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Zamora RA, López-Ortiz M, Sales-Mateo M, Hu C, Croce R, Maniyara RA, Pruneri V, Giannotti MI, Gorostiza P. Light- and Redox-Dependent Force Spectroscopy Reveals that the Interaction between Plastocyanin and Plant Photosystem I Is Favored when One Partner Is Ready for Electron Transfer. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15155-15164. [PMID: 36067071 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is a fundamental process that converts photons into chemical energy, driven by large protein complexes at the thylakoid membranes of plants, cyanobacteria, and algae. In plants, water-soluble plastocyanin (Pc) is responsible for shuttling electrons between cytochrome b6f complex and the photosystem I (PSI) complex in the photosynthetic electron transport chain (PETC). For an efficient turnover, a transient complex must form between PSI and Pc in the PETC, which implies a balance between specificity and binding strength. Here, we studied the binding frequency and the unbinding force between suitably oriented plant PSI and Pc under redox control using single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS). The binding frequency (observation of binding-unbinding events) between PSI and Pc depends on their respective redox states. The interaction between PSI and Pc is independent of the redox state of PSI when Pc is reduced, and it is disfavored in the dark (reduced P700) when Pc is oxidized. The frequency of interaction between PSI and Pc is higher when at least one of the partners is in a redox state ready for electron transfer (ET), and the post-ET situation (PSIRed-PcOx) leads to lower binding. In addition, we show that the binding of ET-ready PcRed to PSI can be regulated externally by Mg2+ ions in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Zamora
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Manuel López-Ortiz
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Montserrat Sales-Mateo
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Chen Hu
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis. Dep. Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Croce
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis. Dep. Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rinu Abraham Maniyara
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels 08860, Spain
| | - Valerio Pruneri
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels 08860, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Marina I Giannotti
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Pau Gorostiza
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
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2
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Zakharov SD, Savikhin S, Misumi Y, Kurisu G, Cramer WA. Isothermal titration calorimetry of membrane protein interactions: FNR and the cytochrome b 6f complex. Biophys J 2022; 121:300-308. [PMID: 34902329 PMCID: PMC8790201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (FNR) was previously inferred to bind to the cytochrome b6f complex in the electron transport chain of oxygenic photosynthesis. In the present study, this inference has been examined through analysis of the thermodynamics of the interaction between FNR and the b6f complex. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was used to characterize the physical interaction of FNR with b6f complex derived from two plant sources (Spinacia oleracea and Zea maize). ITC did not detect a significant interaction of FNR with the b6f complex in detergent solution nor with the complex reconstituted in liposomes. A previous inference of a small amplitude but defined FNR-b6f interaction is explained by FNR interaction with micelles of the undecyl β-D maltoside (UDM) detergent micelles used to purify b6f. Circular dichroism, employed to analyze the effect of detergent on the FNR structure, did not reveal significant changes in secondary or tertiary structures of FNR domains in the presence of UDM detergent. However, thermodynamic analysis implied a significant decrease in an interaction between the N-terminal FAD-binding and C-terminal NADP+-binding domains of FNR caused by detergent. The enthalpy, ΔHo, and the entropy, ΔSo, associated with FNR unfolding decreased four-fold in the presence of 1 mM UDM at pH 6.5. In addition to the conclusion regarding the absence of a binding interaction of significant amplitude between FNR and the b6f complex, these studies provide a precedent for consideration of significant background protein-detergent interactions in ITC analyses involving integral membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergei Savikhin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Yuko Misumi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Genji Kurisu
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka
| | - William A Cramer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
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3
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Gisriel CJ, Flesher DA, Shen G, Wang J, Ho MY, Brudvig GW, Bryant DA. Structure of a photosystem I-ferredoxin complex from a marine cyanobacterium provides insights into far-red light photoacclimation. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101408. [PMID: 34793839 PMCID: PMC8689207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Far-red light photoacclimation exhibited by some cyanobacteria allows these organisms to use the far-red region of the solar spectrum (700-800 nm) for photosynthesis. Part of this process includes the replacement of six photosystem I (PSI) subunits with isoforms that confer the binding of chlorophyll (Chl) f molecules that absorb far-red light (FRL). However, the exact sites at which Chl f molecules are bound are still challenging to determine. To aid in the identification of Chl f-binding sites, we solved the cryo-EM structure of PSI from far-red light-acclimated cells of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7335. We identified six sites that bind Chl f with high specificity and three additional sites that are likely to bind Chl f at lower specificity. All of these binding sites are in the core-antenna regions of PSI, and Chl f was not observed among the electron transfer cofactors. This structural analysis also reveals both conserved and nonconserved Chl f-binding sites, the latter of which exemplify the diversity in FRL-PSI among species. We found that the FRL-PSI structure also contains a bound soluble ferredoxin, PetF1, at low occupancy, which suggests that ferredoxin binds less transiently than expected according to the canonical view of ferredoxin-binding to facilitate electron transfer. We suggest that this may result from structural changes in FRL-PSI that occur specifically during FRL photoacclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A Flesher
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gaozhong Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jimin Wang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ming-Yang Ho
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gary W Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
| | - Donald A Bryant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
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4
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Lima-Melo Y, Kılıç M, Aro EM, Gollan PJ. Photosystem I Inhibition, Protection and Signalling: Knowns and Unknowns. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:791124. [PMID: 34925429 PMCID: PMC8671627 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.791124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is the process that harnesses, converts and stores light energy in the form of chemical energy in bonds of organic compounds. Oxygenic photosynthetic organisms (i.e., plants, algae and cyanobacteria) employ an efficient apparatus to split water and transport electrons to high-energy electron acceptors. The photosynthetic system must be finely balanced between energy harvesting and energy utilisation, in order to limit generation of dangerous compounds that can damage the integrity of cells. Insight into how the photosynthetic components are protected, regulated, damaged, and repaired during changing environmental conditions is crucial for improving photosynthetic efficiency in crop species. Photosystem I (PSI) is an integral component of the photosynthetic system located at the juncture between energy-harnessing and energy consumption through metabolism. Although the main site of photoinhibition is the photosystem II (PSII), PSI is also known to be inactivated by photosynthetic energy imbalance, with slower reactivation compared to PSII; however, several outstanding questions remain about the mechanisms of damage and repair, and about the impact of PSI photoinhibition on signalling and metabolism. In this review, we address the knowns and unknowns about PSI activity, inhibition, protection, and repair in plants. We also discuss the role of PSI in retrograde signalling pathways and highlight putative signals triggered by the functional status of the PSI pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Lima-Melo
- Post-graduation Programme in Cellular and Molecular Biology (PPGBCM), Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mehmet Kılıç
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Peter J. Gollan
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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5
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Kozuleva M, Petrova A, Milrad Y, Semenov A, Ivanov B, Redding KE, Yacoby I. Phylloquinone is the principal Mehler reaction site within photosystem I in high light. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1848-1858. [PMID: 34618103 PMCID: PMC8331129 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is a vital process, responsible for fixing carbon dioxide, and producing most of the organic matter on the planet. However, photosynthesis has some inherent limitations in utilizing solar energy, and a part of the energy absorbed is lost in the reduction of O2 to produce the superoxide radical (O2•-) via the Mehler reaction, which occurs principally within photosystem I (PSI). For decades, O2 reduction within PSI was assumed to take place solely in the distal iron-sulfur clusters rather than within the two asymmetrical cofactor branches. Here, we demonstrate that under high irradiance, O2 photoreduction by PSI primarily takes place at the phylloquinone of one of the branches (the A-branch). This conclusion derives from the light dependency of the O2 photoreduction rate constant in fully mature wild-type PSI from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, complexes lacking iron-sulfur clusters, and a mutant PSI, in which phyllosemiquinone at the A-branch has a significantly longer lifetime. We suggest that the Mehler reaction at the phylloquinone site serves as a release valve under conditions where both the iron-sulfur clusters of PSI and the mobile ferredoxin pool are highly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kozuleva
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Anastasia Petrova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuval Milrad
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Alexey Semenov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Ivanov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Kevin E Redding
- School of Molecular Sciences and Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Iftach Yacoby
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Author for communication:
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6
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Kawakami T, Yu LJ, Liang T, Okazaki K, Madigan MT, Kimura Y, Wang-Otomo ZY. Crystal structure of a photosynthetic LH1-RC in complex with its electron donor HiPIP. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1104. [PMID: 33597527 PMCID: PMC7889895 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21397-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic electron transfers occur through multiple components ranging from small soluble proteins to large integral membrane protein complexes. Co-crystallization of a bacterial photosynthetic electron transfer complex that employs weak hydrophobic interactions was achieved by using high-molar-ratio mixtures of a soluble donor protein (high-potential iron-sulfur protein, HiPIP) with a membrane-embedded acceptor protein (reaction center, RC) at acidic pH. The structure of the co-complex offers a snapshot of a transient bioenergetic event and revealed a molecular basis for thermodynamically unfavorable interprotein electron tunneling. HiPIP binds to the surface of the tetraheme cytochrome subunit in the light-harvesting (LH1) complex-associated RC in close proximity to the low-potential heme-1 group. The binding interface between the two proteins is primarily formed by uncharged residues and is characterized by hydrophobic features. This co-crystal structure provides a model for the detailed study of long-range trans-protein electron tunneling pathways in biological systems. The high potential iron-sulfur (HiPIP) proteins are direct electron donors to the light-harvesting-reaction center complexes (LH1-RC) in photosynthetic β- and γ-Proteobacteria. Here, the authors present the 2.9 Å crystal structure of the HiPIP-bound LH1-RC complex from the thermophilic purple sulfur bacterium Thermochromatium tepidum and discuss mechanistic implications for the electron transfer pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Long-Jiang Yu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Tai Liang
- Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Mito, Japan
| | | | - Michael T Madigan
- Department of Microbiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Yukihiro Kimura
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, Japan.
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7
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Ben-Zvi O, Dafni E, Feldman Y, Yacoby I. Re-routing photosynthetic energy for continuous hydrogen production in vivo. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:266. [PMID: 31737095 PMCID: PMC6844042 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1608-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen is considered a promising energy vector that can be produced from sustainable resources such as sunlight and water. In green algae, such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, photoproduction of hydrogen is catalyzed by the enzyme [FeFe]-hydrogenase (HydA). Although highly efficient, this process is transitory and thought to serve as a release valve for excess reducing power. Up to date, prolonged production of hydrogen was achieved by the deprivation of either nutrients or light, thus, hindering the full potential of photosynthetic hydrogen production. Previously we showed that the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) can enhance HydA activity in vitro, specifically when tied together to a fusion protein. RESULTS In this work, we explored the in vivo hydrogen production phenotype of HydA-SOD fusion. We found a sustained hydrogen production, which is dependent on linear electron flow, although other pathways feed it as well. In addition, other characteristics such as slower growth and oxygen production were also observed in Hyd-SOD-expressing algae. CONCLUSIONS The Hyd-SOD fusion manages to outcompete the Calvin-Benson cycle, allowing sustained hydrogen production for up to 14 days in non-limiting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Ben-Zvi
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Eyal Dafni
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Yael Feldman
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Iftach Yacoby
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
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8
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Binding of ferredoxin NADP + oxidoreductase (FNR) to plant photosystem I. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1860:689-698. [PMID: 31336103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The binding of FNR to PSI has been postulated long ago, however, a clear evidence is still missing. In this work, using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we found that FNR binds to photosystem I with its light harvesting complex I (PSI-LHCI) from C. reinhardtii with a 1:1 stoichiometry, a Kd of ~0.8 μM and ∆H of -20.7 kcal/mol. Titrations at different temperatures were used to determine the heat capacity change, ∆CP, of the binding, through which the size of the interface area between the proteins was assessed as ~3000 Å2. In a different set of ITC experiments, introduction of various sucrose concentrations was used to estimate that ~95 water molecules are released to the solvent. These observations support the notion of a binding site shared by few of the photosystem I - light harvesting complex I (PSI-LHCI) subunits in addition to PsaE. Based on these results, a hypothetical model was built for the binding site of FNR at PSI, using known crystallographic structures of: cyanobacterial PSI in complex with ferredoxin (Fd), plant PSI-LHCI and Fd:FNR complex from cyanobacteria. FNR binding site location is proposed to be at the foot of the stromal ridge and above the inner LHCI belt. It is expected to form contacts with PsaE, PsaB, PsaF and at least one of the LHCI. In addition, a ~4.5-fold increased affinity between FNR and PSI-LHCI under crowded 1 M sucrose environment led us to conclude that in C. reinhardtii FNR also functions as a subunit of PSI-LHCI.
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9
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Kubota-Kawai H, Burton-Smith RN, Tokutsu R, Song C, Akimoto S, Yokono M, Ueno Y, Kim E, Watanabe A, Murata K, Minagawa J. Ten antenna proteins are associated with the core in the supramolecular organization of the photosystem I supercomplex in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:4304-4314. [PMID: 30670590 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosystem I (PSI) is a large pigment-protein complex mediating light-driven charge separation and generating a highly negative redox potential, which is eventually utilized to produce organic matter. In plants and algae, PSI possesses outer antennae, termed light-harvesting complex I (LHCI), which increase the energy flux to the reaction center. The number of outer antennae for PSI in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is known to be larger than that of land plants. However, their exact number and location remain to be elucidated. Here, applying a newly established sample purification procedure, we isolated a highly pure PSI-LHCI supercomplex containing all nine LHCA gene products under state 1 conditions. Single-particle cryo-EM revealed the 3D structure of this supercomplex at 6.9 Å resolution, in which the densities near the PsaF and PsaJ subunits were assigned to two layers of LHCI belts containing eight LHCIs, whereas the densities between the PsaG and PsaH subunits on the opposite side of the LHCI belt were assigned to two extra LHCIs. Using single-particle cryo-EM, we also determined the 2D projection map of the lhca2 mutant, which confirmed the assignment of LHCA2 and LHCA9 to the densities between PsaG and PsaH. Spectroscopic measurements of the PSI-LHCI supercomplex suggested that the bound LHCA2 and LHCA9 proteins have the ability to increase the light-harvesting energy for PSI. We conclude that the PSI in C. reinhardtii has a larger and more distinct outer-antenna organization and higher light-harvesting capability than that in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Kubota-Kawai
- From the Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Raymond N Burton-Smith
- From the Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Tokutsu
- From the Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.,the Departments of Basic Biology and
| | - Chihong Song
- the National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Seiji Akimoto
- the Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan, and
| | - Makio Yokono
- the Innovation Center, Nippon Flour Mills Co., Ltd., Atsugi 243-0041, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Ueno
- the Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan, and
| | - Eunchul Kim
- From the Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Akimasa Watanabe
- From the Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.,the Departments of Basic Biology and
| | - Kazuyoshi Murata
- the National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.,Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Jun Minagawa
- From the Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan, .,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.,the Departments of Basic Biology and
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