1
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Salierno G. On the Chemical Pathways Influencing the Effective Global Warming Potential of Commercial Hydrofluoroolefin Gases. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400280. [PMID: 38576083 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The enforcement of a global hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerant phase down led to the introduction of hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) as a low Global Warming Potential (GWP) substitute, given their low atmospheric lifetime. However, to this date it is not fully clear the long-term atmospheric fate of HFOs primary degradation products: trifluoro acetaldehyde (TFE), trifluoro acetyl fluoride (TFF), and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). It particularly concerns the possibility of forming HFC-23, a potent global warming agent. Although the atmospheric reaction networks of TFE, TFF, and TFA have a fair level of complexity, the relevant atmospheric chemical pathways are well characterized in the literature, enabling a comprehensive hazard assessment of HFC-23 formation as a secondary HFO breakdown product in diverse scenarios. A lower bound of the HFOs effective GWP in a baseline scenario is found above regulatory thresholds. While further research is crucial to refine climate risk assessments, the existing evidence suggests a non-negligible climate hazard associated with HFOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Salierno
- Toxics Use Reduction Institute, University of Massachusetts - Lowell, 126 John Street, Lowell, Massachusetts, United States of America
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2
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Ning A, Zhong J, Li L, Li H, Liu J, Liu L, Liang Y, Li J, Zhang X, Francisco JS, He H. Chemical Implications of Rapid Reactive Absorption of I 2O 4 at the Air-Water Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10817-10825. [PMID: 37133920 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Marine aerosol formation involving iodine-bearing species significantly affects the global climate and radiation balance. Although recent studies outline the critical role of iodine oxide in nucleation, much less is known about its contribution to aerosol growth. This paper presents molecular-level evidence that the air-water interfacial reaction of I2O4 mediated by potent atmospheric chemicals, such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and amines [e.g., dimethylamine (DMA) and trimethylamine (TMA)], can occur rapidly on a picosecond time scale by Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations. The interfacial water bridges the reactants while facilitating the DMA-mediated proton transfer and stabilizing the ionic products of H2SO4-involved reactions. The identified heterogeneous mechanisms exhibit the dual contribution to aerosol growth: (i) the ionic products (e.g., IO3-, DMAH+, TMAH+, and HSO4-) formed by reactive adsorption possess less volatility than the reactants and (ii) these ions, such as alkylammonium salts (e.g., DMAH+), are also highly hydrophilic, further facilitating hygroscopic growth. This investigation enhances not only our understanding of heterogeneous iodine chemistry but also the impact of iodine oxide on aerosol growth. Also, these findings can bridge the gap between the abundance of I2O4 in the laboratory and its absence in field-collected aerosols and provide an explanation for the missing source of IO3-, HSO4-, and DMAH+ in marine aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Ning
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, Shandong, China
| | - Liwen Li
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jiarong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6316, United States
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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3
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Yang XY, Cao F, Fan MY, Lin YC, Xie F, Zhang YL. Seasonal variations of low molecular alkyl amines in PM 2.5 in a North China Plain industrial city: Importance of secondary formation and combustion emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159371. [PMID: 36240920 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric amines have unique acid-neutralizing capacity and play an important role in atmospheric chemical reactions. An integrated observation of PM2.5 samples (from Dec 2015 to Nov 15, 2016) was conducted in a typical industrial city (Xuzhou), China. Concentrations of total measured amines (∑amines, including methylamine (MA), ethylamine (EA), dimethylamine (DMA), propanamine (PA) and trimethylamine (TMA) + diethylamine (DEA)) were 172.0 ± 98.2 ng m-3, accounting 1.5 ± 0.6 ‰ of PM2.5 mass. ∑amines were higher in winter (249.0 ± 112.3 ng m-3) and spring (192.4 ± 75.9 ng m-3) than in summer (114.7 ± 33.3 ng m-3) and autumn (103.7 ± 34.3 ng m-3). Concentrations of MA and EA (the dominant amines) were highest in winter, while DMA, PA and TMA + DEA showed opposite seasonality. EA/MA ratios ranged from 0.04 to 8.7 with a median value of 0.3, and the averaged EA/MA ratio was 2.0 in winter, indicating large contribution of EA. Environmental factors including temperature (T), relative humidity (RH) and atmospheric oxidizing capacity (O3 and Ox represented) were found to influence concentrations of amines in PM2.5. The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model identified secondary products (41.6 %), combustion emissions (39.8 %), soil and waste incineration emissions (13.2 %) and biological emissions and aging products (5.4 %) as the 4 sources of amines in PM2.5. MA was mainly secondary products (82.5 %) and had high contribution of local secondary formation, while EA was mainly derived from combustion emissions (83.7 %) and influenced by regional transportation. In winter, combustion emissions (including coal combustion, biomass burning and traffic emissions, contributed 57.7 %) surpassed secondary products (31.6 %) as the predominant sources of amines, especially under the influence of regional transportation (75.7 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Yang
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Fang Cao
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Mei-Yi Fan
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yu-Chi Lin
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Feng Xie
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yan-Lin Zhang
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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4
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Liu F, Zhang G, Lian X, Fu Y, Lin Q, Yang Y, Bi X, Wang X, Peng P, Sheng G. Influence of meteorological parameters and oxidizing capacity on characteristics of airborne particulate amines in an urban area of the Pearl River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113212. [PMID: 35367230 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nine amine species in atmospheric particles during haze and low-pollution days with low and high relative humidity (RH) were analyzed in urban Guangzhou, China. The mean concentrations of total measured amines (Ʃamines) in fine particles were 208 ± 127, 63.7 ± 21.3, and 120 ± 20.1 ng m-3 during haze, low pollution-low RH (LP-LRH), and low pollution-high RH (LP-HRH) episodes, respectively. The dominant amine species were methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), diethylamine (DEA) and dibutylamine (DBA), which in total accounted for 82-91% of the Ʃamines during different pollution episodes. The contributions of Ʃamines-C to water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and Ʃamines-N to water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) were 1.52% and 2.49% during haze, 1.24% and 1.96% during LP-LRH, and 2.00 and 2.98% during LP-HRH days, respectively. The mass proportion of Ʃamines in fine particles was higher during LP-HRH periods (0.19%) than during haze and LP-LRH periods (0.16%). The mass proportion of DBA in Ʃamines increased from 7% during haze and LP-LRH episodes to 25% during LP-HRH episodes. Compared with other amines, DBA showed a stronger linear relationship with RH (r = 0.867, p < 0.01), which demonstrates its high sensitivity to high RH conditions. Meteorological parameters (including RH, the mixed layer depth, wind speed and temperature), the oxidizing capacity (ozone concentration), and gaseous pollutants (NOx and SO2) correlated with amines under different pollution conditions. Under high RH, acid-base reactions were the dominant pathway for the gas-to-particle distribution of amines in urban areas, while direct dissolution dominated in the background site. To our knowledge, this study is the first attempt to conduct in situ measurements of particulate amines during different pollution conditions in China, and further research is needed to in-depth understanding of the influence of amines on haze formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxian Liu
- Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030024, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China.
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Xiufeng Lian
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Yuzhen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Qinhao Lin
- Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China.
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Guoying Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
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5
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Chen D, Yao X, Chan CK, Tian X, Chu Y, Clegg SL, Shen Y, Gao Y, Gao H. Competitive Uptake of Dimethylamine and Trimethylamine against Ammonia on Acidic Particles in Marine Atmospheres. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5430-5439. [PMID: 35435670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline gases such as NH3 and amines play important roles in neutralizing acidic particles in the atmosphere. Here, two common gaseous amines (dimethylamine (DMA) and trimethylamine (TMA)), NH3, and their corresponding ions in PM2.5 were measured semicontinuously using an ambient ion monitor-ion chromatography (AIM-IC) system in marine air during a round-trip cruise of approximately 4000 km along the coastline of eastern China. The concentrations of particulate DMA, detected as DMAH+, varied from <4 to 100 ng m-3 and generally decreased with increasing atmospheric NH3 concentrations. Combining observations with thermodynamic equilibrium calculations using the extended aerosol inorganics model (E-AIM) indicated that the competitive uptake of DMA against NH3 on acidic aerosols generally followed thermodynamic equilibria and appeared to be sensitive to DMA/NH3 molar ratios, resulting in molar ratios of DMAH+ to DMA + DMAH+ of 0.31 ± 0.16 (average ± standard deviation) at atmospheric NH3 concentrations over 1.8 μg m-3 (with a corresponding DMA/NH3 ratio of (1.8 ± 1.0) × 10-3), 0.80 ± 0.15 at atmospheric NH3 concentrations below 0.3 μg m-3 (with a corresponding DMA/NH3 ratio of (1.3 ± 0.6) × 10-2), and 0.56 ± 0.19 in the remaining cases. Particulate TMA concentrations, detected as TMAH+, ranged from <2 to 21 ng m-3 and decreased with increasing concentrations of atmospheric NH3. However, TMAH+ was depleted concurrently with the formation of NH4NO3 under low concentrations of atmospheric NH3, contradictory to the calculated increase in the equilibrated concentration of TMAH+ by the E-AIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dihui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (MoE), and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (MoE), and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chak Keung Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xiaomeng Tian
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yangxi Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Simon Leslie Clegg
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Yanjie Shen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (MoE), and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (MoE), and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (MoE), and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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6
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Michalski R, Pecyna-Utylska P, Kernert J. Determination of ammonium and biogenic amines by ion chromatography. A review. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462319. [PMID: 34146959 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The amount and type of chemical compounds found in food products and the environment, which are and should be controlled, is increasing. This is associated with toxicological knowledge, resulting regulations, rapid development of analytical methods and techniques, and sample preparation methods for analysis. These include, among others, ammonia derivatives such as ammonium, and amines, including biogenic amines. Their occurrence in the environment and food is related to their widespread use in many areas of life and their formation as a result of various physical and chemical changes. Analysts use various methods both classical and instrumental to theirs quantify in different matrices such as food, medicinal and environmental samples. Nevertheless, there is still a need for analytical methods with increased matrix-tolerance, selectivity, specificity, and higher sensitivity. While in the determination of ammonium, ion chromatography is a reference method. In the case of biogenic amines, its use for these purposes is not yet so common. However, given ion chromatography its advantages and rapid development, its importance can be expected to increase in the near future, especially at the expense of gas chromatography methods. This paper is a summary of the advantages and limitations of ion chromatography in this important analytical field and a literature review of the past 15 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajmund Michalski
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sklodowska-Curie 34 Street, Zabrze 41-819, Poland.
| | - Paulina Pecyna-Utylska
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sklodowska-Curie 34 Street, Zabrze 41-819, Poland
| | - Joanna Kernert
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sklodowska-Curie 34 Street, Zabrze 41-819, Poland
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Cuevas-Robles A, Soltani N, Keshavarzi B, Youn JS, MacDonald AB, Sorooshian A. Hygroscopic and Chemical Properties of Aerosol Emissions at a Major Mining Facility in Iran: Implications for Respiratory Deposition. ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 12:292-301. [PMID: 33994823 PMCID: PMC8117051 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study characterizes the hygroscopic and chemical nature of aerosols originating from ten locations (4 outdoors and 6 indoors) around the Gol-E-Gohar (GEG) iron ore mine (Iran), including an assessment of how hygroscopic growth alters particulate deposition in the respiratory system. Aerosols collected on filters in three diameter (Dp) ranges (total suspended particulates [TSP], Dp ≤ 10 μm [PM10], and Dp ≤ 2.5 μm [PM2.5]) were analyzed for chemical and hygroscopic characteristics. The water-soluble aerosol composition is dominated by species associated with directly emitted crustal matter such as chloride, sodium, calcium, and sulfate. There was minimal contribution from organic acids and other secondarily formed species such as inorganic salts. Aerosol growth factors at 90% relative humidity varied between 1.39 and 1.72 and exceed values reported for copper mines in the United States where similar data are available. Values of the hygroscopicity parameter kappa (0.19 to 0.45) were best related to the mass fraction of chloride among all the studied species. Kappa values were generally similar when comparing the three types of samples (TSP, PM2.5, PM10) at each site and also when comparing each of the ten sampling sites. Accounting for hygroscopic growth yields an increase in the deposition fraction for aerosols with a dry Dp between 0.2 and 2 μm based on International Commission on Radiological Protection model calculations, with more variability when examining each of the three individual head airway regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cuevas-Robles
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Naghmeh Soltani
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jong-Sang Youn
- Department of Environmental Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexander B MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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8
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Crosbie E, Shook MA, Ziemba LD, Anderson BE, Braun RA, Brown MD, Jordan CE, MacDonald AB, Moore RH, Nowak JB, Robinson CE, Shingler T, Sorooshian A, Stahl C, Thornhill KL, Wiggins EB, Winstead E. Coupling an online ion conductivity measurement with the particle-into-liquid sampler: Evaluation and modeling using laboratory and field aerosol data. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2020; 54:1542-1555. [PMID: 33204049 PMCID: PMC7668158 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2020.1795499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A particle-into-liquid sampler (PILS) was coupled to a flow-through conductivity cell to provide a continuous, nondestructive, online measurement in support of offline ion chromatography analysis. The conductivity measurement provides a rapid assessment of the total ion concentration augmenting slower batch-sample data from offline analysis and is developed primarily to assist airborne measurements, where fast time-response is essential. A conductivity model was developed for measured ions and excellent closure was derived for laboratory-generated aerosols (97% conductivity explained, R2 > 0.99). The PILS-conductivity measurement was extensively tested throughout the NASA Cloud, Aerosol and Monsoon Processes: Philippines Experiment (CAMP2Ex) during nineteen research flights. A diverse range of ambient aerosol was sampled from biomass burning, fresh and aged urban pollution, and marine sources. Ambient aerosol did not exhibit the same degree of closure as the laboratory aerosol, with measured ions only accountable for 43% of the conductivity. The remaining fraction of the conductivity was examined in combination with ion charge balance and found to provide additional supporting information for diagnosing and modeling particle acidity. An urban plume case study was used to demonstrate the utility of the measurement for supplementing compositional data and augmenting the temporal capability of the PILS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan Crosbie
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rachel A. Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Matthew D. Brown
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Carolyn E. Jordan
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Alexander B. MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - John B. Nowak
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Claire E. Robinson
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Connor Stahl
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - K. Lee Thornhill
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth B. Wiggins
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward Winstead
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
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9
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Dadashazar H, Crosbie E, Majdi MS, Panahi M, Moghaddam MA, Behrangi A, Brunke M, Zeng X, Jonsson HH, Sorooshian A. Stratocumulus cloud clearings: statistics from satellites, reanalysis models, and airborne measurements. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2020; 20:4637-4665. [PMID: 33193752 PMCID: PMC7660233 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-4637-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study provides a detailed characterization of stratocumulus clearings off the US West Coast using remote sensing, reanalysis, and airborne in situ data. Ten years (2009-2018) of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) imagery data are used to quantify the monthly frequency, growth rate of total area (GRArea), and dimensional characteristics of 306 total clearings. While there is interannual variability, the summer (winter) months experienced the most (least) clearing events, with the lowest cloud fractions being in close proximity to coastal topographical features along the central to northern coast of California, including especially just south of Cape Mendocino and Cape Blanco. From 09:00 to 18:00 (PST), the median length, width, and area of clearings increased from 680 to 1231, 193 to 443, and ~ 67000 to ~ 250000km2, respectively. Machine learning was applied to identify the most influential factors governing the GRArea of clearings between 09:00 and 12:00PST, which is the time frame of most rapid clearing expansion. The results from gradient-boosted regression tree (GBRT) modeling revealed that air temperature at 850 hPa (T 850), specific humidity at 950 hPa (q 950), sea surface temperature (SST), and anomaly in mean sea level pressure (MSLPanom) were probably most impactful in enhancing GRArea using two scoring schemes. Clearings have distinguishing features such as an enhanced Pacific high shifted more towards northern California, offshore air that is warm and dry, stronger coastal surface winds, enhanced lower-tropospheric static stability, and increased subsidence. Although clearings are associated obviously with reduced cloud fraction where they reside, the domain-averaged cloud albedo was actually slightly higher on clearing days as compared to non-clearing days. To validate speculated processes linking environmental parameters to clearing growth rates based on satellite and reanalysis data, airborne data from three case flights were examined. Measurements were compared on both sides of the clear-cloudy border of clearings at multiple altitudes in the boundary layer and free troposphere, with results helping to support links suggested by this study's model simulations. More specifically, airborne data revealed the influence of the coastal low-level jet and extensive horizontal shear at cloud-relevant altitudes that promoted mixing between clear and cloudy air. Vertical profile data provide support for warm and dry air in the free troposphere, additionally promoting expansion of clearings. Airborne data revealed greater evidence of sea salt in clouds on clearing days, pointing to a possible role for, or simply the presence of, this aerosol type in clearing areas coincident with stronger coastal winds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Mohammad S. Majdi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Milad Panahi
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mohammad A. Moghaddam
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ali Behrangi
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Michael Brunke
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Xubin Zeng
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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10
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Sorooshian A, Corral AF, Braun RA, Cairns B, Crosbie E, Ferrare R, Hair J, Kleb MM, Mardi AH, Maring H, McComiskey A, Moore R, Painemal D, Jo Scarino A, Schlosser J, Shingler T, Shook M, Wang H, Zeng X, Ziemba L, Zuidema P. Atmospheric Research Over the Western North Atlantic Ocean Region and North American East Coast: A Review of Past Work and Challenges Ahead. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2020; 125:10.1029/2019jd031626. [PMID: 32699733 PMCID: PMC7375207 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd031626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Decades of atmospheric research have focused on the Western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO) region because of its unique location that offers accessibility for airborne and ship measurements, gradients in important atmospheric parameters, and a range of meteorological regimes leading to diverse conditions that are poorly understood. This work reviews these scientific investigations for the WNAO region, including the East Coast of North America and the island of Bermuda. Over 50 field campaigns and long-term monitoring programs, in addition to 715 peer-reviewed publications between 1946 and 2019 have provided a firm foundation of knowledge for these areas. Of particular importance in this region has been extensive work at the island of Bermuda that is host to important time series records of oceanic and atmospheric variables. Our review categorizes WNAO atmospheric research into eight major categories, with some studies fitting into multiple categories (relative %): Aerosols (25%), Gases (24%), Development/Validation of Techniques, Models, and Retrievals (18%), Meteorology and Transport (9%), Air-Sea Interactions (8%), Clouds/Storms (8%), Atmospheric Deposition (7%), and Aerosol-Cloud Interactions (2%). Recommendations for future research are provided in the categories highlighted above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Andrea F. Corral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Rachel A. Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Brian Cairns
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA
| | | | | | | | - Ali Hossein Mardi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | | | | | - David Painemal
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA
| | - Amy Jo Scarino
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA
| | - Joseph Schlosser
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | | | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA
| | - Xubin Zeng
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | - Paquita Zuidema
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL
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11
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Chen J, Zheng Y, Melli A, Spada L, Lu T, Feng G, Gou Q, Barone V, Puzzarini C. Theory meets experiment for elucidating the structure and stability of non-covalent complexes: water–amine interaction as a proof of concept. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:5024-5032. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06768j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A joint experimental-theoretical spectroscopic investigation has focused on a better understanding of the nature of weak, non-covalent interactions in amine-water model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- 401331 Chongqing
- China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- 401331 Chongqing
- China
| | - Alessio Melli
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Lorenzo Spada
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
- Scuola Normale Superiore
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- 401331 Chongqing
- China
| | - Gang Feng
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- 401331 Chongqing
- China
| | - Qian Gou
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- 401331 Chongqing
- China
| | | | - Cristina Puzzarini
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
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12
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Sorooshian A, Anderson B, Bauer SE, Braun RA, Cairns B, Crosbie E, Dadashazar H, Diskin G, Ferrare R, Flagan RC, Hair J, Hostetler C, Jonsson HH, Kleb MM, Liu H, MacDonald AB, McComiskey A, Moore R, Painemal D, Russell LM, Seinfeld JH, Shook M, Smith WL, Thornhill K, Tselioudis G, Wang H, Zeng X, Zhang B, Ziemba L, Zuidema P. AEROSOL-CLOUD-METEOROLOGY INTERACTION AIRBORNE FIELD INVESTIGATIONS: Using Lessons Learned from the U.S. West Coast in the Design of ACTIVATE off the U.S. East Coast. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2019; 100:1511-1528. [PMID: 33204036 PMCID: PMC7668289 DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-18-0100.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
AbstractWe report on a multiyear set of airborne field campaigns (2005–16) off the California coast to examine aerosols, clouds, and meteorology, and how lessons learned tie into the upcoming NASA Earth Venture Suborbital (EVS-3) campaign: Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE; 2019–23). The largest uncertainty in estimating global anthropogenic radiative forcing is associated with the interactions of aerosol particles with clouds, which stems from the variability of cloud systems and the multiple feedbacks that affect and hamper efforts to ascribe changes in cloud properties to aerosol perturbations. While past campaigns have been limited in flight hours and the ability to fly in and around clouds, efforts sponsored by the Office of Naval Research have resulted in 113 single aircraft flights (>500 flight hours) in a fixed region with warm marine boundary layer clouds. All flights used nearly the same payload of instruments on a Twin Otter to fly below, in, and above clouds, producing an unprecedented dataset. We provide here i) an overview of statistics of aerosol, cloud, and meteorological conditions encountered in those campaigns and ii) quantification of model-relevant metrics associated with aerosol–cloud interactions leveraging the high data volume and statistics. Based on lessons learned from those flights, we describe the pragmatic innovation in sampling strategy (dual-aircraft approach with combined in situ and remote sensing) that will be used in ACTIVATE to generate a dataset that can advance scientific understanding and improve physical parameterizations for Earth system and weather forecasting models, and for assessing next-generation remote sensing retrieval algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Susanne E Bauer
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York
| | - Rachel A Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Brian Cairns
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, and Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | | | - Richard C Flagan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | | | | | | | - Mary M Kleb
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia
| | - Hongyu Liu
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, Virginia
| | - Alexander B MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | | | - David Painemal
- NASA Langley Research Center, and Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia
| | - Lynn M Russell
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, California
| | - John H Seinfeld
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | | | | | - Kenneth Thornhill
- NASA Langley Research Center, and Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia
| | | | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
| | - Xubin Zeng
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Bo Zhang
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, Virginia
| | - Luke Ziemba
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia
| | - Paquita Zuidema
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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13
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Development and validation of a HPLC/FLD method combined with online derivatization for the simple and simultaneous determination of trace amino acids and alkyl amines in continental and marine aerosols. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206488. [PMID: 30419031 PMCID: PMC6231614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A method was developed for simultaneous determination of 15 amino acids and 7 alkyl amines. The method was based on the employment of high performance liquid chromatography/fluorescence detection and online derivatization with o-phthaldiadehyde. The 22 derivatives were separated within 30 min including the equilibration time and detected by a fluorescence detector at an excitation wavelength of 230 nm and emission wavelength of 450 nm. The analysis procedure was satisfactorily validated by the reproducibility, recovery, linearity and detection limit of the analytes. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of retention time and peak area for individual amino acids and alkyl amines were consistently less than 0.30% and 2.35%, respectively. Good recovery values ranging from 70% to 109% were obtained. The proposed method showed good linearity (R2≥0.99) in the range of 0.125-125 μM/L for amino acids and 2.5-5000 ng/L for alkyl amines. The detection limit ranged from 0.13 pM to 0.37 pM for individual amino acids and from 0.9 ng to 7.2 ng for individual alkyl amines. The developed and validated method was successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of amino acids and alkyl amines in continental and marine aerosols in China. Among the identified organic nitrogen compounds, 7 amino acids and 6 alkyl amines were detected in every aerosol sample. Glycine was the dominant amino acid, with the average of 130.93 pmol/m3 (accounting for 83% of the total amino acids) and 137.22 pmol/m3 (accounting for 66% of the total amino acids) in continental and marine aerosols in China, respectively. Methylamine and ethanolamine were the most abundant alkyl amines, contributing 87% and 64% to the total alkyl amines in continental and marine aerosols in China, respectively. This work provided an accurate, sensitive and simple method to determine simultaneously amino acids and alkyl amines, and applied the proposed method to the first investigation of amino acids in Shanghai and amino acids and alkyl amines in Huaniao Island in China. The finding of considerable amino acids and alkyl amines in continental and marine aerosols may exert significant implications on nitrogen cycling and atmospheric chemistry.
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14
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Crosbie E, Brown MD, Shook M, Ziemba L, Moore RH, Shingler T, Winstead E, Lee Thornhill K, Robinson C, MacDonald AB, Dadashazar H, Sorooshian A, Beyersdorf A, Eugene A, Collett J, Straub D, Anderson B. Development and characterization of a high-efficiency, aircraft-based axial cyclone cloud water collector. ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2018; 11:5025-5048. [PMID: 33868504 PMCID: PMC8051007 DOI: 10.5194/amt-11-5025-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A new aircraft-mounted probe for collecting samples of cloud water has been designed, fabricated, and extensively tested. Following previous designs, the probe uses inertial separation to remove cloud droplets from the airstream, which are subsequently collected and stored for offline analysis. We report details of the design, operation, and modelled and measured probe performance. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to understand the flow patterns around the complex interior geometrical features that were optimized to ensure efficient droplet capture. CFD simulations coupled with particle tracking and multiphase surface transport modelling provide detailed estimates of the probe performance across the entire range of flight operating conditions and sampling scenarios. Physical operation of the probe was tested on a Lockheed C-130 Hercules (fuselage mounted) and de Havilland Twin Otter (wing pylon mounted) during three airborne field campaigns. During C-130 flights on the final field campaign, the probe reflected the most developed version of the design and a median cloud water collection rate of 4.5 mL min-1 was achieved. This allowed samples to be collected over 1-2 min under optimal cloud conditions. Flights on the Twin Otter featured an inter-comparison of the new probe with a slotted-rod collector, which has an extensive airborne campaign legacy. Comparison of trace species concentrations showed good agreement between collection techniques, with absolute concentrations of most major ions agreeing within 30 %, over a range of several orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc. Hampton, VA 23666, USA
| | - Matthew D. Brown
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - Michael Shook
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
| | - Luke Ziemba
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
| | | | - Taylor Shingler
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc. Hampton, VA 23666, USA
| | - Edward Winstead
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc. Hampton, VA 23666, USA
| | - K. Lee Thornhill
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc. Hampton, VA 23666, USA
| | - Claire Robinson
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc. Hampton, VA 23666, USA
| | - Alexander B. MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Andreas Beyersdorf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | - Alexis Eugene
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Jeffrey Collett
- Atmospheric Science Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Derek Straub
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA
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15
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MacDonald AB, Dadashazar H, Chuang PY, Crosbie E, Wang H, Wang Z, Jonsson HH, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH, Sorooshian A. Characteristic Vertical Profiles of Cloud Water Composition in Marine Stratocumulus Clouds and Relationships With Precipitation. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2018; 123:3704-3723. [PMID: 32025449 PMCID: PMC7002026 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd027900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study uses airborne cloud water composition measurements to characterize the vertical structure of air-equivalent mass concentrations of water-soluble species in marine stratocumulus clouds off the California coast. A total of 385 cloud water samples were collected in the months of July and August between 2011 and 2016 and analyzed for water-soluble ionic and elemental composition. Three characteristic profiles emerge: (i) a reduction of concentration with in-cloud altitude for particulate species directly emitted from sources below cloud without in-cloud sources (e.g., Cl- and Na+), (ii) an increase of concentration with in-cloud altitude (e.g., NO2 - and formate), and (iii) species exhibiting a peak in concentration in the middle of cloud (e.g., non-sea-salt SO4 2-, NO3 -, and organic acids). Vertical profiles of rainout parameters such as loss frequency, lifetime, and change in concentration with respect to time show that the scavenging efficiency throughout the cloud depth depends strongly on the thickness of the cloud. Thin clouds exhibit a greater scavenging loss frequency at cloud top, while thick clouds have a greater scavenging loss frequency at cloud base. The implications of these results for treatment of wet scavenging in models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick Y Chuang
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Haflidi H Jonsson
- Department of Meteorology, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - Richard C Flagan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - John H Seinfeld
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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16
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Mora M, Braun RA, Shingler T, Sorooshian A. Analysis of remotely sensed and surface data of aerosols and meteorology for the Mexico Megalopolis Area between 2003 and 2015. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2017; 122:8705-8723. [PMID: 28955600 PMCID: PMC5611832 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd026739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an aerosol characterization study from 2003 to 2015 for the Mexico City Metropolitan Area using remotely sensed aerosol data, ground-based measurements, air mass trajectory modeling, aerosol chemical composition modeling, and reanalysis data for the broader Megalopolis of Central Mexico region. The most extensive biomass burning emissions occur between March and May concurrent with the highest aerosol optical depth, ultraviolet aerosol index, and surface particulate matter (PM) mass concentration values. A notable enhancement in coarse PM levels is observed during vehicular rush hour periods on weekdays versus weekends owing to nonengine-related emissions such as resuspended dust. Among wet deposition species measured, PM2.5, PM10, and PMcoarse (PM10-PM2.5) were best correlated with NH4+, SO42-, and Ca2+, suggesting that the latter three constituents are important components of the aerosol seeding raindrops that eventually deposit to the surface in the study region. Reductions in surface PM mass concentrations were observed in 2014-2015 owing to reduced regional biomass burning as compared to 2003-2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mora
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Now at Department of Physico-Mathematics, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Rachel A Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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17
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Schlosser JS, Braun RA, Bradley T, Dadashazar H, MacDonald AB, Aldhaif AA, Aghdam MA, Mardi AH, Xian P, Sorooshian A. Analysis of aerosol composition data for western United States wildfires between 2005 and 2015: Dust emissions, chloride depletion, and most enhanced aerosol constituents. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2017; 122:8951-8966. [PMID: 28955601 PMCID: PMC5611831 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd026547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study examines major wildfires in the western United States between 2005 and 2015 to determine which species exhibit the highest percent change in mass concentration on day of peak fire influence relative to preceding nonfire days. Forty-one fires were examined using the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) data set. Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) constituents exhibited the highest percent change increase. The sharpest enhancements were for the volatile (OC1) and semivolatile (OC2) OC fractions, suggestive of secondary organic aerosol formation during plume transport. Of the noncarbonaceous constituents, Cl, P, K, NO3-, and Zn levels exhibited the highest percent change. Dust was significantly enhanced in wildfire plumes, based on significant enhancements in fine soil components (i.e., Si, Ca, Al, Fe, and Ti) and PMcoarse (i.e., PM10-PM2.5). A case study emphasized how transport of wildfire plumes significantly impacted downwind states, with higher levels of fine soil and PMcoarse at the downwind state (Arizona) as compared to the source of the fires (California). A global model (Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System, NAAPS) did not capture the dust influence over California or Arizona during this case event because it is not designed to resolve dust dynamics in fires, which motivates improved treatment of such processes. Significant chloride depletion was observed on the peak EC day for almost a half of the fires examined. Size-resolved measurements during two specific fires at a coastal California site revealed significant chloride reductions for particle aerodynamic diameters between 1 and 10 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Schlosser
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Rachel A Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Trevor Bradley
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Alexander B MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Abdulmonam A Aldhaif
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Mojtaba Azadi Aghdam
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ali Hossein Mardi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Peng Xian
- United States Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey, California, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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18
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Braun RA, Dadashazar H, MacDonald AB, Aldhaif AM, Maudlin LC, Crosbie E, Aghdam MA, Hossein Mardi A, Sorooshian A. Impact of Wildfire Emissions on Chloride and Bromide Depletion in Marine Aerosol Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9013-9021. [PMID: 28700243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This work examines particulate chloride (Cl-) and bromide (Br-) depletion in marine aerosol particles influenced by wildfires at a coastal California site in the summers of 2013 and 2016. Chloride exhibited a dominant coarse mode due to sea salt influence, with substantially diminished concentrations during fire periods as compared to nonfire periods. Bromide exhibited a peak in the submicrometer range during fire and nonfire periods, with an additional supermicrometer peak in the latter periods. Chloride and Br- depletions were enhanced during fire periods as compared to nonfire periods. The highest observed %Cl- depletion occurred in the submicrometer range, with maximum values of 98.9% (0.32-0.56 μm) and 85.6% (0.56-1 μm) during fire and nonfire periods, respectively. The highest %Br- depletion occurred in the supermicrometer range during fire and nonfire periods with peak depletion between 1.8-3.2 μm (78.8% and 58.6%, respectively). When accounting for the neutralization of sulfate by ammonium, organic acid particles showed the greatest influence on Cl- depletion in the submicrometer range. These results have implications for aerosol hygroscopicity and radiative forcing in areas with wildfire influence owing to depletion effects on composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Alexander B MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Abdulamonam M Aldhaif
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Lindsay C Maudlin
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Langley Research Center, Chemistry and Dynamics Branch , Hampton, Virginia 23666, United States
- Universities Space Research Association , Columbia, Maryland 21046, United States
| | - Mojtaba Azadi Aghdam
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Ali Hossein Mardi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Duporté G, Riva M, Parshintsev J, Heikkinen E, Barreira LMF, Myllys N, Heikkinen L, Hartonen K, Kulmala M, Ehn M, Riekkola ML. Chemical Characterization of Gas- and Particle-Phase Products from the Ozonolysis of α-Pinene in the Presence of Dimethylamine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5602-5610. [PMID: 28422480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Amines are recognized as key compounds in new particle formation (NPF) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. In addition, ozonolysis of α-pinene contributes substantially to the formation of biogenic SOAs in the atmosphere. In the present study, ozonolysis of α-pinene in the presence of dimethylamine (DMA) was investigated in a flow tube reactor. Effects of amines on SOA formation and chemical composition were examined. Enhancement of NPF and SOA formation was observed in the presence of DMA. Chemical characterization of gas- and particle-phase products by high-resolution mass spectrometric techniques revealed the formation of nitrogen containing compounds. Reactions between ozonolysis reaction products of α-pinene, such as pinonaldehyde or pinonic acid, and DMA were observed. Possible reaction pathways are suggested for the formation of the reaction products. Some of the compounds identified in the laboratory study were also observed in aerosol samples (PM1) collected at the SMEAR II station (Hyytiälä, Finland) suggesting that DMA might affect the ozonolysis of α-pinene in ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffroy Duporté
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Jevgeni Parshintsev
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Enna Heikkinen
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Luís M F Barreira
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Nanna Myllys
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Liine Heikkinen
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Kari Hartonen
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Mikael Ehn
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Riekkola
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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20
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Barsanti KC, Kroll JH, Thornton JA. Formation of Low-Volatility Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere: Recent Advancements and Insights. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:1503-1511. [PMID: 28281761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation proceeds by bimolecular gas-phase oxidation reactions generating species that are sufficiently low in volatility to partition into the condensed phase. Advances in instrumentation have revealed that atmospheric SOA is less volatile and more oxidized than can be explained solely by these well-studied gas-phase oxidation pathways, supporting the role of additional chemical processes. These processes-autoxidation, accretion, and organic salt formation-can lead to exceedingly low-volatility species that recently have been identified in laboratory and field studies. Despite these new insights, the identities of the condensing species at the molecular level and the relative importance of the various formation processes remain poorly constrained. The thermodynamics of autoxidation, accretion, and organic salt formation can be described by equilibrium partitioning theory; a framework for which is presented here. This framework will facilitate the inclusion of such processes in model representations of SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley C Barsanti
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology, University of California-Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jesse H Kroll
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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21
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Chu Y, Chan CK. Reactive Uptake of Dimethylamine by Ammonium Sulfate and Ammonium Sulfate–Sucrose Mixed Particles. J Phys Chem A 2016; 121:206-215. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b10692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chak K. Chan
- School of Energy and
Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Ortega A, Shingler T, Crosbie E, Wonaschütz A, Froyd K, Gao RS, Schwarz J, Perring A, Beyersdorf A, Ziemba L, Jimenez J, Jost PC, Wisthaler A, Russell L, Sorooshian A. Ambient observations of sub-1.0 hygroscopic growth factor and f(RH) values: Case studies from surface and airborne measurements. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2016; 121:661-677. [PMID: 33489645 PMCID: PMC7821680 DOI: 10.1002/2016jd025471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on the first set of ambient observations of sub-1.0 hygroscopicity values (i.e., growth factor, ratio of humidified-to-dry diameter, GF=D p,wet /D p,dry and f(RH), ratio of humidified-to-dry scattering coefficients, less than 1) with consistency across different instruments, regions, and platforms. We utilized data from (i) a shipboard humidified tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) during Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment (E-PEACE) in 2011, (ii) multiple instruments on the DC-8 aircraft during Studies of Emissions, Atmospheric Composition, Clouds and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS) in 2013, as well as (iii) the Differential Aerosol Sizing and Hygroscopicity Spectrometer Probe (DASH-SP) during measurement intensives during Summer 2014 and Winter 2015 in Tucson, Arizona. Sub-1.0 GFs were observed across the range of relative humidity (RH) investigated (75-95%), and did not show a RH-dependent trend in value below 1.0 or frequency of occurrence. A commonality between suppressed hygroscopicity in these experiments, including sub-1.0 GF, was the presence of smoke. Evidence of externally mixed aerosol, and thus multiple GFs, was observed during smoke periods resulting in at least one mode with GF < 1. Time periods during which the DASH-SP detected externally mixed aerosol coincide with sub-1.0 f(RH) observations. Mechanisms responsible for sub-1.0 hygroscopicity are discussed and include refractive index (RI) modifications due to aqueous processing, particle restructuring, and volatilization effects. To further investigate ambient observations of sub-1.0 GFs, f(RH), and particle restructuring, modifying hygroscopicity instruments with pre-humidification modules is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Ortega
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Taylor Shingler
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Karl Froyd
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Ru-Shan Gao
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Joshua Schwarz
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Anne Perring
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Luke Ziemba
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Jose Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Pedro Campuzano Jost
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lynn Russell
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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23
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Youn JS, Csavina J, Rine KP, Shingler T, Taylor MP, Sáez AE, Betterton EA, Sorooshian A. Hygroscopic Properties and Respiratory System Deposition Behavior of Particulate Matter Emitted By Mining and Smelting Operations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11706-11713. [PMID: 27700056 PMCID: PMC5089925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study examines size-resolved physicochemical data for particles sampled near mining and smelting operations and a background urban site in Arizona with a focus on how hygroscopic growth impacts particle deposition behavior. Particles with aerodynamic diameters between 0.056-18 μm were collected at three sites: (i) an active smelter operation in Hayden, AZ, (ii) a legacy mining site with extensive mine tailings in Iron King, AZ, and (iii) an urban site, inner-city Tucson, AZ. Mass size distributions of As and Pb exhibit bimodal profiles with a dominant peak between 0.32 and 0.56 μm and a smaller mode in the coarse range (>3 μm). The hygroscopicity profile did not exhibit the same peaks owing to dependence on other chemical constituents. Submicrometer particles were generally more hygroscopic than supermicrometer ones at all three sites with finite water-uptake ability at all sites and particle sizes examined. Model calculations at a relative humidity of 99.5% reveal significant respiratory system particle deposition enhancements at sizes with the largest concentrations of toxic contaminants. Between dry diameters of 0.32 and 0.56 μm, for instance, ICRP and MPPD models predict deposition fraction enhancements of 171%-261% and 33%-63%, respectively, at the three sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-sang Youn
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Janae Csavina
- National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), 1685 38 Street, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Kyle P. Rine
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Taylor Shingler
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mark Patrick Taylor
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - A. Eduardo Sáez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Eric A. Betterton
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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