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Abstract
The primary prevention of cardiovascular disease relies on the ability to identify at-risk individuals long before the development of overt events. In the past decade, research into circulating, genetic and imaging biomarkers to augment traditional methods of risk prediction has only achieved modest success. Emerging technologies in the fields of genomics, metabolomics and proteomics are providing new platforms for biomarker discovery. Here, we review current concepts in the evaluation and discovery of cardiovascular biomarkers. Further research is needed to identify new biomarkers to successfully stratify risk of cardiovascular disease in low-risk populations, as well as to test whether management strategies informed by biomarker testing are better than standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ge
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Maouche S, Schunkert H. Strategies beyond genome-wide association studies for atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:170-81. [PMID: 22258900 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.232652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic diseases, including coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI), are the leading causes of death in the world. The genetic basis of CAD and MI, which are caused by multiple interacting endogenous and exogenous factors, has gained considerable interest in the last years as genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified many new susceptibility loci for CAD and MI, and the underlying genes provide new insights into the genetic architecture of these diseases. Here we summarize the recent findings from GWASs of atherosclerosis and discuss their functional and biological implications. We also discuss the different post-GWAS strategies that are currently used for refining the location of causal variants, understanding their role, and shedding light on molecular mechanisms explaining their association to CAD. We finally discuss potential clinical translations of GWAS findings for individual risk prediction, advanced clinical strategies, and personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seraya Maouche
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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Wouters K, Cudejko C, Gijbels MJJ, Fuentes L, Bantubungi K, Vanhoutte J, Dièvart R, Paquet C, Bouchaert E, Hannou SA, Gizard F, Tailleux A, de Winther MPJ, Staels B, Paumelle R. Bone marrow p16INK4a-deficiency does not modulate obesity, glucose homeostasis or atherosclerosis development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32440. [PMID: 22403661 PMCID: PMC3293804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective A genomic region near the CDKN2A locus, encoding p16INK4a, has been associated to type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic vascular disease, conditions in which inflammation plays an important role. Recently, we found that deficiency of p16INK4a results in decreased inflammatory signaling in murine macrophages and that p16INK4a influences the phenotype of human adipose tissue macrophages. Therefore, we investigated the influence of immune cell p16INK4a on glucose tolerance and atherosclerosis in mice. Methods and Results Bone marrow p16INK4a-deficiency in C57Bl6 mice did not influence high fat diet-induced obesity nor plasma glucose and lipid levels. Glucose tolerance tests showed no alterations in high fat diet-induced glucose intolerance. While bone marrow p16INK4a-deficiency did not affect the gene expression profile of adipose tissue, hepatic expression of the alternative markers Chi3l3, Mgl2 and IL10 was increased and the induction of pro-inflammatory Nos2 was restrained on the high fat diet. Bone marrow p16INK4a-deficiency in low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice did not affect western diet-induced atherosclerotic plaque size or morphology. In line, plasma lipid levels remained unaffected and p16INK4a-deficient macrophages displayed equal cholesterol uptake and efflux compared to wild type macrophages. Conclusion Bone marrow p16INK4a-deficiency does not affect plasma lipids, obesity, glucose tolerance or atherosclerosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiaan Wouters
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Céline Cudejko
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Marion J. J. Gijbels
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucia Fuentes
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Kadiombo Bantubungi
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jonathan Vanhoutte
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Rebecca Dièvart
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Charlotte Paquet
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Emmanuel Bouchaert
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Sarah Anissa Hannou
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Florence Gizard
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Anne Tailleux
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Menno P. J. de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Réjane Paumelle
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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Fuster JJ, Molina-Sánchez P, Jovaní D, Vinué Á, Serrano M, Andrés V. Increased gene dosage of the Ink4/Arf locus does not attenuate atherosclerosis development in hypercholesterolaemic mice. Atherosclerosis 2011; 221:98-105. [PMID: 22226369 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Human genome-wide association studies have identified genetic variants in the chromosome 9p21 region that confer increased risk of coronary artery disease and other age-related diseases. These variants are located in a block of high linkage disequilibrium with the neighboring Ink4/Arf tumor-suppressor locus (also named CDKN2A/CDKN2B). Since previous studies suggest an atheroprotective role of the Ink4/Arf locus, here we assessed whether gain-of-function of the encoded genes can be exploited therapeutically to reduce atherosclerosis. METHODS Generation and characterization of apolipoprotein E-null mice carrying an additional transgenic copy of the entire Ink4/Arf locus (apoE-/-Super-Ink4/Arf) that reproduces the normal expression and regulation of the endogenous locus. RESULTS Although liver and aorta of apoE-/-Super-Ink4/Arf mice only showed a trend towards increased Ink4/Arf transcript levels compared to apoE-/- controls, cultured macrophages with increased Ink4/Arf gene dosage exhibited augmented apoptosis induced by irradiation with ultraviolet light, indicating that low level of transgene overexpression can lead to augmented Ink4/Arf function. However, increased Ink4/Arf gene dosage did not affect atherosclerosis development in different vascular regions of both male and female apoE-/- mice fed either normal or high-fat diet. Increased gene dosage of Ink4/Arf similarly had no effect on atheroma cell composition or collagen content, an index of plaque stability. CONCLUSION In contrast with previous studies demonstrating cancer resistance in Super-Ink4/Arf mice carrying an additional transgenic copy of the entire Ink4/Arf locus, our results cast doubt on the potential of Ink4/Arf activation as a strategy for the treatment of atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Fuster
- Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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