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Angrigiani C, Rancati A, Nahabedian MY, Spinelli E, Breppe P, Rancati A. Perforator-Based Cross-Midline Flaps of the Trunk: A Paradigm Shift in Flap Design. Plast Reconstr Surg 2023; 152:1333-1348. [PMID: 37075277 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000010567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The traditional design for truncal perforator flaps is ipsilateral without midline decussation. The presumed rationale is to minimize the risk of distal flap necrosis. In this article, the authors present their experience and results with contralateral truncal perforator flaps designed and raised crossing the midline. METHODS This retrospective analysis included 43 patients (25 men and 18 women) who underwent reconstructive surgery from 1984 to 2021 using a contralateral flap design crossing the midline in the anterior trunk and upper back. Considerations included pathology, location, and the dimensions of the defect and flap. Arithmetic and weighted means with their 95% confidence intervals were estimated to compare ipsilateral and contralateral techniques. RESULTS Contralateral flaps used included the internal mammary perforator flap ( n = 28) superficial superior epigastric artery flap ( n = 8), superior epigastric perforator flap ( n = 2), and the second or ninth dorsal intercostal artery perforator flap ( n = 5). All of these flaps, excluding the superficial superior epigastric artery flap, demonstrated length and coverage surface averages that were significantly greater than those of traditional ipsilateral flaps. However, with the contralateral superficial superior epigastric artery, both measures were statistically similar to those of traditional ipsilateral flaps. CONCLUSION The anatomical variation design suggests that the trunk midline is not a barrier and that perforator flaps in these two regions may be raised on different longitudinal axes without compromising vitality. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Angrigiani
- From the Oncoplastic Surgery Program Hospital Gral San Martin, Universidad de Buenos Aires
| | - Alberto Rancati
- From the Oncoplastic Surgery Program Hospital Gral San Martin, Universidad de Buenos Aires
| | | | | | - Pablo Breppe
- Hospital San Martin, La Plata National University
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CAN B, EKİNCİ C. Algorithms for perforator-based flaps in different anatomical locations. J Health Sci Med / JHSM 2022. [DOI: 10.32322/jhsm.1120364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Perforator-based flaps can be planned in any anatomic location in the body when there is a detectable perforator. Although preoperative perforator mapping ensures safety and versatility of these flaps, there is no consensus yet about flap planning in different anatomical locations.
Material and Method: 28 patients underwent perforator-based flap surgery for different anatomical locations as face (5), sternum (3), back (5), lomber (4), sacral (4) and scrotal (4) areas, leg (2) and foot (1). 19 of the patients were male while 9 were female. The mean age was 58.1±13.5 (22-80 years).
Perforator-based flaps were planned as V-Y design in face, sacral and scrotal areas while as perforator plus transposition flaps for lomber area, leg and sternum. On the other hand, for foot the flap was planned as subcutaneous-pedicled turnover flap.
Results: The mean follow-up time was 10 months (3-36 months). Partial flap necrosis is seen in all 3 patients who had underwent flap surgery on the lower extremity. There were no other complications seen in short- or long-term follow-ups. Comorbid diseases were not statistically significant on complications rates (P>0.05).
Conclusion: V-Y flap for the face and the sacral area; and perforator plus transposition flap for back ,lomber area and sternum are suggested as the ideal flap modifications for these anatomical locations. On the other hand, perforator-based flaps should not be used as a first choice in reconstruction of lower extremity defects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Can EKİNCİ
- ESKISEHIR OSMANGAZI UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
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Bertheuil N, Leclere FM, Bekara F, Watier E, Flécher E, Duisit J. Superior epigastric artery perforator flap for reconstruction of deep sternal wound infection. Microsurgery 2021; 41:405-411. [PMID: 33844355 DOI: 10.1002/micr.30743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of deep wound sternal infection requires loco-regional pedicled flaps, usually with muscular flaps. Perforator propeller flaps represent the ultimate progress in the history of reconstructive surgery. We report here our experience with the superior epigastric artery perforator (SEAP) flaps to repair sternal defect. PATIENTS AND METHODS Six patients presenting deep sternal wounds infection were treated with SEAP propeller flap, between March 2015 and June 2017. The mean age was 71.5 (range 53-83) years. The mean length and width of the defect were 16.2 × 7 cm (ranging 8-20 × 4-10). An elliptical skin flap pedicled on the SEAP was harvested in the inframammary fold and rotated up to 90° to cover the defect. RESULTS All SEAP flaps achieved a successful entire coverage of the defect. The mean size of the skin paddle of the flap was 20.2 × 7.3 cm (ranging 14-27 × 6-9). All flaps were able to provide a complete sternal wound cover. Venous congestion was present in five cases and adequately treated by leech therapy; necrosis was distal in one case, and interesting the entire superficial flap in two cases but with deep tissues remaining viable and able to cover the mediastinum: an infected flap required revision. Satisfyingly, at 2-years postoperative follow-up all-patients were alive with a successful mediastinal cover. CONCLUSIONS The SEAP Perforator propeller flap is an alternative to muscle flaps to achieve treatment of deep and large sternal wound infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bertheuil
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hospital Sud, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,INSERM U1236, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,SITI Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Franck-Marie Leclere
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, CHU of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Farid Bekara
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, CHU of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Watier
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hospital Sud, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Erwan Flécher
- Department of cardiac and thoracic surgery, CHU of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Jérôme Duisit
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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Mountziaris PM, Patel A, Rezak KM. Breast reconstruction with superior epigastric artery perforator (SEAP) free flap: Report of two cases. Microsurgery 2020; 40:593-597. [PMID: 31998995 DOI: 10.1002/micr.30563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap is the gold standard for autologous breast reconstruction. When the DIEP pedicle is damaged, alternative perforator flaps are harvested from sites with less donor tissue, such as the thigh. Pedicled superior epigastric artery perforator (SEAP) flaps have been recently described for reconstruction of inferior partial breast defects. The purpose of this report is to show the surgical technique of the free SEAP flap for reconstruction of the entire breast in two patients. The authors describe two patients where the DIEP pedicle was unavailable. The first patient was 53 years old, with body mass index (BMI) 22.7, while the second patient was 60 with BMI 32.4. The donor site was marked as for a DIEP, and two lateral row perforators were selected in each case. Flaps were designed to cross the midline, with adequate perfusion confirmed via indocyanine green angiography. Both flaps were rotated 90° counterclockwise for inset into the chest. Flap size and weight for the two patients were: 24 × 15 cm and 350 g; and 25 × 15 cm and 400 g. Both patients had a routine postoperative course without complications. Length of follow-up was 155 and 158 days, respectively. We believe that the free SEAP flap is a promising technique in select patients who require an alternative to the DIEP for autologous breast reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashit Patel
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York
| | - Kristen M Rezak
- Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Schiraldi L, Jabbour G, Centofanti P, Giordano S, Abdelnour E, Gonzalez M, Raffoul W, di Summa PG. Deep sternal wound infections: Evidence for prevention, treatment, and reconstructive surgery. Arch Plast Surg 2019; 46:291-302. [PMID: 31336416 DOI: 10.5999/aps.2018.01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Median sternotomy is the most popular approach in cardiac surgery. Post-sternotomy wound complications are rare, but the occurrence of a deep sternal wound infection (DSWI) is a catastrophic event associated with higher morbidity and mortality, longer hospital stays, and increased costs. A literature review was performed by searching PubMed from January 1996 to August 2017 according to the guidelines in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. The following keywords were used in various combinations: DSWI, post-sternotomy complication, and sternal reconstruction. Thirty-nine papers were included in our qualitative analysis, in which each aspect of the DSWI-related care process was analyzed and compared to the actual standard of care. Plastic surgeons are often involved too late in such clinical scenarios, when previous empirical treatments have failed and a definitive reconstruction is needed. The aim of this comprehensive review was to create an up-to-date operative flowchart to prevent and properly treat sternal wound infection complications after median sternotomy.
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Florczak A, Chaput B, Herlin C, Rousseau P, Watier E, Bertheuil N. The Use of Pedicled Perforator Flaps in Chest Reconstruction: A Systematic Review of Outcomes and Reliability. Ann Plast Surg 2018; 81:487-94. [DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000001466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chaput B, Bertheuil N, Grolleau JL, Bekara F, Carloni R, Laloze J, Herlin C. Comparison of propeller perforator flap and venous supercharged propeller perforator flap in reconstruction of lower limb soft tissue defect: A prospective study. Microsurgery 2017; 38:177-184. [DOI: 10.1002/micr.30162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Chaput
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Rangueil University Hospital; Toulouse France
| | - Nicolas Bertheuil
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery; Hospital Sud, University of Rennes 1; Rennes France
| | - Jean-Louis Grolleau
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Rangueil University Hospital; Toulouse France
| | - Farid Bekara
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Lapeyronie University Hospital; Montpellier France
| | - Raphael Carloni
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery; CHU Charles Nicolle; Rouen France
| | - Jerome Laloze
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Rangueil University Hospital; Toulouse France
| | - Christian Herlin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Lapeyronie University Hospital; Montpellier France
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Vitse J, Bekara F, Bertheuil N, Sinna R, Chaput B, Herlin C. Perforator-based propeller flaps reliability in upper extremity soft tissue reconstruction: a systematic review. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2017; 42:157-164. [PMID: 27671797 DOI: 10.1177/1753193416669262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Current data on upper extremity propeller flaps are poor and do not allow the assessment of the safety of this technique. A systematic literature review was conducted searching PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library electronic databases, and the selection process was adapted from the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis statement. The final analysis included ten relevant articles involving 117 flaps. The majority of flaps were used for the hand, distal wrist, and elbow. The radial artery perforator and ulnar artery perforator were the most frequently used flaps. The were 7% flaps with venous congestion and 3% with complete necrosis. No difference in complications rate was found for different flaps sites. Perforator-based propeller flaps appear to be an interesting procedure for covering soft tissue defects involving the upper extremities, even for large defects, but the procedure requires experience and close monitoring. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vitse
- 1 Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burns and Wound Healing Units, CHRU Lapeyronie, Montpellier, France
| | - F Bekara
- 1 Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burns and Wound Healing Units, CHRU Lapeyronie, Montpellier, France
| | - N Bertheuil
- 2 Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, CHRU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - R Sinna
- 3 Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, CHRU Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - B Chaput
- 4 Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, CHRU Rangeuil, Toulouse, France
| | - C Herlin
- 1 Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burns and Wound Healing Units, CHRU Lapeyronie, Montpellier, France
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Chaput B, Herlin C, Grolleau J, Bertheuil N, Bekara F. Reply: The Stitches Could Be the Main Risk for Failure in Perforator-Pedicled Flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016; 138:383e-5e. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000002391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ried M, Geis S, Potzger T, Neu R, Klein S, Prantl L, Hofmann HS, Dolderer JH. [Surgical reconstructive procedures of the chest wall after mediastinitis]. Chirurg 2016; 87:489-96. [PMID: 27146388 DOI: 10.1007/s00104-016-0173-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sternal osteomyelitis as a direct consequence of advanced mediastinitis or as in most cases after median sternotomy is still associated with a prolonged hospital stay, increased morbidity and postoperative mortality. Early diagnosis and an adequate surgical treatment are decisive for the prognosis. Prerequisites for a secondary stabilization of the chest wall using wires or plates are sterile wound conditions. Diverse reconstructive techniques are available for anterior chest wall reconstruction depending on the defect size and localization. The various reconstructive methods including local and free flap coverage are described in this review article.
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