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2008.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Liz MA, Gomes CM, Saraiva MJ, Sousa MM. ApoA-I cleaved by transthyretin has reduced ability to promote cholesterol efflux and increased amyloidogenicity. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:2385-95. [PMID: 17693625 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700158-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A fraction of plasma transthyretin (TTR) circulates in HDL through binding to apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I). Moreover, TTR is able to cleave the C terminus of lipid-free apoA-I. In this study, we addressed the relevance of apoA-I cleavage by TTR in lipoprotein metabolism and in the formation of apoA-I amyloid fibrils. We determined that TTR may also cleave lipidated apoA-I, with cleavage being more effective in the lipid-poor prebeta-HDL subpopulation. Upon TTR cleavage, discoidal HDL particles displayed a reduced capacity to promote cholesterol efflux from cholesterol-loaded THP-1 macrophages. In similar assays, TTR-containing HDL from mice expressing human TTR in a TTR knockout background had a decreased ability to perform reverse cholesterol transport compared with similar particles from TTR knockout mice, reinforcing the notion that cleavage by TTR reduces the ability of apoA-I to promote cholesterol efflux. As amyloid deposits composed of N-terminal apoA-I fragments are common in the atherosclerotic intima, we assessed the impact of TTR cleavage on apoA-I aggregation and fibrillar growth. We determined that TTR-cleaved apoA-I has a high propensity to form aggregated particles and that it formed fibrils faster than full-length apoA-I, as assessed by electron microscopy. Our results show that apoA-I cleavage by TTR may affect HDL biology and the development of atherosclerosis by reducing cholesterol efflux and increasing the apoA-I amyloidogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Almeida Liz
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Porto, Portugal
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28
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Cholesterol efflux and the effect of combined treatment with niacin and chromium on aorta of hyperlipidemic rat. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 308:151-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Kounis NG, Hahalis G, Theoharides TC. Coronary Stents, Hypersensitivity Reactions, and the Kounis Syndrome. J Interv Cardiol 2007; 20:314-23. [PMID: 17880327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8183.2007.00283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of drug-eluting stents (DES) for the treatment of coronary stenosis has increased sharply and now accounts for more than 75% of all coronary stents utilized. However, concern has been increasing that DES could be associated with stent thrombosis, paradoxical coronary vasoconstriction, and hypersensitivity reactions. Components of currently used DES have been reported to induce, either separately or synergistically, hypersensitivity reactions and possibly lead to cardiac events. DES-activated intracoronary mast cells could release histamine, arachidonic acid metabolites, proteolytic enzymes, as well as a variety of cytokines, chemokines, and platelet-activating factor (PAF) leading to local inflammation and thrombosis. These events may be more common than suspected because it is hard to document them, unless they become systemic, in which case they manifest themselves as the "Kounis syndrome," characterized by the concurrence of acute coronary events with hypersensitivity reactions. Recognition of this problem may lead to better vigilance, as well as new DES with mast cell blocking molecules that may also be disease modifying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Kounis
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Patras Highest Institute of Education and Technology, Queen Olgas Square, Patras, Greece.
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30
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Abstract
Our understanding of the relationship between the proatherogenic activities of arterial mast cells (MCs) and the development of atherosclerotic lesions is advancing. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which cholesterol and other lipids of circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles accumulate both extracellularly and intracellularly in the innermost layer of the arterial wall, the intima. One prerequisite for the proatherogenic activity of the LDL particles is their retention and proteolytic modification within the extracellular matrix of the intima. Experimental studies with activated chymase-secreting MCs have provided us fundamental insights into the molecular mechanisms of these processes. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, again, remove cholesterol from the intracellular stores and carry it back to the circulation. MC chymase and tryptase actively degrade HDL and thus generate functionally defective particles that are unable to initiate cholesterol efflux from the arterial wall. In advanced atherosclerotic plaques, the accumulated lipids are separated from the circulation by a collagenous cap. By inducing apoptosis of endothelial cells (ECs), subendothelial MCs may induce detachment of ECs from the cap (plaque erosion). Moreover, MCs may weaken the cap if they disturb local collagen turnover by inducing apoptosis of the collagen-secreting smooth muscle cells or when they promote collagen degradation by activating matrix metalloproteinases. Plaques with a weak cap are vulnerable to rupture. The exposed subendothelial tissue at eroded and ruptured sites of plaques triggers local development of a platelet-rich thrombus. As regulators of the collagen-induced platelet activation and fibrin formation/fibrinolysis, the MCs may retard or accelerate the growth of the plaque-associated thrombus and ultimately participate in the wound-healing response of the injured plaque. We propose that by promoting cholesterol accumulation and plaque vulnerability and by locally regulating hemostasis, MCs in atherosclerotic lesions have the potential to contribute to the clinical outcomes of atherosclerosis, such as myocardial infarction and stroke.
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32
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Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are traditionally thought of as a nuisance for its host, for example, by causing many of the symptoms associated with allergic reactions. In addition, recent research has put focus on MCs for displaying harmful effects during various autoimmune disorders. On the other hand, MCs can also be beneficial for its host, for example, by contributing to the defense against insults such as bacteria, parasites, and snake venom toxins. When the MC is challenged by an external stimulus, it may respond by degranulation. In this process, a number of powerful preformed inflammatory "mediators" are released, including cytokines, histamine, serglycin proteoglycans, and several MC-specific proteases: chymases, tryptases, and carboxypeptidase A. Although the exact effector mechanism(s) by which MCs carry out their either beneficial or harmful effects in vivo are in large parts unknown, it is reasonable to assume that these mediators may contribute in profound ways. Among the various MC mediators, the exact biological function of the MC proteases has for a long time been relatively obscure. However, recent progress involving successful genetic targeting of several MC protease genes has generated powerful tools, which will enable us to unravel the role of the MC proteases both in normal physiology as well as in pathological settings. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge of the biology of the MC proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, The Biomedical Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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