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Hereditary Tyrosinemia Type 1 Mice under Continuous Nitisinone Treatment Display Remnants of an Uncorrected Liver Disease Phenotype. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030693. [PMID: 36980965 PMCID: PMC10047938 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1) is a genetic disorder of the tyrosine degradation pathway (TIMD) with unmet therapeutic needs. HT1 patients are unable to fully break down the amino acid tyrosine due to a deficient fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) enzyme and, therefore, accumulate toxic tyrosine intermediates. If left untreated, they experience hepatic failure with comorbidities involving the renal and neurological system and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nitisinone (NTBC), a potent inhibitor of the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPD) enzyme, rescues HT1 patients from severe illness and death. However, despite its demonstrated benefits, HT1 patients under continuous NTBC therapy are at risk to develop HCC and adverse reactions in the eye, blood and lymphatic system, the mechanism of which is poorly understood. Moreover, NTBC does not restore the enzymatic defects inflicted by the disease nor does it cure HT1. Here, the changes in molecular pathways associated to the development and progression of HT1-driven liver disease that remains uncorrected under NTBC therapy were investigated using whole transcriptome analyses on the livers of Fah- and Hgd-deficient mice under continuous NTBC therapy and after seven days of NTBC therapy discontinuation. Alkaptonuria (AKU) was used as a tyrosine-inherited metabolic disorder reference disease with non-hepatic manifestations. The differentially expressed genes were enriched in toxicological gene classes related to liver disease, liver damage, liver regeneration and liver cancer, in particular HCC. Most importantly, a set of 25 genes related to liver disease and HCC development was identified that was differentially regulated in HT1 vs. AKU mouse livers under NTBC therapy. Some of those were further modulated upon NTBC therapy discontinuation in HT1 but not in AKU livers. Altogether, our data indicate that NTBC therapy does not completely resolves HT1-driven liver disease and supports the sustained risk to develop HCC over time as different HCC markers, including Moxd1, Saa, Mt, Dbp and Cxcl1, were significantly increased under NTBC.
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Chi H, Gan C, Jiang Y, Chen D, Qiu J, Yang Q, Chen Y, Wang M, Yang H, Jiang W, Li Q. The compound heterozygous mutations of c.607G>a and c.657delC in the FAH gene are associated with renal damage with hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1). Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 11:e2090. [PMID: 36369907 PMCID: PMC9834193 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1) is a rare inherited metabolic disease characterized by severe liver and renal dysfunction. Early identification in affected children is critical for improved treatment options and prognosis. METHODS In this study, we identified novel compound heterozygous mutations (NM_000137: c.657delC (p.K220Rfs*12) and c.607G>A (p.A203T)) in the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) gene in a family. We also characterized the clinical phenotype of the proband and verified the pathogenic effects of the mutations. Furthermore, we explored the pathogenic mechanism of renal injury through renal biopsy pathology and cell-based in vitro assays. Our study aims to verify the association between novel fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) variants and HT1, confirm the pathogenic effects of the mutations and explore the pathogenic mechanism of renal injury. RESULTS We showed these FAH mutations were inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and resulted in abnormal FAH protein expression and dysfunction, leading to fumarylacetoacetate (FAA) accumulation. The proband also showed apparent renal injury, including glomerular filtration barrier dysfunction and abnormal tubular protein reabsorption. CONCLUSIONS These observations may provide deeper insights on disease pathogenesis and identify potential therapeutic approaches for HT1 from a genetic perspective. Similarly, we hope to provide valuable information for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chi
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP.R. China
| | - Chun Gan
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP.R. China
| | - Yaru Jiang
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP.R. China
| | - Dan Chen
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP.R. China
| | - Jiawen Qiu
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP.R. China
| | - Qing Yang
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP.R. China
| | - Yaxi Chen
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP.R. China
| | - Mo Wang
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP.R. China
| | - Haiping Yang
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP.R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP.R. China
| | - Qiu Li
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP.R. China
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3
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Cacicedo ML, Limeres MJ, Gehring S. mRNA-Based Approaches to Treating Liver Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:3328. [PMID: 36291194 PMCID: PMC9601253 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases that affect the liver account for approximately 2 million deaths worldwide each year. The increasing prevalence of these diseases and the limited efficacy of current treatments are expected to stimulate substantial growth in the global market for therapeutics that target the liver. Currently, liver transplantation is the only curative option available for many liver diseases. Gene therapy represents a valuable approach to treatment. The liver plays a central role in a myriad of essential metabolic functions, making it an attractive organ for gene therapy; hepatocytes comprise the most relevant target. To date, viral vectors constitute the preferred approach to targeting hepatocytes with genes of therapeutic interest. Alternatively, mRNA-based therapy offers a number of comparative advantages. Clinical and preclinical studies undertaken to treat inherited metabolic diseases affecting the liver, cirrhosis and fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatitis B, and cytomegalovirus using lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNAs that encode the therapeutic or antigenic protein of interest are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano L. Cacicedo
- Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes-Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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4
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Cacicedo ML, Weinl-Tenbruck C, Frank D, Wirsching S, Straub BK, Hauke J, Okun JG, Horscroft N, Hennermann JB, Zepp F, Chevessier-Tünnesen F, Gehring S. mRNA-based therapy proves superior to the standard of care for treating hereditary tyrosinemia 1 in a mouse model. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 26:294-308. [PMID: 35949297 PMCID: PMC9357842 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 is an inborn error of amino acid metabolism characterized by deficiency of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH). Only limited treatment options (e.g., oral nitisinone) are available. Patients must adhere to a strict diet and face a life-long risk of complications, including liver cancer and progressive neurocognitive decline. There is a tremendous need for innovative therapies that standardize metabolite levels and promise normal development. Here, we describe an mRNA-based therapeutic approach that rescues Fah-deficient mice, a well-established tyrosinemia model. Repeated intravenous or intramuscular administration of lipid nanoparticle-formulated human FAH mRNA resulted in FAH protein synthesis in deficient mouse livers, stabilized body weight, normalized pathologic increases in metabolites after nitisinone withdrawal, and prevented early death. Dose reduction and extended injection intervals proved therapeutically effective. These results provide proof of concept for an mRNA-based therapeutic approach to treating hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 that is superior to the standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano L. Cacicedo
- Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Corresponding author Maximiliano L. Cacicedo, Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | | | - Daniel Frank
- Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wirsching
- Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Beate K. Straub
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jana Hauke
- Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen G. Okun
- Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Julia B. Hennermann
- Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Fred Zepp
- Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Gehring
- Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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5
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Kopasz AG, Pusztai DZ, Karkas R, Hudoba L, Abdullah KSA, Imre G, Pankotai-Bodó G, Migh E, Nagy A, Kriston A, Germán P, Drubi AB, Molnár A, Fekete I, Dani VÉ, Ocsovszki I, Puskás LG, Horváth P, Sükösd F, Mátés L. A versatile transposon-based technology to generate loss- and gain-of-function phenotypes in the mouse liver. BMC Biol 2022; 20:74. [PMID: 35361222 PMCID: PMC8974095 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the contribution of gene function in distinct organ systems to the pathogenesis of human diseases in biomedical research requires modifying gene expression through the generation of gain- and loss-of-function phenotypes in model organisms, for instance, the mouse. However, methods to modify both germline and somatic genomes have important limitations that prevent easy, strong, and stable expression of transgenes. For instance, while the liver is remarkably easy to target, nucleic acids introduced to modify the genome of hepatocytes are rapidly lost, or the transgene expression they mediate becomes inhibited due to the action of effector pathways for the elimination of exogenous DNA. Novel methods are required to overcome these challenges, and here we develop a somatic gene delivery technology enabling long-lasting high-level transgene expression in the entire hepatocyte population of mice. RESULTS We exploit the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (Fah) gene correction-induced regeneration in Fah-deficient livers, to demonstrate that such approach stabilizes luciferase expression more than 5000-fold above the level detected in WT animals, following plasmid DNA introduction complemented by transposon-mediated chromosomal gene transfer. Building on this advancement, we created a versatile technology platform for performing gene function analysis in vivo in the mouse liver. Our technology allows the tag-free expression of proteins of interest and silencing of any arbitrary gene in the mouse genome. This was achieved by applying the HADHA/B endogenous bidirectional promoter capable of driving well-balanced bidirectional expression and by optimizing in vivo intronic artificial microRNA-based gene silencing. We demonstrated the particular usefulness of the technology in cancer research by creating a p53-silenced and hRas G12V-overexpressing tumor model. CONCLUSIONS We developed a versatile technology platform for in vivo somatic genome editing in the mouse liver, which meets multiple requirements for long-lasting high-level transgene expression. We believe that this technology will contribute to the development of a more accurate new generation of tools for gene function analysis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dávid Zsolt Pusztai
- grid.481815.1Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary ,grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Réka Karkas
- grid.481815.1Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary ,grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Liza Hudoba
- grid.481815.1Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Khaldoon Sadiq Ahmed Abdullah
- grid.481815.1Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary ,grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Imre
- grid.481815.1Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary ,grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Ede Migh
- grid.481814.00000 0004 0479 9817Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andrea Nagy
- grid.481815.1Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Kriston
- grid.481814.00000 0004 0479 9817Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Germán
- grid.481815.1Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andrea Bakné Drubi
- grid.481815.1Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary ,grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anna Molnár
- grid.481815.1Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Fekete
- grid.481815.1Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Virág Éva Dani
- grid.481815.1Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Ocsovszki
- grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Géza Puskás
- grid.481815.1Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Horváth
- grid.481814.00000 0004 0479 9817Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary ,grid.452494.a0000 0004 0409 5350Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Farkas Sükösd
- grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Institute of Pathology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lajos Mátés
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.
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6
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Gu P, Yang Q, Chen B, Bie YN, Liu W, Tian Y, Luo H, Xu T, Liang C, Ye X, Liu Y, Tang X, Gu W. Genetically blocking HPD via CRISPR-Cas9 protects against lethal liver injury in a pig model of tyrosinemia type I. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 21:530-547. [PMID: 33997102 PMCID: PMC8099604 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary tyrosinemia type I (HT1) results from the loss of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) activity and can lead to lethal liver injury (LLI). Therapeutic options for HT1 remain limited. The FAH−/− pig, a well-characterized animal model of HT1, represents a promising candidate for testing novel therapeutic approaches to treat this condition. Here, we report an improved single-step method to establish a biallelic (FAH−/−) mutant porcine model using CRISPR-Cas9 and cytoplasmic microinjection. We also tested the feasibility of rescuing HT1 pigs through inactivating the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid dioxygenase (HPD) gene, which functions upstream of the pathogenic pathway, rather than by directly correcting the disease-causing gene as occurs with traditional gene therapy. Direct intracytoplasmic delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 targeting HPD before intrauterine death reprogrammed the tyrosine metabolism pathway and protected pigs against FAH deficiency-induced LLI. Characterization of the F1 generation revealed consistent liver-protective features that were germline transmissible. Furthermore, HPD ablation ameliorated oxidative stress and inflammatory responses and restored the gene profile relating to liver metabolism homeostasis. Collectively, this study not only provided a novel large animal model for exploring the pathogenesis of HT1, but also demonstrated that CRISPR-Cas9-mediated HPD ablation alleviated LLI in HT1 pigs and represents a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of HT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Management Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bangzhu Chen
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Management Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ya-Nan Bie
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Management Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Management Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuguang Tian
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Management Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hongquan Luo
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Management Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Management Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chunjin Liang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Management Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xing Ye
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Management Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Xiangwu Tang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Weiwang Gu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Management Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China.,Songshan Lake Pearl Laboratory Animal Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523808, China
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7
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Tissue-specific FAH deficiency alters sleep-wake patterns and results in chronic tyrosinemia in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:22229-22236. [PMID: 31611405 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904485116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) is the last enzyme in tyrosine catabolism, and mutations in the FAH gene are associated with hereditary tyrosinemia type I (HT1 or TYRSN1) in humans. In a behavioral screen of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenized mice we identified a mutant line which we named "swingshift" (swst, MGI:3611216) with a nonsynonymous point mutation (N68S) in Fah that caused age-dependent disruption of sleep-wake patterns. Mice homozygous for the mutation had an earlier onset of activity (several hours before lights off) and a reduction in total activity and body weight when compared with wild-type or heterozygous mice. Despite abnormal behavioral entrainment to light-dark cycles, there were no differences in the period or phase of the central clock in mutant mice, indicating a defect downstream of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Interestingly, these behavioral phenotypes became milder as the mice grew older and were completely rescued by the administration of NTBC [2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione], an inhibitor of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, which is upstream of FAH. Mechanistically, the swst mutation had no effect on the enzymatic activity of FAH, but rather promoted the degradation of the mutant protein. This led to reduced FAH protein levels and enzymatic activity in the liver and kidney (but not the brain or fibroblasts) of homozygous mice. In addition, plasma tyrosine-but not methionine, phenylalanine, or succinylacetone-increased in homozygous mice, suggesting that swst mutants provide a model of mild, chronic HT1.
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8
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Smith AG, Foster JR. The association between chemical-induced porphyria and hepatic cancer. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:647-663. [PMID: 30090612 PMCID: PMC6060669 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00019k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The haem biosynthetic pathway is of fundamental importance for cellular metabolism both for the erythroid and nonerythroid tissues. There are several genetic variants of the pathway in the human population that cause dysfunction of one or other of the enzymes resulting in porphyrias of varying severity. Serious chronic hepatic and systemic diseases may result. Some of these can be precipitated by exposure to drugs including hormones, barbiturates and antibiotics, as well as alcohol and particular chlorinated aromatic chemicals. In experimental animals some of the steps of this pathway can also be severely disrupted by a variety of environmental chemicals, potential drugs and pesticides, especially in the liver, leading to the accumulation of uroporphyrins derived from the intermediate uroporphyrinogens or protoporphyrin IX, the immediate precursor of haem. With some of these chemicals this also leads to cholestasis and liver cell injury and eventually hepatic tumours. The review evaluates the available evidence linking hepatic porphyria with carcinogenesis in naturally occurring human genetic conditions and in chemically-induced porphyrias in laboratory animals. The existing data showing gender, strain, and species differences in sensitivity to the chemical-induced porphyrias, liver injury and liver tumours are discussed and the role that transgenically altered mouse models have played in defining the varying mechanisms. Finally, the review proposes a novel, unifying hypothesis linking the hepatotoxicity induced by the accumulation of various porphyrins, with the increased risk of developing hepatic cancer as a long term consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Smith
- MRC Toxicology Unit , Hodgkin Building , University of Leicester , Lancaster Road , Leicester LE2 4UA , UK .
| | - John R Foster
- ToxPath Sciences Ltd , 1 Troutbeck Avenue , Congleton , Cheshire , CW12 4JA , UK
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9
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Molecular Pathogenesis of Liver Injury in Hereditary Tyrosinemia 1. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 959:49-64. [PMID: 28755183 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55780-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Untreated HT1 rapidly degenerates into very severe liver complications often resulting in liver cancer. The molecular basis of the pathogenic process in HT1 is still unclear. The murine model of FAH-deficiency is a suitable animal model, which represents all phenotypic and biochemical manifestations of the human disease on an accelerated time scale. After removal of the drug 2-(2-N-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC), numerous signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and cancer are rapidly deregulated in FAH deficient mice. Among these, the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) pathway, the heat stress response (HSR), the Nrf2, MEK and ERK pathways, are highly represented. The p21 and mTOR pathways critical regulators of proliferation and tumorigenesis have also been found to be dysregulated. The changes in these pathways are described and related to the development of liver cancer.
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10
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Elgilani F, Mao SA, Glorioso JM, Yin M, Iankov ID, Singh A, Amiot B, Rinaldo P, Marler RJ, Ehman RL, Grompe M, Lillegard JB, Hickey RD, Nyberg SL. Chronic Phenotype Characterization of a Large-Animal Model of Hereditary Tyrosinemia Type 1. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 187:33-41. [PMID: 27855279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by deficiency in fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase, the last enzyme in the tyrosine catabolic pathway. In this study, we investigated whether fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase deficient (FAH-/-) pigs, a novel large-animal model of HT1, develop fibrosis and cirrhosis characteristic of the human disease. FAH-/- pigs were treated with the protective drug 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-1, 3 cyclohexandione (NTBC) at a dose of 1 mg/kg per day initially after birth. After 30 days, they were assigned to one of three groups based on dosing of NTBC. Group 1 received ≥0.2 mg/kg per day, group 2 cycled on/off NTBC (0.05 mg/kg per day × 1 week/0 mg/kg per day × 3 weeks), and group 3 received no NTBC thereafter. Pigs were monitored for features of liver disease. Animals in group 1 continued to have weight gain and biochemical analyses comparable to wild-type pigs. Animals in group 2 had significant cessation of weight gain, abnormal biochemical test results, and various grades of fibrosis and cirrhosis. No evidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was detected. Group 3 animals declined rapidly, with acute liver failure. In conclusion, the FAH-/- pig is a large-animal model of HT1 with clinical characteristics that resemble the human phenotype. Under conditions of low-dose NTBC, FAH-/- pigs developed liver fibrosis and portal hypertension, and thus may serve as a large-animal model of chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faysal Elgilani
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Shennen A Mao
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Meng Yin
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ianko D Iankov
- Division of Laboratory Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Anisha Singh
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Bruce Amiot
- Brami Biomedical, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Piero Rinaldo
- Division of Laboratory Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ronald J Marler
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | | | - Markus Grompe
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Joseph B Lillegard
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Midwest Fetal Care Center, Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Raymond D Hickey
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Scott L Nyberg
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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11
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Sullivan LB, Gui DY, Vander Heiden MG. Altered metabolite levels in cancer: implications for tumour biology and cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2016; 16:680-693. [PMID: 27658530 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2016.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Altered cell metabolism is a characteristic feature of many cancers. Aside from well-described changes in nutrient consumption and waste excretion, altered cancer cell metabolism also results in changes to intracellular metabolite concentrations. Increased levels of metabolites that result directly from genetic mutations and cancer-associated modifications in protein expression can promote cancer initiation and progression. Changes in the levels of specific metabolites, such as 2-hydroxyglutarate, fumarate, succinate, aspartate and reactive oxygen species, can result in altered cell signalling, enzyme activity and/or metabolic flux. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms that lead to changes in metabolite concentrations in cancer cells, the consequences of these changes for the cells and how they might be exploited to improve cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas B Sullivan
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Dan Y Gui
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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12
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James MO, Jahn SC, Zhong G, Smeltz MG, Hu Z, Stacpoole PW. Therapeutic applications of dichloroacetate and the role of glutathione transferase zeta-1. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 170:166-180. [PMID: 27771434 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dichloroacetate (DCA) has several therapeutic applications based on its pharmacological property of inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. DCA has been used to treat inherited mitochondrial disorders that result in lactic acidosis, as well as pulmonary hypertension and several different solid tumors, the latter through its ability to reverse the Warburg effect in cancer cells and restore aerobic glycolysis. The main clinically limiting toxicity is reversible peripheral neuropathy. Although administration of high doses to rodents can result in liver cancer, there is no evidence that DCA is a human carcinogen. In all studied species, including humans, DCA has the interesting property of inhibiting its own metabolism upon repeat dosing, resulting in alteration of its pharmacokinetics. The first step in DCA metabolism is conversion to glyoxylate catalyzed by glutathione transferase zeta 1 (GSTZ1), for which DCA is a mechanism-based inactivator. The rate of GSTZ1 inactivation by DCA is influenced by age, GSTZ1 haplotype and cellular concentrations of chloride. The effect of DCA on its own metabolism complicates the selection of an effective dose with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret O James
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, United States.
| | - Stephan C Jahn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, United States
| | - Guo Zhong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, United States
| | - Marci G Smeltz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, United States
| | - Zhiwei Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, United States
| | - Peter W Stacpoole
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0226, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
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13
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Gokay S, Ustkoyuncu PS, Kardas F, Kendirci M. The outcome of seven patients with hereditary tyrosinemia type 1. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 29:1151-1157. [PMID: 27682708 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2015-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1) is a rare, inborn error of tyrosine metabolism. It is a fatal disorder without treatment. Early treatment may prevent acute liver failure, renal dysfunction, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and improves survival. The aim of the present study is to describe the clinical, biochemical, imaging and follow-up of seven patients with HT1 and to define the consequences of the late and interrupted treatment. METHODS A retrospective study was carried out with seven HT1 patients. RESULTS The median age at onset of clinical symptoms was 11.2 months (range, 3-28 months) and the median age at diagnosis was 22 months (range, 6-58 months). Liver enzymes and coagulation parameters were back to normal in all symptomatic patients in about 2 weeks. Alfa-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were normalized within the first year of therapy. Hypoechoic nodule formation was detected in two of the seven patients despite drug treatment without an increase of AFP and any dysplastic changes in the biopsies. One patient died due to metastatic HCC because of the late diagnosis and the poor compliance of the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS This study showed once again that adherence to the treatment and a follow-up schedule of the patients are very important. Also it should not be forgotten that nodule formation can occur despite nitisinone treatment without an increase of AFP. Despite nitisinone treatment, HT1 patients still carry the risk of HCC. HCC must be detected before metastasis to other organs otherwise, patients may lose the chance for liver transplantation.
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14
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Angileri F, Morrow G, Scoazec JY, Gadot N, Roy V, Huang S, Wu T, Tanguay RM. Identification of circulating microRNAs during the liver neoplastic process in a murine model of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27464. [PMID: 27282650 PMCID: PMC4901289 DOI: 10.1038/srep27464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1) is a severe inborn error of metabolism, impacting the tyrosine catabolic pathway with a high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Using a HT1 murine model, we investigated the changes in profiles of circulating and hepatic miRNAs. The aim was to determine if plasma miRNAs could be used as non-invasive markers of liver damage in HT1 progression. Plasma and liver miRNAome was determined by deep sequencing after HT1 phenotype was induced. Sequencing analysis revealed deregulation of several miRNAs including let-7/miR-98 family, miR-21 and miR-148a, during manifestation of liver pathology. Three miRNAs (miR-98, miR-200b, miR-409) presenting the highest plasmatic variations among miRNAs found in both plasma and liver and with >1000 reads in at least one plasma sample, were further validated by RT-qPCR. Two of these miRNAs have protein targets involved in HT1 and significant changes in their circulating levels are detectable prior an increase in protein expression of alpha-fetoprotein, the current biomarker for HCC diagnosis. Future assessment of these miRNAs in HT1 patients and their association with liver neoplastic lesions might designate these molecules as potential biomarkers for monitoring HT1 damage progression, improving diagnosis for early HCC detection and the design of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Angileri
- Laboratoire de génétique cellulaire et développementale, IBIS and PROTEO, Département de biologie moléculaire, biochimie médicale et pathologie, Faculté de médecine, 1030 avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6.,Dept of Occupational and Environmental Health and Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Geneviève Morrow
- Laboratoire de génétique cellulaire et développementale, IBIS and PROTEO, Département de biologie moléculaire, biochimie médicale et pathologie, Faculté de médecine, 1030 avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Jean-Yves Scoazec
- Anipath, Faculté Laennec, rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Nicolas Gadot
- Anipath, Faculté Laennec, rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Vincent Roy
- Laboratoire de génétique cellulaire et développementale, IBIS and PROTEO, Département de biologie moléculaire, biochimie médicale et pathologie, Faculté de médecine, 1030 avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Suli Huang
- Dept of Occupational and Environmental Health and Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Shenzhen, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Tangchun Wu
- Dept of Occupational and Environmental Health and Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Robert M Tanguay
- Laboratoire de génétique cellulaire et développementale, IBIS and PROTEO, Département de biologie moléculaire, biochimie médicale et pathologie, Faculté de médecine, 1030 avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6
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