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Ma S, Qiu Y, Zhang C. Cytoskeleton Rearrangement in Podocytopathies: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:647. [PMID: 38203817 PMCID: PMC10779434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Podocyte injury can disrupt the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB), leading to podocytopathies that emphasize podocytes as the glomerulus's key organizer. The coordinated cytoskeleton is essential for supporting the elegant structure and complete functions of podocytes. Therefore, cytoskeleton rearrangement is closely related to the pathogenesis of podocytopathies. In podocytopathies, the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton refers to significant alterations in a string of slit diaphragm (SD) and focal adhesion proteins such as the signaling node nephrin, calcium influx via transient receptor potential channel 6 (TRPC6), and regulation of the Rho family, eventually leading to the disorganization of the original cytoskeletal architecture. Thus, it is imperative to focus on these proteins and signaling pathways to probe the cytoskeleton rearrangement in podocytopathies. In this review, we describe podocytopathies and the podocyte cytoskeleton, then discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in cytoskeleton rearrangement in podocytopathies and summarize the effects of currently existing drugs on regulating the podocyte cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (S.M.); (Y.Q.)
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Reichelt J, Sachs W, Frömbling S, Fehlert J, Studencka-Turski M, Betz A, Loreth D, Blume L, Witt S, Pohl S, Brand J, Czesla M, Knop J, Florea BI, Zielinski S, Sachs M, Hoxha E, Hermans-Borgmeyer I, Zahner G, Wiech T, Krüger E, Meyer-Schwesinger C. Non-functional ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 drives podocyte injury through impairing proteasomes in autoimmune glomerulonephritis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2114. [PMID: 37055432 PMCID: PMC10102022 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37836-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the mechanistic significance of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) in a kidney autoimmune environment. In membranous nephropathy (MN), autoantibodies target podocytes of the glomerular filter resulting in proteinuria. Converging biochemical, structural, mouse pathomechanistic, and clinical information we report that the deubiquitinase Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) is induced by oxidative stress in podocytes and is directly involved in proteasome substrate accumulation. Mechanistically, this toxic gain-of-function is mediated by non-functional UCH-L1, which interacts with and thereby impairs proteasomes. In experimental MN, UCH-L1 becomes non-functional and MN patients with poor outcome exhibit autoantibodies with preferential reactivity to non-functional UCH-L1. Podocyte-specific deletion of UCH-L1 protects from experimental MN, whereas overexpression of non-functional UCH-L1 impairs podocyte proteostasis and drives injury in mice. In conclusion, the UPS is pathomechanistically linked to podocyte disease by aberrant proteasomal interactions of non-functional UCH-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Reichelt
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Sachs
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Frömbling
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Fehlert
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maja Studencka-Turski
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Betz
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Desiree Loreth
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Blume
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Witt
- Protein production Core Facility, Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Pohl
- Skeletal Pathobiochemistry, Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Brand
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maire Czesla
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Knop
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bogdan I Florea
- Bio-organic synthesis group, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Zielinski
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marlies Sachs
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elion Hoxha
- III Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, Nephrology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irm Hermans-Borgmeyer
- Transgenic Animal Service Group, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Zahner
- III Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, Nephrology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wiech
- Institute of Pathology, Nephropathology Section, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elke Krüger
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Catherine Meyer-Schwesinger
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Hu Y, Qi C, Shi J, Tan W, Adiljan Abdurusul, Zhao Z, Xu Y, Wu H, Zhang Z. Podocyte-specific deletion of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 causes podocyte injury by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:106. [PMID: 36952018 PMCID: PMC11073152 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04747-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) is a unique component of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), which has multiple activities in maintaining intracellular ubiquitin levels. We previously reported the aberrant low expression of UCHL1 in podocytes of non-immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis, and recent studies indicate that anti-UCHL1 antibody was responsible for the refractory minimal change disease (MCD), but the specific effect of UCHL1 to the podocytopathy has not been determined. Therefore, we generated podocyte-specific UCHL1 gene knockout (UCHL1cre/cre) rats model. Podocyte-specific UCHL1 knockout rats exhibited severe kidney damage, including segmental/global glomerulosclerosis, kidney function damage and severe proteinuria, compared with littermate control. Subsequently, by carrying out mass spectrometry analysis of isolated glomeruli of rats, abnormal protein accumulation of ECM-receptor Interaction was found in UCHL1cre/cre rats. Mechanistic studies in vivo and in vitro revealed that aberrant protein accumulation after UCHL1 deficiency induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, unfolded protein reaction (UPR) to reduce the protein level of podocyte skeleton proteins, and CHOP mediated apoptosis as well, which related to the dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome system with decreased free monomeric ubiquitin level, thereby affecting protein ubiquitination and degradation. In addition, inhibition of ER stress by 4-PBA could attenuate the degree of ER stress and podocyte dysfunction. Our study indicates that UCHL1 is a potential target for preventing podocytes injury in some non-immune complex-mediated glomerulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyang Qi
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaoyu Shi
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqiang Tan
- Department of Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Adiljan Abdurusul
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghua Zhao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Frontier Innovation Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Huijuan Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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Wang X, Zhang N, Li M, Hong T, Meng W, Ouyang T. Ubiquitin C‑terminal hydrolase‑L1: A new cancer marker and therapeutic target with dual effects (Review). Oncol Lett 2023; 25:123. [PMID: 36844618 PMCID: PMC9950345 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.13709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1), a member of the lesser-known deubiquitinating enzyme family, has deubiquitinase and ubiquitin (Ub) ligase activity and the role of stabilizing Ub. UCH-L1 was first discovered in the brain and is associated with regulating cell differentiation, proliferation, transcriptional regulation and numerous other biological processes. UCH-L1 is predominantly expressed in the brain and serves a role in tumor promotion or inhibition. There is still controversy about the effect of UCH-L1 dysregulation in cancer and its mechanisms are unknown. Extensive research to investigate the mechanism of UCH-L1 in different types of cancer is key for the future treatment of UCH-L1-associated cancer. The present review details the molecular structure and function of UCH-L1. The role of UCH-L1 in different types of cancer is also summarized and how novel treatment targets provide a theoretical foundation in cancer research is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China,Department of The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Meihua Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Tao Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Wei Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Wei Meng or Dr Taohui Ouyang, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Street, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China, E-mail:
| | - Taohui Ouyang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Wei Meng or Dr Taohui Ouyang, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Street, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China, E-mail:
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Abstract
The lysosome represents an important regulatory platform within numerous vesicle trafficking pathways including the endocytic, phagocytic, and autophagic pathways. Its ability to fuse with endosomes, phagosomes, and autophagosomes enables the lysosome to break down a wide range of both endogenous and exogenous cargo, including macromolecules, certain pathogens, and old or damaged organelles. Due to its center position in an intricate network of trafficking events, the lysosome has emerged as a central signaling node for sensing and orchestrating the cells metabolism and immune response, for inter-organelle and inter-cellular signaling and in membrane repair. This review highlights the current knowledge of general lysosome function and discusses these findings in their implication for renal glomerular cell types in health and disease including the involvement of glomerular cells in lysosomal storage diseases and the role of lysosomes in nongenetic glomerular injuries.
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Fang Y, Li F, Qi C, Mao X, Xu Y, Zhao Z, Wu H, Zhang Z. Plakoglobin is involved in cytoskeletal rearrangement of podocytes under the regulation of UCH-L1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:112-118. [PMID: 32560811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UCH-L1 is a de-ubiquitination enzyme comprehensively distributed in neural cells and podocytes, which is involved in several kinds of nervous system and kidney related diseases. Our previous studies have demonstrated the aberrant up-regulation of UCH-L1 in podocytes of renal diseases, but how dose podocytes are injured by up-regulated UCH-L1 is waiting to be elucidated. Here, we observed the cytoskeleton rearrangement in podocytes with over-expression of UCH-L1, accompanied with a down-regulation of synaptopodin and RhoA, which are closely related to cytoskeletal stabilization. However, we did not see any alteration of RhoA ubiquitination level under the stimulation of UCH-L1 in podocytes. Subsequently, mass spectrum was applied in UCH-L1-flag immunoprecipitation and plakoglobin was screened out, which was among the UCH-L1-combined proteins and most likely related to cytoskeleton rearrangement. Our experiment demonstrates UCH-L1 may not injure podocytes cytoskeleton through a direct regulation on RhoA/Synaptopodin, but through the regulation of plakoglobin, which could be a promising target for treatment of renal disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Fang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Chenyang Qi
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Xing Mao
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Yuyin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Zhonghua Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Huijuan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China.
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China.
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Torban E, Braun F, Wanner N, Takano T, Goodyer PR, Lennon R, Ronco P, Cybulsky AV, Huber TB. From podocyte biology to novel cures for glomerular disease. Kidney Int 2019; 96:850-861. [PMID: 31420194 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The podocyte is a key component of the glomerular filtration barrier. Podocyte dysfunction is central to the underlying pathophysiology of many common glomerular diseases, including diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis and genetic forms of nephrotic syndrome. Collectively, these conditions affect millions of people worldwide, and account for the majority of kidney diseases requiring dialysis and transplantation. The 12th International Podocyte Conference was held in Montreal, Canada from May 30 to June 2, 2018. The primary aim of this conference was to bring together nephrologists, clinician scientists, basic scientists and their trainees from all over the world to present their research and to establish networks with the common goal of developing new therapies for glomerular diseases based on the latest advances in podocyte biology. This review briefly highlights recent advances made in understanding podocyte structure and metabolism, experimental systems in which to study podocytes and glomerular disease, disease mediators, genetic and immune origins of glomerulopathies, and the development of novel therapeutic agents to protect podocyte and glomerular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Torban
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Fabian Braun
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Wanner
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tomoko Takano
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul R Goodyer
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Pierre Ronco
- Sorbonne University, INSERM UMR_S 1155, and Nephrology and Dialysis Department, Hôpital Tenon, Paris France
| | - Andrey V Cybulsky
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tobias B Huber
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Radón V, Czesla M, Reichelt J, Fehlert J, Hammel A, Rosendahl A, Knop JH, Wiech T, Wenzel UO, Sachs M, Reinicke AT, Stahl RA, Meyer-Schwesinger C. Ubiquitin C-Terminal Hydrolase L1 is required for regulated protein degradation through the ubiquitin proteasome system in kidney. Kidney Int 2018; 93:110-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chen XP, Qin YH. [Research advances in the protective effect of all-trans retinoic acid against podocyte injury]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2017; 19:719-723. [PMID: 28606243 PMCID: PMC7390304 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is a vitamin A derivative and plays an important role in the regulation of cell aggregation, differentiation, apoptosis, proliferation, and inflammatory response. In recent years, some progress has been made in the role of ATRA in renal diseases, especially its protective effect on podocytes. This article reviews the research advances in podocyte injury, characteristics of ATRA, podocyte differentiation and regeneration induced by ATRA, and the protective effect of ATRA against proliferation, deposition of fibers, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ping Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
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Cui JH, Xie X. UCH-L1 Expressed by Podocytes: a Potentially Therapeutic Target for Lupus Nephritis? Inflammation 2017; 40:657-665. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0512-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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12
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Neal CR. Podocytes … What's Under Yours? (Podocytes and Foot Processes and How They Change in Nephropathy). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:9. [PMID: 25755650 PMCID: PMC4337384 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the described structures of podocytes in health and disease have been inferred from light and electron microscopic studies of rodent models. The variation in filtration barrier features is measured on micrographs, the aim being statistical significance. This is the technical campaign waged against kidney disease but this approach can be misleading. The signaling cascades and connectivity of the podocyte and foot processes (FPs) are inferred from in vitro studies that at best blurr the reality of the in vivo state. This review will outline actin signaling connectivity and the key differences in the structural and functional domains squeezed into the FPs and the relationship of these domains to other parts of the podocyte. It covers the changes in podocytes during nephropathy concentrating on FP and finally proposes an alternative interpretation of FP ultrastructure derived from articles published over the last 60 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris R. Neal
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- *Correspondence: Chris R. Neal, Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK e-mail:
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