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Jouabadi SM, Ataabadi EA, Golshiri K, Bos D, Stricker BHC, Danser AHJ, Mattace-Raso F, Roks AJM. Clinical Impact and Mechanisms of Nonatherosclerotic Vascular Aging: The New Kid to Be Blocked. Can J Cardiol 2023; 39:1839-1858. [PMID: 37495207 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2023.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic cardiovascular disease and stroke remain the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. During aging, protective mechanisms in the body gradually deteriorate, resulting in functional, structural, and morphologic changes that affect the vascular system. Because atherosclerotic plaques are not always present along with these alterations, we refer to this kind of vascular aging as nonatherosclerotic vascular aging (NAVA). To maintain proper vascular function during NAVA, it is important to preserve intracellular signalling, prevent inflammation, and block the development of senescent cells. Pharmacologic interventions targeting these components are potential therapeutic approaches for NAVA, with a particular emphasis on inflammation and senescence. This review provides an overview of the pathophysiology of vascular aging and explores potential pharmacotherapies that can improve the function of aged vasculature, focusing on NAVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Mohammadi Jouabadi
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ehsan Ataei Ataabadi
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Keivan Golshiri
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Bos
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno H C Stricker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Mattace-Raso
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J M Roks
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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2
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Guéant JL, Guéant-Rodriguez RM, Oussalah A, Zuily S, Rosenberg I. Hyperhomocysteinemia in Cardiovascular Diseases: Revisiting Observational Studies and Clinical Trials. Thromb Haemost 2023; 123:270-282. [PMID: 36170884 DOI: 10.1055/a-1952-1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Thromboembolic manifestations are relatively frequent in patients with intermediate/severe hyperhomocysteinemia (>30 µmol/L) related to inherited disorders and deficiencies in vitamin B12 and folate. In contrast, moderate hyperhomocysteinemia (15-30 µmol/L) is a modest predictor of cardiovascular risk. The recognition of homocysteine as a cardiovascular risk factor has been challenged by some but not all randomized clinical trials. We reviewed the main data of this controversy and formulated conclusions to be translated in clinical practice.Homocysteine-lowering trials have been performed in cardiovascular subjects with moderate but not intermediate/severe hyperhomocysteinemia despite the dose-effect risk association. The first meta-analyses found no benefit and led cardiology societies not recommending homocysteine in the assessment of cardiovascular risk. This guideline challenged the need to diagnose and treat the nutritional and genetic causes of intermediate/major hyperhomocysteinemia and was not revised when larger meta-analyses concluded to a reduced risk of stroke. In a recent observational study, 84% of consecutive cardiovascular patients assessed for homocysteine had intermediate or major hyperhomocysteinemia, which was properly assessed in only half of the cases and related to B12 and/or folate deficiency and Addison/Biermer disease in 55% of these cases.In conclusion, revisiting observational studies and clinical trials suggests that cardiovascular patients should be screened for hyperhomocysteinemia, when no other risk factor is found. Patients with intermediate/major hyperhomocysteinemia should be properly assessed and treated for B vitamin deficiencies and inherited disorders according to current guidelines. Further trials are needed to assess the effect of lowering homocysteine according to hyperhomocysteinemia categories at baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Guéant
- Division of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, Departments of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Nancy, F-54000 Nancy, France.,Reference Centre for Inborn Errors of Metabolism (ORPHA67872), University Hospital of Nancy, F-54000 Nancy, France.,INSERM UMR_S 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Rosa-Maria Guéant-Rodriguez
- Division of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, Departments of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Nancy, F-54000 Nancy, France.,Reference Centre for Inborn Errors of Metabolism (ORPHA67872), University Hospital of Nancy, F-54000 Nancy, France.,INSERM UMR_S 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Abderrahim Oussalah
- Division of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, Departments of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Nancy, F-54000 Nancy, France.,Reference Centre for Inborn Errors of Metabolism (ORPHA67872), University Hospital of Nancy, F-54000 Nancy, France.,INSERM UMR_S 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Stéphane Zuily
- Vascular Medicine Division and Regional Competence Center for Rare Auto-Immune Diseases, INSERM UMR_S 1116 DCAC and CHRU-Nancy, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Irwin Rosenberg
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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3
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Ahmad S, Tan M, Hamid S. DNA repair mechanisms: Exploring potentials of nutraceutical. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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4
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Sagris M, Theofilis P, Antonopoulos AS, Tsioufis K, Tousoulis D. Telomere Length: A Cardiovascular Biomarker and a Novel Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416010. [PMID: 36555658 PMCID: PMC9781338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a multifactorial disease with a high prevalence, particularly in developing countries. Currently, the investigation of telomeres as a potential tool for the early detection of the atherosclerotic disease seems to be a promising method. Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences located at the extremities of chromosomes that maintain genetic stability. Telomere length (TL) has been associated with several human disorders and diseases while its attrition rate varies significantly in the population. The rate of TL shortening ranges between 20 and 50 bp and is affected by factors such as the end-replication phenomenon, oxidative stress, and other DNA-damaging agents. In this review, we delve not only into the pathophysiology of TL shortening but also into its association with cardiovascular disease and the progression of atherosclerosis. We also provide current and future treatment options based on TL and telomerase function, trying to highlight the importance of these cutting-edge developments and their clinical relevance.
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Gopcevic KR, Gkaliagkousi E, Nemcsik J, Acet Ö, Bernal-Lopez MR, Bruno RM, Climie RE, Fountoulakis N, Fraenkel E, Lazaridis A, Navickas P, Rochfort KD, Šatrauskienė A, Zupkauskienė J, Terentes-Printzios D. Pathophysiology of Circulating Biomarkers and Relationship With Vascular Aging: A Review of the Literature From VascAgeNet Group on Circulating Biomarkers, European Cooperation in Science and Technology Action 18216. Front Physiol 2021; 12:789690. [PMID: 34970157 PMCID: PMC8712891 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.789690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of the arteries is a product of sustained exposure to various deleterious factors and progresses with time; a phenomenon inherent to vascular aging. Oxidative stress, inflammation, the accumulation of harmful agents in high cardiovascular risk conditions, changes to the extracellular matrix, and/or alterations of the epigenetic modification of molecules, are all vital pathophysiological processes proven to contribute to vascular aging, and also lead to changes in levels of associated circulating molecules. Many of these molecules are consequently recognized as markers of vascular impairment and accelerated vascular aging in clinical and research settings, however, for these molecules to be classified as biomarkers of vascular aging, further criteria must be met. In this paper, we conducted a scoping literature review identifying thirty of the most important, and eight less important, biomarkers of vascular aging. Herein, we overview a selection of the most important molecules connected with the above-mentioned pathological conditions and study their usefulness as circulating biomarkers of vascular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina R. Gopcevic
- Laboratory for Analytics of Biomolecules, Department of Chemistry in Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eugenia Gkaliagkousi
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - János Nemcsik
- Department of Family Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Health Service of ZUGLO, Department of Family Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ömür Acet
- Vocational School of Health Science, Pharmacy Services Program, Tarsus University, Tarsus, Turkey
| | - M. Rosa Bernal-Lopez
- Internal Medicine Department, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga, University of Malaga, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Bruno
- Unversite de Paris, INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Rachel E. Climie
- Unversite de Paris, INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Sports Cardiology Lab, Clinical Research Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nikolaos Fountoulakis
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London - Waterloo Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emil Fraenkel
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital and Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Antonios Lazaridis
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Petras Navickas
- Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Keith D. Rochfort
- School of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community Health, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Agnė Šatrauskienė
- Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Centre of Cardiology and Angiology, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jūratė Zupkauskienė
- Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dimitrios Terentes-Printzios
- First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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The relationship between telomere length and putative markers of vascular ageing: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 201:111604. [PMID: 34774607 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Accelerated biological aging contributes to the evolution of cardiovascular disease. However, its influence on subclinical organ damage remains unclear. Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is emerging as a marker of biological cardiovascular aging. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the association between LTL and measures of end-organ damage. PubMed, Medline, Embase, Cinahl Plus, ClinicalTrials.gov, and grey literature databases were searched for studies that assessed the association of LTL with arterial pulse wave velocity (aPWV), carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), left ventricular mass (LVM or LVMI), renal outcomes, coronary artery calcium (CAC) and presence of carotid plaques. In a sample of 7256 patients, we found that cIMT (pooled correlation coefficient (r) = -0.249; 95 %CI -0.37, -0.128) and aPWV (pooled r = -0.194; 95 % CI -0.290, -0.100) inversely correlate with LTL. Compared to aPWV, cIMT had a stronger correlation with LTL. Patients without carotid plaques had longer telomeres than patients with carotid plaques. Quantitative analyses documented LTL association with renal outcomes and CAC, but not with LVM/LVMI. Among measures of end-organ damage, cIMT and aPWV provide the most accurate information on the contribution of biological aging to the process of vascular remodeling/damage.
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Zhao J, He X, Zuo M, Li X, Sun Z. Anagliptin prevented interleukin 1β (IL-1β)-induced cellular senescence in vascular smooth muscle cells through increasing the expression of sirtuin1 (SIRT1). Bioengineered 2021; 12:3968-3977. [PMID: 34288819 PMCID: PMC8806542 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1948289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell senescence plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Anagliptin is a novel dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor for the treatment of hyperglycemia. Recent progress indicates that DPP-4 inhibitors show a wide range of cardiovascular benefits. We hypothesize that Anagliptin plays a role in vascular smooth muscle cell senescence and this may imply its modulation of atherosclerosis. Here, the beneficial effect of Anagliptin against interleukin 1β (IL-1β)-induced cell senescence in vascular smooth muscle cells was studied to learn the promising therapeutic capacity of Anagliptin on atherosclerosis. Firstly, we found that Anagliptin treatment ameliorated the elevated secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Secondly, our findings indicate that exposure to IL-1β reduced telomerase activity from 26.7 IU/L to 15.8 IU/L, which was increased to 20.3 and 24.6 IU/L by 2.5 and 5 μM Anagliptin, respectively. In contrast, IL-1β stimulation increased senescence- associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining to 3.1- fold compared to the control group, it was then reduced to 2.3- and 1.6- fold by Anagliptin dose-dependently. Thirdly, Anagliptin dramatically reversed the upregulated p16, p21, and downregulated sirtuin1 (SIRT1) in IL-1β-treated vascular smooth muscle cells. Lastly, the protective effect of Anagliptin against cellular senescence in vascular smooth muscle cells was abolished by silencing of SIRT1. In conclusion, Anagliptin protects vascular smooth muscle cells from cytokine-induced senescence, and the action of Anagliptin in vascular smooth muscle cells requires SIRT1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xianyang Hospital of Yan'an University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinrong He
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xianyang Hospital of Yan'an University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mei Zuo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xianyang Hospital of Yan'an University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinguo Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xianyang Hospital of Yan'an University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiming Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth People's Hospital of Shaanxi, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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8
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Yegorov YE, Poznyak AV, Nikiforov NG, Starodubova AV, Orekhov AN. Role of Telomeres Shortening in Atherogenesis: An Overview. Cells 2021; 10:395. [PMID: 33671887 PMCID: PMC7918954 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that the shortening of the telomeres leads to cell senescence, accompanied by acquiring of pro-inflammatory phenotype. The expression of telomerase can elongate telomeres and resist the onset of senescence. The initiation of atherosclerosis is believed to be associated with local senescence of the endothelial cells of the arteries in places with either low or multidirectional oscillatory wall shear stress. The process of regeneration of the artery surface that has begun does not lead to success for several reasons. Atherosclerotic plaques are formed, which, when developed, lead to fatal consequences, which are the leading causes of death in the modern world. The pronounced age dependence of the manifestations of atherosclerosis pushes scientists to try to link the development of atherosclerosis with telomere length. The study of the role of telomere shortening in atherosclerosis is mainly limited to measuring the telomeres of blood cells, and only in rare cases (surgery or post-mortem examination) are the telomeres of local cells available for measurement. The review discusses the basic issues of cellular aging and the interpretation of telomere measurement data in atherosclerosis, as well as the prospects for the prevention and possible treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yegor E. Yegorov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Anastasia V. Poznyak
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russia
| | - Nikita G. Nikiforov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow 125315, Russia;
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Moscow 121552, Russia
- Institute of Gene Biology, Center of Collective Usage, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Antonina V. Starodubova
- Federal Research Centre for Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow 109240, Russia;
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russia
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow 125315, Russia;
- Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow 117418, Russia
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Herrmann W, Herrmann M. The Importance of Telomere Shortening for Atherosclerosis and Mortality. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7030029. [PMID: 32781553 PMCID: PMC7570376 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are the protective end caps of chromosomes and shorten with every cell division. Short telomeres are associated with older age and adverse lifestyle factors. Leucocyte telomere length (LTL) has been proposed as a biomarker of biological age. The shortening of LTL with age is the result of the end-replication problem, environmental, and lifestyle-related factors. Epidemiologic studies have shown that LTL predicts cardiovascular disease, all-cause mortality, and death from vascular causes. Age appears to be an important co-variate that explains a substantial fraction of this effect. Although it has been proposed that short telomeres promote atherosclerosis and impair the repair of vascular lesions, existing results are inconsistent. Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation can both accelerate telomere shortening. Multiple factors, including homocysteine (HCY), vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 modulate oxidative stress and inflammation through direct and indirect mechanisms. This review provides a compact overview of telomere physiology and the utility of LTL measurements in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. In addition, it summarizes existing knowledge regarding the impact of oxidative stress, inflammation, HCY, and B-vitamins on telomere function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Herrmann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical School of the Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Saar, Germany;
| | - Markus Herrmann
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +43-316-385-13145; Fax: +43-316-385-13430
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Uremia-Associated Ageing of the Thymus and Adaptive Immune Responses. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040224. [PMID: 32260178 PMCID: PMC7232426 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive loss of renal function is associated with a series of changes of the adaptive immune system which collectively constitute premature immunological ageing. This phenomenon contributes significantly to the mortality and morbidity of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. In this review, the effect of ESRD on the T cell part of the adaptive immune system is highlighted. Naïve T cell lymphopenia, in combination with the expansion of highly differentiated memory T cells, are the hallmarks of immunological ageing. The decreased production of newly formed T cells by the thymus is critically involved. This affects both the CD4 and CD8 T cell compartment and may contribute to the expansion of memory T cells. The expanding populations of memory T cells have a pro-inflammatory phenotype, add to low-grade inflammation already present in ESRD patients and destabilize atherosclerotic plaques. The effect of loss of renal function on the thymus is not reversed after restoring renal function by kidney transplantation and constitutes a long-term mortality risk factor. Promising results from animal experiments have shown that rejuvenation of the thymus is a possibility, although not yet applicable in humans.
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Kwaifa IK, Bahari H, Yong YK, Noor SM. Endothelial Dysfunction in Obesity-Induced Inflammation: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020291. [PMID: 32069832 PMCID: PMC7072669 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by the excessive deposition of fat that may interfere with the normal metabolic process of the body. It is a chronic condition associated with various metabolic syndromes, whose prevalence is grossly increasing, and affects both children and adults. Accumulation of excessive macronutrients on the adipose tissues promotes the secretion and release of inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin 1β, tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α), leptin, and stimulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), which subsequently reduce the production of adiponectin thereby initiating a proinflammatory state. During obesity, adipose tissue synthesizes and releases a large number of hormones and cytokines that alter the metabolic processes, with a profound influence on endothelial dysfunction, a situation associated with the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. Endothelial cells respond to inflammation and stimulation of MCP-1, which is described as the activation of adhesion molecules leading to proliferation and transmigration of leukocytes, which facilitates their increase in atherogenic and thromboembolic potentials. Endothelial dysfunction forms the cornerstone of this discussion, as it has been considered as the initiator in the progression of cardiovascular diseases in obesity. Overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines with subsequent reduction of anti-inflammatory markers in obesity, is considered to be the link between obesity-induced inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Inhibition of inflammatory mechanisms and management and control of obesity can assist in reducing the risks associated with cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Kalle Kwaifa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University (UDU), Sokoto, North-Western 2346, Nigeria
| | - Hasnah Bahari
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (H.B.); (Y.K.Y.)
| | - Yoke Keong Yong
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (H.B.); (Y.K.Y.)
| | - Sabariah Md Noor
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-193220798
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12
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Higher chocolate intake is associated with longer telomere length among adolescents. Pediatr Res 2020; 87:602-607. [PMID: 31574531 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0590-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chocolate intake has shown cardiometabolic health benefits. Whether chocolate has any effect on cellular aging remains unknown. We aimed to test the hypothesis that higher chocolate intake is associated with longer leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in adolescents. METHODS A total of 660 adolescents (aged 14-18 years) were included in the analysis. The chocolate intake was assessed by 7-day, 24-h dietary recalls and split into three groups, which were none, <2 servings/week, and 2 servings/week or more. LTL (T/S ratio) was determined by a modified quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based assay. RESULTS Among the 660 adolescents, 58% did not take any chocolate, 25% consumed <2 servings/week, and 17% consumed ≥2 servings/week. Compared to non-consumers, adolescents who consumed chocolate of ≥2 servings/week had 0.27 standard deviation (SD) longer LTL (p = 0.014). Higher chocolate consumption was associated with increased apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) (p = 0.038) and ApoA1/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (p = 0.046). Moreover, higher ApoA1/HDL levels were correlated with longer LTL (p = 0.026). CONCLUSION Adolescents who consume 2 servings/week or more of chocolate candy have longer LTL compared with non-consumers, and ApoA1/HDL pathway may be involved in this relationship.
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Inflammation and Vascular Ageing: From Telomeres to Novel Emerging Mechanisms. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2019; 26:321-329. [DOI: 10.1007/s40292-019-00331-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Dysregulation of Epigenetic Mechanisms of Gene Expression in the Pathologies of Hyperhomocysteinemia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133140. [PMID: 31252610 PMCID: PMC6651274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) exerts a wide range of biological effects and is associated with a number of diseases, including cardiovascular disease, dementia, neural tube defects, and cancer. Although mechanisms of HHcy toxicity are not fully uncovered, there has been a significant progress in their understanding. The picture emerging from the studies of homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism and pathophysiology is a complex one, as Hcy and its metabolites affect biomolecules and processes in a tissue- and sex-specific manner. Because of their connection to one carbon metabolism and editing mechanisms in protein biosynthesis, Hcy and its metabolites impair epigenetic control of gene expression mediated by DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA, which underlies the pathology of human disease. In this review we summarize the recent evidence showing that epigenetic dysregulation of gene expression, mediated by changes in DNA methylation and histone N-homocysteinylation, is a pathogenic consequence of HHcy in many human diseases. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of human disease induced by Hcy and its metabolites, and suggest therapeutic targets for the prevention and/or treatment.
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Barraclough JY, Skilton MR, Garden FL, Toelle BG, Marks GB, Celermajer DS. Early and late childhood telomere length predict subclinical atherosclerosis at age 14 yrs. - The CardioCAPS study. Int J Cardiol 2018; 278:250-253. [PMID: 30595356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carotid Intima Media Thickness (CIMT) is a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis, associated with cardiovascular risk in adults. Telomere length (TL) is a marker of cellular ageing. We sought to determine whether telomere length in early childhood and/or at 14-years is associated with CIMT in adolescence, in a community-based cohort study. METHODS 118 children had TL measured at mean age 3.6-years and 165 children had TL and CIMT, measured at 14-years, from the community-based Childhood Asthma Prevention Study. RESULTS TL in early childhood was significantly inversely associated with CIMT at 14 years, p = 0.04. TL in teenage life was also significantly inversely associated with CIMT at 14 years, p = 0.03. This latter association was no longer significant, however, after adjusting for early life TL. CONCLUSION TL measured in early childhood and adolescence is significantly associated with CIMT at 14-years, suggesting that telomere length is a biological marker or even early determinant of late cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y Barraclough
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Michael R Skilton
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Frances L Garden
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Brett G Toelle
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Guy B Marks
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - David S Celermajer
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
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de Almeida AJPO, Ribeiro TP, de Medeiros IA. Aging: Molecular Pathways and Implications on the Cardiovascular System. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:7941563. [PMID: 28874954 PMCID: PMC5569936 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7941563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The world's population over 60 years is growing rapidly, reaching 22% of the global population in the next decades. Despite the increase in global longevity, individual healthspan needs to follow this growth. Several diseases have their prevalence increased by age, such as cardiovascular diseases, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Understanding the aging biology mechanisms is fundamental to the pursuit of cardiovascular health. In this way, aging is characterized by a gradual decline in physiological functions, involving the increased number in senescent cells into the body. Several pathways lead to senescence, including oxidative stress and persistent inflammation, as well as energy failure such as mitochondrial dysfunction and deregulated autophagy, being ROS, AMPK, SIRTs, mTOR, IGF-1, and p53 key regulators of the metabolic control, connecting aging to the pathways which drive towards diseases. In addition, senescence can be induced by cellular replication, which resulted from telomere shortening. Taken together, it is possible to draw a common pathway unifying aging to cardiovascular diseases, and the central point of this process, senescence, can be the target for new therapies, which may result in the healthspan matching the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur José Pontes Oliveira de Almeida
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas/Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária-Campus I, Caixa Postal 5009, 58.051-970 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Thaís Porto Ribeiro
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas/Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária-Campus I, Caixa Postal 5009, 58.051-970 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Isac Almeida de Medeiros
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas/Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária-Campus I, Caixa Postal 5009, 58.051-970 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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Toupance S, Labat C, Temmar M, Rossignol P, Kimura M, Aviv A, Benetos A. Short Telomeres, but Not Telomere Attrition Rates, Are Associated With Carotid Atherosclerosis. Hypertension 2017. [PMID: 28630210 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Short telomeres are associated with atherosclerosis. However, the temporal relationship between atherosclerosis and telomere length is unclear. The objective of this work was to examine the temporal formation and progression of carotid atherosclerotic plaques in relation to telomere dynamics. In a longitudinal study, comprising 154 French men and women (aged 31-76 years at baseline), carotid plaques were quantified by echography, and telomere length on leucocytes was measured by Southern blots at baseline and follow-up examinations. Telomere attrition rates during the 9.5-year follow-up period were not different in individuals with plaques at both baseline and follow-up examinations (23.3±2.0 base pairs/y) than in individuals who developed plaques during the follow-up period (26.5±2.0 base pairs/y) and those without plaques at either baseline or follow-up examination (22.5±2.3 base pairs/y; P=0.79). At baseline, telomere length was associated with presence of carotid plaques (P=0.02) and with the number of regions with plaques (P=0.005). An interaction (P=0.03) between age and the presence of plaques was observed, such that the association between plaques and telomere length was more pronounced at a younger age. In conclusion, carotid atherosclerosis is not associated with increased telomere attrition during a 9.5-year follow-up period. Short telomere length is more strongly associated with early-onset than late-onset carotid atherosclerosis. Our results support the thesis that heightened telomere attrition during adult life might not explain the short telomeres observed in subjects with atherosclerotic disease. Rather, short telomeres antecedes the clinical manifestation of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Toupance
- From the INSERM UMRS 1116 (S.T., C.L., P.R., A.B.), Department of Geriatric Medicine, CHRU de Nancy (C.L., A.B.), and Inserm, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques-Plurithématique 14-33, CHRU Nancy (P.R.), Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; Cardiology Center, Ghardaia, Algeria (M.T.); and Center of Human Development and Aging, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark (M.K., A.A.)
| | - Carlos Labat
- From the INSERM UMRS 1116 (S.T., C.L., P.R., A.B.), Department of Geriatric Medicine, CHRU de Nancy (C.L., A.B.), and Inserm, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques-Plurithématique 14-33, CHRU Nancy (P.R.), Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; Cardiology Center, Ghardaia, Algeria (M.T.); and Center of Human Development and Aging, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark (M.K., A.A.)
| | - Mohamed Temmar
- From the INSERM UMRS 1116 (S.T., C.L., P.R., A.B.), Department of Geriatric Medicine, CHRU de Nancy (C.L., A.B.), and Inserm, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques-Plurithématique 14-33, CHRU Nancy (P.R.), Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; Cardiology Center, Ghardaia, Algeria (M.T.); and Center of Human Development and Aging, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark (M.K., A.A.)
| | - Patrick Rossignol
- From the INSERM UMRS 1116 (S.T., C.L., P.R., A.B.), Department of Geriatric Medicine, CHRU de Nancy (C.L., A.B.), and Inserm, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques-Plurithématique 14-33, CHRU Nancy (P.R.), Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; Cardiology Center, Ghardaia, Algeria (M.T.); and Center of Human Development and Aging, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark (M.K., A.A.)
| | - Masayuki Kimura
- From the INSERM UMRS 1116 (S.T., C.L., P.R., A.B.), Department of Geriatric Medicine, CHRU de Nancy (C.L., A.B.), and Inserm, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques-Plurithématique 14-33, CHRU Nancy (P.R.), Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; Cardiology Center, Ghardaia, Algeria (M.T.); and Center of Human Development and Aging, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark (M.K., A.A.)
| | - Abraham Aviv
- From the INSERM UMRS 1116 (S.T., C.L., P.R., A.B.), Department of Geriatric Medicine, CHRU de Nancy (C.L., A.B.), and Inserm, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques-Plurithématique 14-33, CHRU Nancy (P.R.), Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; Cardiology Center, Ghardaia, Algeria (M.T.); and Center of Human Development and Aging, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark (M.K., A.A.)
| | - Athanase Benetos
- From the INSERM UMRS 1116 (S.T., C.L., P.R., A.B.), Department of Geriatric Medicine, CHRU de Nancy (C.L., A.B.), and Inserm, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques-Plurithématique 14-33, CHRU Nancy (P.R.), Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; Cardiology Center, Ghardaia, Algeria (M.T.); and Center of Human Development and Aging, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark (M.K., A.A.).
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DNA damage-dependent mechanisms of ageing and disease in the macro- and microvasculature. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 816:116-128. [PMID: 28347738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A decline in the function of the macro- and micro-vasculature occurs with ageing. DNA damage also accumulates with ageing, and thus DNA damage and repair have important roles in physiological ageing. Considerable evidence also supports a crucial role for DNA damage in the development and progression of macrovascular disease such as atherosclerosis. These findings support the concept that prolonged exposure to risk factors is a major stimulus for DNA damage within the vasculature, in part via the generation of reactive oxygen species. Genomic instability can directly affect vascular cellular function, leading to cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and premature vascular cell senescence. In contrast, the study of age-related impaired function and DNA damage mechanisms in the microvasculature is limited, although ageing is associated with microvessel endothelial dysfunction. This review examines current knowledge on the role of DNA damage and DNA repair systems in macrovascular disease such as atherosclerosis and microvascular disease. We also discuss the cellular responses to DNA damage to identify possible strategies for prevention and treatment.
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Nazari-Shafti TZ, Cooke JP. Telomerase Therapy to Reverse Cardiovascular Senescence. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2016; 11:172-5. [PMID: 26634025 DOI: 10.14797/mdcj-11-3-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence of endothelial cells plays an important role in the development of vascular lesions that ultimately lead to an atherosclerotic plaque. This review focuses on the age-related changes of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells that contribute to vascular disease and discusses potential new targets that could rejuvenate the vascular system and thereby prevent or delay atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Z Nazari-Shafti
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - John P Cooke
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
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20
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Abstract
Telomeres are tandem repeat DNA sequences present at the ends of each eukaryotic chromosome to stabilize the genome structure integrity. Telomere lengths progressively shorten with each cell division. Inflammation and oxidative stress, which are implicated as major mechanisms underlying cardiovascular diseases, increase the rate of telomere shortening and lead to cellular senescence. In clinical studies, cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and hypertension have been associated with short leukocyte telomere length. In addition, low telomerase activity and short leukocyte telomere length have been observed in atherosclerotic plaque and associated with plaque instability, thus stroke or acute myocardial infarction. The aging myocardium with telomere shortening and accumulation of senescent cells limits the tissue regenerative capacity, contributing to systolic or diastolic heart failure. In addition, patients with ion-channel defects might have genetic imbalance caused by oxidative stress-related accelerated telomere shortening, which may subsequently cause sudden cardiac death. Telomere length can serve as a marker for the biological status of previous cell divisions and DNA damage with inflammation and oxidative stress. It can be integrated into current risk prediction and stratification models for cardiovascular diseases and can be used in precise personalized treatments. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of telomeres and telomerase in the aging process and their association with cardiovascular diseases. In addition, we discuss therapeutic interventions targeting the telomere system in cardiovascular disease treatments.
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Yeh JK, Wang CY. Telomeres and Telomerase in Cardiovascular Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7090058. [PMID: 27598203 PMCID: PMC5042389 DOI: 10.3390/genes7090058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are tandem repeat DNA sequences present at the ends of each eukaryotic chromosome to stabilize the genome structure integrity. Telomere lengths progressively shorten with each cell division. Inflammation and oxidative stress, which are implicated as major mechanisms underlying cardiovascular diseases, increase the rate of telomere shortening and lead to cellular senescence. In clinical studies, cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and hypertension have been associated with short leukocyte telomere length. In addition, low telomerase activity and short leukocyte telomere length have been observed in atherosclerotic plaque and associated with plaque instability, thus stroke or acute myocardial infarction. The aging myocardium with telomere shortening and accumulation of senescent cells limits the tissue regenerative capacity, contributing to systolic or diastolic heart failure. In addition, patients with ion-channel defects might have genetic imbalance caused by oxidative stress-related accelerated telomere shortening, which may subsequently cause sudden cardiac death. Telomere length can serve as a marker for the biological status of previous cell divisions and DNA damage with inflammation and oxidative stress. It can be integrated into current risk prediction and stratification models for cardiovascular diseases and can be used in precise personalized treatments. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of telomeres and telomerase in the aging process and their association with cardiovascular diseases. In addition, we discuss therapeutic interventions targeting the telomere system in cardiovascular disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jih-Kai Yeh
- Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 33305 Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Yung Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 33305 Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 33302 Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Abstract
The historical view of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in atherosclerosis is that aberrant proliferation of VSMCs promotes plaque formation, but that VSMCs in advanced plaques are entirely beneficial, for example preventing rupture of the fibrous cap. However, this view has been based on ideas that there is a homogenous population of VSMCs within the plaque, that can be identified separate from other plaque cells (particularly macrophages) using standard VSMC and macrophage immunohistochemical markers. More recent genetic lineage tracing studies have shown that VSMC phenotypic switching results in less-differentiated forms that lack VSMC markers including macrophage-like cells, and this switching directly promotes atherosclerosis. In addition, VSMC proliferation may be beneficial throughout atherogenesis, and not just in advanced lesions, whereas VSMC apoptosis, cell senescence, and VSMC-derived macrophage-like cells may promote inflammation. We review the effect of embryological origin on VSMC behavior in atherosclerosis, the role, regulation and consequences of phenotypic switching, the evidence for different origins of VSMCs, and the role of individual processes that VSMCs undergo in atherosclerosis in regard to plaque formation and the structure of advanced lesions. We think there is now compelling evidence that a full understanding of VSMC behavior in atherosclerosis is critical to identify therapeutic targets to both prevent and treat atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Bennett
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom (M.R.B., S.S.); and University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (G.K.O.).
| | - Sanjay Sinha
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom (M.R.B., S.S.); and University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (G.K.O.)
| | - Gary K Owens
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom (M.R.B., S.S.); and University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (G.K.O.)
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Telomere Length Maintenance and Cardio-Metabolic Disease Prevention Through Exercise Training. Sports Med 2016; 46:1213-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0482-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Uryga
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Kelly Gray
- Cardiovascular Safety, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom;
| | - Martin Bennett
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; ,
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Uryga AK, Bennett MR. Ageing induced vascular smooth muscle cell senescence in atherosclerosis. J Physiol 2015; 594:2115-24. [PMID: 26174609 DOI: 10.1113/jp270923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a disease of ageing in that its incidence and prevalence increase with age. However, atherosclerosis is also associated with biological ageing, manifest by a number of typical hallmarks of ageing in the atherosclerotic plaque. Thus, accelerated biological ageing may be superimposed on the effects of chronological ageing in atherosclerosis. Tissue ageing is seen in all cells that comprise the plaque, but particularly in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Hallmarks of ageing include evidence of cell senescence, DNA damage (including telomere attrition), mitochondrial dysfunction, a pro-inflammatory secretory phenotype, defects in proteostasis, epigenetic changes, deregulated nutrient sensing, and exhaustion of progenitor cells. In this model, initial damage to DNA (genomic, telomeric, mitochondrial and epigenetic changes) results in a number of cellular responses (cellular senescence, deregulated nutrient sensing and defects in proteostasis). Ultimately, ongoing damage and attempts at repair by continued proliferation overwhelm reparative capacity, causing loss of specialised cell functions, cell death and inflammation. This review summarises the evidence for accelerated biological ageing in atherosclerosis, the functional consequences of cell ageing on cells comprising the plaque, and the causal role that VSMC senescence plays in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Uryga
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 110, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Martin R Bennett
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 110, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Chen S, Lin J, Matsuguchi T, Blackburn E, Yeh F, Best LG, Devereux RB, Lee ET, Howard BV, Roman MJ, Zhao J. Short leukocyte telomere length predicts incidence and progression of carotid atherosclerosis in American Indians: the Strong Heart Family Study. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 6:414-27. [PMID: 24902894 PMCID: PMC4069268 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Short leukocyte telomere length (LTL) has been associated with atherosclerosis in cross-sectional studies, but the prospective relationship between telomere shortening and risk of developing carotid atherosclerosis has not been well-established. This study examines whether LTL at baseline predicts incidence and progression of carotid atherosclerosis in American Indians in the Strong Heart Study. The analysis included 2,819 participants who were free of overt cardiovascular disease at baseline (2001-2003) and were followed through the end of 2006-2009 (average 5.5-yr follow-up). Discrete atherosclerotic plaque was defined as focal protrusion with an arterial wall thickness ≥50% the surrounding wall. Carotid progression was defined as having a higher plaque score at the end of study follow-up compared to baseline. Associations of LTL with incidence and progression of carotid plaque were examined using Cox proportional hazard regression, adjusting for standard coronary risk factors. Compared to participants in the highest LTL tertile, those in the lowest tertile had significantly elevated risk for both incident plaque (HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.09–2.03) and plaque progression (HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.26–2.07). Our results provide initial evidence for a potential prognostic utility of LTL in risk prediction for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufeng Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Haycock PC, Heydon EE, Kaptoge S, Butterworth AS, Thompson A, Willeit P. Leucocyte telomere length and risk of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2014; 349:g4227. [PMID: 25006006 PMCID: PMC4086028 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.g4227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between leucocyte telomere length and risk of cardiovascular disease. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Studies published up to March 2014 identified through searches of Medline, Web of Science, and Embase. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Prospective and retrospective studies that reported on associations between leucocyte telomere length and coronary heart disease (defined as non-fatal myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease death, or coronary revascularisation) or cerebrovascular disease (defined as non-fatal stroke or death from cerebrovascular disease) and were broadly representative of general populations--that is, they did not select cohort or control participants on the basis of pre-existing cardiovascular disease or diabetes. RESULTS Twenty four studies involving 43,725 participants and 8400 patients with cardiovascular disease (5566 with coronary heart disease and 2834 with cerebrovascular disease) were found to be eligible. In a comparison of the shortest versus longest third of leucocyte telomere length, the pooled relative risk for coronary heart disease was 1.54 (95% confidence interval 1.30 to 1.83) in all studies, 1.40 (1.15 to 1.70) in prospective studies, and 1.80 (1.32 to 2.44) in retrospective studies. Heterogeneity between studies was moderate (I(2) = 64%, 41% to 77%, Phet<0.001) and was not significantly explained by mean age of participants (P = 0.23), the proportion of male participants (P = 0.45), or distinction between retrospective versus prospective studies (P = 0.32). Findings for coronary heart disease were similar in meta-analyses restricted to studies that adjusted for conventional vascular risk factors (relative risk 1.42, 95% confidence interval 1.17 to 1.73); studies with ≥ 200 cases (1.44, 1.20 to 1.74); studies with a high quality score (1.53, 1.22 to 1.92); and in analyses that corrected for publication bias (1.34, 1.12 to 1.60). The pooled relative risk for cerebrovascular disease was 1.42 (1.11 to 1.81), with no significant heterogeneity between studies (I(2) = 41%, 0% to 72%, Phet = 0.08). Shorter telomeres were not significantly associated with cerebrovascular disease risk in prospective studies (1.14, 0.85 to 1.54) or in studies with a high quality score (1.21, 0.83 to 1.76). CONCLUSION Available observational data show an inverse association between leucocyte telomere length and risk of coronary heart disease independent of conventional vascular risk factors. The association with cerebrovascular disease is less certain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Haycock
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emma E Heydon
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Kaptoge
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alex Thompson
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK Roche, Welwyn Garden City, UK
| | - Peter Willeit
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
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Voskarides K, Hadjipanagi D, Papazachariou L, Griffin M, Panayiotou AG. Evidence for contribution of the y chromosome in atherosclerotic plaque occurrence in men. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2014; 18:552-6. [PMID: 24720269 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2014.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases such as atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease demonstrate disparate population prevalence or present with variable severity in men and women. While the usual explanation points to hormonal status, the role of the Y chromosome has been implicated, but not sufficiently studied. We genotyped six markers of the male-specific region of the Y chromosome, representing the major haplogroups (YAP, G, I, J, K, and R) in 373 male participants of the "Cyprus Study" with ultrasonic data on subclinical atherosclerosis. Of the five major haplogroups identified, two (J and K) accounted for roughly 67% of the Y-chromosome variance among these Greek Cypriot men. Carriers of haplogroup K had a 2.5-fold higher age-adjusted risk for having an atherosclerotic plaque present in any of the four bifurcations scanned, compared to men with other Y-chromosome lineages (OR=2.51; 95% CI=1.18 to 5.33; p=0.017). Carriers of the YAP haplogroup had about 50% less risk for having a plaque in the femoral bifurcation versus the rest (OR=0.46; 95% CI=0.27 to 0.77; p<0.001). We show a possible contribution of the Y chromosome in atherosclerotic phenotypes in men adding to the previous findings for coronary artery disease. Additional studies are warranted as evidence suggests that the Y chromosome could serve as a biomarker for the health status of men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Voskarides
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular Medicine Research Center, University of Cyprus , Nicosia, Cyprus
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Warboys CM, de Luca A, Amini N, Luong L, Duckles H, Hsiao S, White A, Biswas S, Khamis R, Chong CK, Cheung WM, Sherwin SJ, Bennett MR, Gil J, Mason JC, Haskard DO, Evans PC. Disturbed flow promotes endothelial senescence via a p53-dependent pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:985-95. [PMID: 24651677 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although atherosclerosis is associated with systemic risk factors such as age, high cholesterol, and obesity, plaque formation occurs predominately at branches and bends that are exposed to disturbed patterns of blood flow. The molecular mechanisms that link disturbed flow-generated mechanical forces with arterial injury are uncertain. To illuminate them, we investigated the effects of flow on endothelial cell (EC) senescence. APPROACH AND RESULTS LDLR(-/-) (low-density lipoprotein receptor(-/-)) mice were exposed to a high-fat diet for 2 to 12 weeks (or to a normal chow diet as a control) before the assessment of cellular senescence in aortic ECs. En face staining revealed that senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity and p53 expression were elevated in ECs at sites of disturbed flow in response to a high-fat diet. By contrast, ECs exposed to undisturbed flow did not express senescence-associated β-galactosidase or p53. Studies of aortae from healthy pigs (aged 6 months) also revealed enhanced senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining at sites of disturbed flow. These data suggest that senescent ECs accumulate at disturbed flow sites during atherogenesis. We used in vitro flow systems to examine whether a causal relationship exists between flow and EC senescence. Exposure of cultured ECs to flow (using either an orbital shaker or a syringe-pump flow bioreactor) revealed that disturbed flow promoted EC senescence compared with static conditions, whereas undisturbed flow reduced senescence. Gene silencing studies demonstrated that disturbed flow induced EC senescence via a p53-p21 signaling pathway. Disturbed flow-induced senescent ECs exhibited reduced migration compared with nonsenescent ECs in a scratch wound closure assay, and thus may be defective for arterial repair. However, pharmacological activation of sirtuin 1 (using resveratrol or SRT1720) protected ECs from disturbed flow-induced senescence. CONCLUSIONS Disturbed flow promotes endothelial senescence via a p53-p21-dependent pathway which can be inhibited by activation of sirtuin 1. These observations support the principle that pharmacological activation of sirtuin 1 may promote cardiovascular health by suppressing EC senescence at atheroprone sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Warboys
- From the British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Science Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute (C.M.W., A.d.L., NA., R.K., W.-M.C., J.C.M., D.O.H.), Department of Aeronautics (S.J.S.), and MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (J.G.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Departments of Cardiovascular Science (L.L., H.D., S.H., S.B., P.C.E.) and Materials Science and Engineering (A.W., C.K.C.) and Insigneo Institute of In Silico Medicine (P.C.E.), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.R.B.)
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Panayiotou AG, Griffin MB, Tyllis T, Georgiou N, Bond D, Humphries SE, Nicolaides AN. Association of genotypes at the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) loci with carotid IMT and presence of carotid and femoral atherosclerotic plaques. Vasc Med 2013; 18:298-306. [DOI: 10.1177/1358863x13502698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to test the association between matrix metalloproteinase ( MMP) genetic polymorphisms and (a) intima–media thickness in the common carotid (IMTcc) and (b) the presence of plaques in the carotid and femoral bifurcations. Carotid and femoral bifurcations were scanned with ultrasound in 762 Cypriot community dwellers (46% men) over the age of 40 years. IMTcc and the presence of plaques were recorded. The MMP1 1G/2G, MMP3 5A/6A, MMP7 -181A>G, MMP9 R279Q, and MMP12 -82A>G polymorphisms were determined with the TaqMan method. In men, the presence of plaques in any bifurcation was associated with the MMP9 279Q allele (ORadjusted=4.50; 95% CI=2.0 to 10.1; p<0.001) and the MMP7 -181A allele was associated with the presence of femoral plaques (ORadjusted=2.61; 95% CI=1.36 to 4.99; p=0.004). In women, the presence of femoral plaques was associated with the MMP12 -82G allele (ORadjusted=1.9; 95% CI=1.14 to 3.16; p=0.014). Our results suggest that the effect of common MMP genotypes on plaque presence may be site- and sex-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrie G Panayiotou
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Maura B Griffin
- Vascular Noninvasive Screening and Diagnostic Centre, London, UK
| | | | - Niki Georgiou
- Vascular Screening and Diagnostic Centre, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Dawn Bond
- Vascular Noninvasive Screening and Diagnostic Centre, London, UK
| | - Steve E Humphries
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew N Nicolaides
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
- Vascular Noninvasive Screening and Diagnostic Centre, London, UK
- Vascular Screening and Diagnostic Centre, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Imperial College, London, UK
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Zhang D, Wen X, Wu W, Xu E, Zhang Y, Cui W. Homocysteine-related hTERT DNA demethylation contributes to shortened leukocyte telomere length in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2013; 231:173-9. [PMID: 24125430 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is shortened in patients with clinical atherosclerosis (AS). Here we aimed to explore the contribution of elevated homocysteine (Hcy) level to LTL shortening in AS patients and the underlying mechanism. METHODS Circulating leukocytes were collected from 197 patients with AS and 165 sex- and age-matched healthy subjects for LTL determination. mRNA expression or DNA methylation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) was determined by real-time PCR and methylation-specific PCR assay, respectively. We established a hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) mice model to confirm human results. RESULTS Hcy was negatively correlated with LTL shortening in AS patients (r = -0.179, p = 0.015) and controls (r = -0.146, p = 0.031). Serum folate and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels significantly interacted with Hcy in LTL shortening. Hcy was related to hTERT mRNA downregulation and promoter demethylation, which combined was associated with LTL shortening in AS patients. Hcy-induced LTL shortening did not differ by sites of AS lesions or infarction. Similar to clinical observations, our HHcy mice model suggested that Hcy induced DNA demethylation and downregulation of mouse TERT and further contributed to LTL shortening. CONCLUSIONS Elevated Hcy level induced DNA demethylation of hTERT and was closely related with hTERT downregulation, which led to LTL shortening in AS. These findings provide novel insights into an epigenetic mechanism for Hcy-related AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing 100730, China
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Müezzinler A, Zaineddin AK, Brenner H. A systematic review of leukocyte telomere length and age in adults. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:509-19. [PMID: 23333817 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a systematic review of the relationship between age and leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in adults. METHODS Relevant studies were identified by a systematic search of Medline, EMBASE and ISI Web of Knowledge databases. Key data, such as age and LTL, were extracted from the studies along with correlation coefficients and yearly attrition rates where available. Obtained data were used to calculate weighted means and correlation coefficients. RESULTS Overall, 124 cross-sectional studies and 5 longitudinal studies were identified. A statistically significant inverse correlation between mean age and mean LTL across cross-sectional studies was observed for both absolute (r=-0.338, p<0.0001) and relative LTL (r=-0.295, p=0.0088). From mean LTL and ages, a yearly telomere loss of 24.7 base pairs (BP)/year was estimated by weighted linear regression. Weighted means of within study correlation of age and TL and yearly telomere loss rate estimates from cross-sectional studies were also in a similar order of magnitude (-0.380 and 21.91 BP/year). The few longitudinal studies reported somewhat higher mean telomere loss rates (between 32.2 and 45.5 BP/year). CONCLUSION While a decrease of LTL with age is out of question, data on variation of the decrease according to sex, age and other potential determinants especially from longitudinal data are still sparse.
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Panayiotou AG, Griffin M, Kouis P, Tyllis T, Georgiou N, Bond D, Nicolaides AN. Association between presence of the metabolic syndrome and its components with carotid intima-media thickness and carotid and femoral plaque area: a population study. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2013; 5:44. [PMID: 23962225 PMCID: PMC3765162 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-5-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to explore the association between presence and number of components of the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and subclinical atherosclerosis outcomes (common carotid intima media thickness, plaque presence and sum of plaque area) in both the carotid and femoral bifurcations. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of 771 volunteers from the ongoing epidemiological Cyprus Study (46% male; mean age = 60.1 ± 9.8). (a) Carotid intima-media thickness (IMTcc), (b) sum of plaque area in the carotid bifurcations (sum of the largest plaques in each carotid bifurcation-SPAcar), (c) sum of plaque area in the femoral bifurcations (sum of the largest plaques in each femoral bifurcation-SPAfem) and (d) sum of plaque area in both carotid and femoral bifurcations (sum of the areas of the largest plaques present in each of the four bifurcations-SPA) were measured at baseline using ultrasound. Presence and number of components of the MetS was ascertained using the National Cholesterol Education Program ATPIII definition and their association tested using multivariable regression models. RESULTS MetS was present in 259 (33.6%) individuals and was associated with a 0.02 mm increase in IMTcc (95% CI: 0.00 to 0.04, p = 0.047) after adjustment for age, sex, family history of CVD, alcohol consumption (BU/week) and smoking (pack-years). Each additional component of the MetS was associated with a 16% higher SPA (95% CI: 6.8% to 25.2%, pfor trend = 0.001), a 10% higher SPAcar (95% CI: 5% to 24%, pfor trend = 0.003) and a 14% higher SPAfem in the adjusted model. CONCLUSIONS We confirm an association between the MetS and IMTcc as well as report for the first time an association between the MetS and its components and femoral plaque area, in a general population over 40 years of age. Having any risk factors for the MetS increases the risk for subclinical atherosclerosis, with the risk increasing with each additional component. Using the dichotomous definition of the MetS may be overlooking the risk for subclinical atherosclerosis -and by inference future cardiovascular events- associated with having less than 3 risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrie G Panayiotou
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, P.O. Box: 50329, Limassol, Cyprus
- The Cyprus Cardiovascular Disease Educational and Research Trust, 2 Kyriacou Matsi, Nicosia 2368, Cyprus
| | - Maura Griffin
- Vascular Noninvasive Screening and Diagnostic Centre, 30 Weymouth street, W1G 7BS, London, UK
| | - Panayiotis Kouis
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, P.O. Box: 50329, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Theodosis Tyllis
- Vascular Screening and Diagnostic Centre, 2 Kyriacou Matsi, Nicosia 2368, Cyprus
| | - Niki Georgiou
- Vascular Screening and Diagnostic Centre, 2 Kyriacou Matsi, Nicosia 2368, Cyprus
| | - Dawn Bond
- Vascular Noninvasive Screening and Diagnostic Centre, 30 Weymouth street, W1G 7BS, London, UK
| | - Andrew N Nicolaides
- The Cyprus Cardiovascular Disease Educational and Research Trust, 2 Kyriacou Matsi, Nicosia 2368, Cyprus
- Vascular Noninvasive Screening and Diagnostic Centre, 30 Weymouth street, W1G 7BS, London, UK
- Vascular Screening and Diagnostic Centre, 2 Kyriacou Matsi, Nicosia 2368, Cyprus
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Imperial College, London SW72BX, UK
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Muraki K, Nyhan K, Han L, Murnane JP. Mechanisms of telomere loss and their consequences for chromosome instability. Front Oncol 2012; 2:135. [PMID: 23061048 PMCID: PMC3463808 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ends of chromosomes in mammals, called telomeres, are composed of a 6-bp repeat sequence, TTAGGG, which is added on by the enzyme telomerase. In combination with a protein complex called shelterin, these telomeric repeat sequences form a cap that protects the ends of chromosomes. Due to insufficient telomerase expression, telomeres shorten gradually with each cell division in human somatic cells, which limits the number of times they can divide. The extensive cell division involved in cancer cell progression therefore requires that cancer cells must acquire the ability to maintain telomeres, either through expression of telomerase, or through an alternative mechanism involving recombination. It is commonly thought that the source of many chromosome rearrangements in cancer cells is a result of the extensive telomere shortening that occurs prior to the expression of telomerase. However, despite the expression of telomerase, tumor cells can continue to show chromosome instability due to telomere loss. Dysfunctional telomeres in cancer cells can result from oncogene-induced replication stress, which results in double-strand breaks (DSBs) at fragile sites, including telomeres. DSBs near telomeres are especially prone to chromosome rearrangements, because telomeric regions are deficient in DSB repair. The deficiency in DSB repair near telomeres is also an important mechanism for ionizing radiation-induced replicative senescence in normal human cells. In addition, DSBs near telomeres can result in chromosome instability in mouse embryonic stem cells, suggesting that telomere loss can contribute to heritable chromosome rearrangements. Consistent with this possibility, telomeric regions in humans are highly heterogeneous, and chromosome rearrangements near telomeres are commonly involved in human genetic disease. Understanding the mechanisms of telomere loss will therefore provide important insights into both human cancer and genetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Muraki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
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Wang JC, Bennett M. Aging and atherosclerosis: mechanisms, functional consequences, and potential therapeutics for cellular senescence. Circ Res 2012; 111:245-59. [PMID: 22773427 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.261388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is classed as a disease of aging, such that increasing age is an independent risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is also associated with premature biological aging, as atherosclerotic plaques show evidence of cellular senescence characterized by reduced cell proliferation, irreversible growth arrest and apoptosis, elevated DNA damage, epigenetic modifications, and telomere shortening and dysfunction. Not only is cellular senescence associated with atherosclerosis, there is growing evidence that cellular senescence promotes atherosclerosis. This review examines the pathology of normal vascular aging, the evidence for cellular senescence in atherosclerosis, the mechanisms underlying cellular senescence including reactive oxygen species, replication exhaustion and DNA damage, the functional consequences of vascular cell senescence, and the possibility that preventing accelerated cellular senescence is a therapeutic target in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Wang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
Telomeres are located at the end of chromosomes. They are composed of repetitive TTAGGG tandem repeats and associated proteins of crucial importance for telomere function. Telomeric DNA is shortened by each cell division until a critical length is achieved and the cell enters senescence and eventually apoptosis. Telomeres are therefore considered a 'biological clock' of the cell. Telomerase adds nucleotides to telomeric DNA thereby contributing to telomere maintenance, genomic stability, functions, and proliferative capacity of the cell. In certain rare forms of progeria, point mutations within the telomere lead to accelerated telomere attrition and premature aging. Endogenous factors causing telomere shortening are aging, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) shortening is inhibited by estrogen and endogenous antioxidants. Accelerated telomere attrition is associated with cardiovascular risk factors such as age, gender, obesity, smoking, sedentary life-style, excess alcohol intake, and even mental stress. Cardiovascular (CV) diseases and CV aging are usually but not invariably associated with shorter telomeres than in healthy subjects. LTL appears to be a biomarker of CV aging, reflecting the cumulative burden of endogenous and exogenous factors negatively affecting LTL. Whether accelerated telomere shortening is cause or consequence of CV aging and disease is not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frej Fyhrquist
- Minerva Institute for Medical Research and Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Biotti D, Aho S, Béjot Y, Giroud M, Caillier M, Ragot S, Osseby GV, Moreau T, Teyssier JR. Leukocyte Telomere Length: A Focus on Cerebrovascular Events. Rejuvenation Res 2012; 15:274-80. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2011.1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Biotti
- Stroke Registry of Dijon (Inserm+Institut de Veille Sanitaire), University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Department of Neurology, Dijon, France
| | - Serge Aho
- Department of Epidemiology, Hôpital Le Bocage, Dijon, France
| | - Yannick Béjot
- Stroke Registry of Dijon (Inserm+Institut de Veille Sanitaire), University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Department of Neurology, Dijon, France
| | - Maurice Giroud
- Stroke Registry of Dijon (Inserm+Institut de Veille Sanitaire), University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Department of Neurology, Dijon, France
| | - Marie Caillier
- Department of Neurology, William Morey Hospital, Chalon-sur-Saone, France
| | - Sylviane Ragot
- Department of Genetic, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Dijon, France
| | - Guy-Victor Osseby
- Stroke Registry of Dijon (Inserm+Institut de Veille Sanitaire), University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Department of Neurology, Dijon, France
| | - Thibault Moreau
- Stroke Registry of Dijon (Inserm+Institut de Veille Sanitaire), University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Department of Neurology, Dijon, France
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Hoffmann J, Spyridopoulos I. Telomere length in cardiovascular disease: new challenges in measuring this marker of cardiovascular aging. Future Cardiol 2012; 7:789-803. [PMID: 22050065 DOI: 10.2217/fca.11.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an age-related systemic disease characterized by systemic oxidative stress and low grade chronic inflammation. Various types of leukocytes play an important role within this process. Telomeres, the ends of chromosomes, shorten during each and every cell division and have therefore been regarded as a cellular clock. Telomere dysfunction has been implicated in aging and senescence, and shorter leukocyte telomere length (LTL) has been demonstrated to predict cardiovascular disease and mortality. However, although LTL can predict cardiovascular events in population studies, a number of factors have prevented its broad use as a surrogate end point, such as serum levels of LDL cholesterol. In this article we will provide an overview of telomere biology and telomere dynamics of different leukocyte populations, and we will also discuss pitfalls in the methodology of LTL quantification, in context with landmark studies, which measured LTL in cardiovascular disease. Finally, we will attempt to critically assess and explain the shortcomings of LTL as a biomarker and identify further research avenues that require further investigation before telomere length can be implemented as an individual biomarker for cardiovascular aging. From this it becomes evident that LTL can be susceptible to methodological errors affecting longitudinal reproducibility. LTL is generally confounded at least by genetic factors, population variation and leukocyte composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedrzej Hoffmann
- Newcastle University, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
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Saliques S, Teyssier JR, Vergely C, Lorgis L, Lorin J, Farnier M, Donzel A, Sicard P, Berchoud J, Lagrost AC, Touzery C, Ragot S, Cottin Y, Rochette L, Zeller M. Circulating leukocyte telomere length and oxidative stress: A new target for statin therapy. Atherosclerosis 2011; 219:753-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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40
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Zhao YY, Zhang L, Mao JR, Cheng XH, Lin RC, Zhang Y, Sun WJ. Ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one isolated from Polyporus umbellatus prevents early renal injury in aristolochic acid-induced nephropathy rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:1581-6. [PMID: 22060289 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Aristolochic acid (AA) nephropathy, first reported as Chinese herbs nephropathy, is a rapidly progressive tubulointerstitial nephropathy that results in severe anemia, interstitial fibrosis and end-stage renal disease. Tubulointerstitial injury was studied in a rat model of AA nephropathy to determine whether ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one (ergone) treatment prevents early renal injury in rats with aristolochic acid I-induced nephropathy.
Methods
Early renal injury via renal interstitial fibrosis was induced in rats by administration of aristolochic acid I (AAI) solution intragastrically for 8 weeks. Ninety-six rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 24/group): (1) control (2) AAI (3) AAI + ergone (10 mg/kg) and (4) AAI + ergone (20 mg/kg). Blood and urine samples were collected and rat were sacrificed for histological assessment of the kidneys on at the end of weeks 2, 4, 6 and 8.
Key findings
AAI caused progressive elevation of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, potassium, sodium, chlorine, proteinuria and urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG). Ergone suppressed elevation of blood urea, nitrogen, creatinine, proteinuria and urinary NAG to some degree, but the AAI–ergone-treated group did not differ from AAI-treated group for body weight, serum potassium, sodium and chlorine. The progress of the lesions in the kidney after AAI administration was also observed by histopathological examinations, but kidneys from rats of AAI–ergone-treated group displayed fewer lesions.
Conclusions
Ergone treatment conferred protection against early renal injury in a rat model of AA nephropathy. Early administration of ergone may prevent the progression of renal injury and the subsequent renal fibrosis in AA nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yong Zhao
- Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xi'an No. 4 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Rong Mao
- Kidney Disease Center of Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Cheng
- Kidney Disease Center of Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Chao Lin
- Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Beijing, China
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Université Pierre and Marie Curie, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 7201, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, France
| | - Wen-Ji Sun
- Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Beijing, China
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Moores CJ, Fenech M, O’Callaghan NJ. Telomere dynamics: the influence of folate and DNA methylation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1229:76-88. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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